美国文学题库部分.doc

一、记住下面词条（单选题和填空题）1. A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment (kite, electricity, thunderstorm). Franklin did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod(避雷针 ) and so on2. Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyrics, sentimental comedy, novels, gothic romance, sonnet, and critical essays.3. Reached its peak with the appearance of the major authors of the 19th century such as Edgar Allen Poe, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson in poetry, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville in fiction. 4. James Fenimore Cooper developed three kinds of novels. The first kind is about the revolutionary past such as The Spy. The second kind is the sea novels such as the Pilot. The third kind is about the American frontier.5. Nathanial Hawthornes works belong to dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.6. “The American Scholar” has been called Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence because he called on American writers to write about America in an American way instead of imitating things foreign. 7. Thoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man; Thoreau was critical of modern civilization; Man should live a simple life; and he believed in the regeneration改过自新 of man. Walden exhibits Thoreaus trust in the future and his belief in a new generation of men. 8. Though his most famous novel is criticized for being racist, Mark Twain never expected nor intended the controversy that arose with the publication of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain was not racist, but depicted life in his times. 9. Naturalistic writers write detailed descriptions of the lives of the lower class. They are interested in finding out how men and women are overwhelmed by the forces of environment and by the forces of heredity. 10. In Sister Carrie, Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness of life and impotence(无能为力) of men.11. Matin Eden tells how the protagonist changes from a toiler to a best-selling author. When he fails to resolve the inner conflict between his desire for marriage and his resistance to compromise in a class-oppressed society, he finally drowns himself. London once told Upton Sinclair that he wrote this novel as “an attack on individualism.” 12. The Lost Generation is a term applied to the disillusioned intellectuals of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism享乐主义.13. Stream of Consciousness is a literary technique in which a characters thoughts are presented in the confusing, jumbled, and inconsequential manner of real life without any clarification by the author. Its best known writers are Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce.14. Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946. His masterpiece, “The Waste Land” reveals the spiritual crisis of Post War Europe, and is considered the manifesto of the “Lost Generation”.15. Emily Dickinson wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them were published during her lifetime. Death was one of the great themes of her work and she seldom lost sight of the grave.16. In Walt Whitmans masterpiece Leaves of Grass, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. “Song of Myself” is Whitmans very famous works. Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.17. Harlem Renaissance is a term to describe the revival of the literary and artistic achievement in the 1920s by Afro-American writers. The writers who were associated with Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Sterling Brown, Jessie Fauset, Wallace Thurman, James Weldon Johnson, and Marcus Garvey.18. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.19. In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing. Its writers were called: Knickerbockers” and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature.20. Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems, essays, and plays. With the publication of The Sketch Book, he won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. 21. Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; instead he based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the over-soul.22. Hawthornes literary world is a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one mostly because of his black vision of life and human beings. He rejected the Transcendentalists transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature. Instead he looked more deeply and perhaps more honestly into life, finding in it much suffering and conflict but also finding the redeeming power of love.23. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. The symbo1 can be found everywhere in his writing, and his masterpiece provides the most conclusive proof. 24. Melvilles writings can be well divided into two groups, each with something in common in the light of the thematic concern and imaginative focus. Moby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel, the first American prose epic (a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated), though it is presented in the form of a novel.25. O. Henry was a prolific American short-story writer, a master of surprise endings, who wrote about the life of ordinary people in New York City. A twist of plot, which turns on an ironic or coincidental circumstance, is typical of O. Henrys stories.26. Henry James (1843-1916), American-born writer, gifted with talents in literature, psychology, and philosophy. James wrote 20 novels, 112 stories, 12 plays and a number of works of literary criticism. He was deeply interested in the contrast between the old world and the new one.27. Although Jack London was a socialist, he invested the semi-autobiographical character of Martin Eden with a strong dose of individualism. He described the novel as a parable of a man who had to die not because of his lack of faith in God, but because of his lack of faith in men.28. Although Dicksons poems were called doggerels and nursery rhymes, she was rediscovered and brought to light in the 20th century. All the characteristics of her poetry found their way into the poems of some modern poets. She stood as one of the greatest lyric poets of America. 29. Mark Twains works sum up the tradition of Western humor and frontier realism. He writes about his people and his own life. He loves them and at the same time depicts the dark side of the society bitterly. 30. Hemingway says, “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.” Its the best book weve had. There was nothing before. There has been nothing so good since. 31. Ezra Pound stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language, and foregoing (earlier) traditional rhyme and meter in order to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase .32. Robinson was born in Head Tide, but his family moved to Gardiner, Maine in 1870. He described his childhood in Maine as stark and unhappy.1 His family also had problems with alcohol and his brother Herman died in part due to that. His early difficulties led many of his poems to have a dark pessimism and his stories to deal with an American dream gone away.33. Robert Frost is one of the most popular 20th Century American Poets, a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. His adopts traditional verse forms, plain language and everyday speech to explore the complexity of human existence through treating seemingly trivial subjects. 34. Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters.35. Stevens is a rare example of a poet whose main output came at a fairly advanced age. spent most of his adult life working for an insurance company in Connecticut. His best-known poems include Anecdote of the Jar, The Emperor of Ice Cream, The Idea of Order at Key West, Sunday Morning , and Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.36. The title of the poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” is ironic, for it is in fact about the absence of love. It develops a theme of a frustration and emotional conflict.37. Fitzgerald has become identified with the extravagant living of the Jazz Age, and he oncesaid,“It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire.”38. Fitzgeralds writing style is known for being clear, lyrical, and witty.39. On March 26, 1920, This Side of Paradise is published, making the 24 year-old Fitzgerald famous almost overnight. 40. William Faulkners works are regarded as the summit of Southern literature. The Yoknapatawpha saga describes the rise and fall of southern aristocratic families: the Compsons, the Sartorises, The Sutpens, the McCaslins, and the Snopeses.41. The Sound and The Fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.42. The Grapes of wrath shows authors clear expression of sympathy with the dispossessed and the wretched.43. The last stanza of the poem “Stopping by the woods on a snowy night” shows a kind of sad, sentimental but also strong and responsible feeling. The attraction of the beauty of the nature makes the speaker stop in the journey. He finally turns away from it, with a certain weariness and yet with quiet determination, to face the needs of life. This stresses the central conflict of the poem between mans enjoyment of natures beauty and his responsibility in society. This shows a mans despairing courage to seek out the meaning of life.44. Everything seems to meet in this one man-“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described Franklin “master of each and mastered by none”. 45. Edgar Allen Poe formulated the new short story in the detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.46. In Melvilles fiction, man lives in a world divided into two warring parts: good against evil, God against Satan, the “head” against the “heart”. There is no way to overcome the opposites. Melville has a tragic view of life: he seems to feel that the universe itself is working against human happiness and peace of mind.47. “It is better to keep your mouth shut and appear stupid than to open it and remove all doubt.” These words are said by Mark twain .48. Sister Carrie is Theodore Dreisers first novel. Dreiser is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire (The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic), and An American Tragedy, which is considered to be his best.49. Theodore Dreiser is an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for portraying characters whose value lies not in their moral code, but in their persistence against all obstacles. 50. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne considers the effect on an individuals character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.51. Lyric is a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speakers personal thoughts or feelings.52. Rip Van Winkle is not only well-known for Rips 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American Literature and in the English language as well. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced. He has a clear, easy style.53. Emersons Nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with Gods overwhelming presence. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative inf1uence on human mind. 54. In many of Hawthornes stories and novels, the Puritan concept of life is condemned, or the Puritan Past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his The House Of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.55. Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into mans deep reality and psychology. 56. Theodore Dreiser is now regarded as one of the pre-eminent American novelists of the first half of the twentieth century, an anatomist of the “American dream”. 57. It was Mark Twain who made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. His greatest achievement on literature was his use of the dialect and his portrayal of the locale.58. Edwin Arlington Robinson is a “people poet”, writing almost exclusively about individuals or individual relationships rather than on more common themes of the nineteenth century. 59. The Waste Land is often read as a representation of the disillusionment of the post-war generation.60. Fitzgeralds writing style is known for being clear, lyrical, and witty.61. In contrast to the minimalistunderstatement of his contemporaryErnest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent use of stream of consciousness in his writing, and wrote often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and Gothicor grotesquestories of a wide variety of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.62. In 1962, John Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, with the honorary words, for “his realistic and imaginative writings, distinguished as they are by a sympathetic humor and a social perception.”63. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 64. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.65.American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nations political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nations revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.二、阅读并赏析以下诗人的诗歌(课本上的)： Emily Dickinson Ezra pound Edger Allan Poe Robert Frost 三、阅读并赏析以下作家的作品(课本上的)： Nathaniel Hawthorne James Fennimore Cooper附：美国文学作家作品汇总1、 Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richards Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 2、Thomas Paine托马斯潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 3、Philip Freneau菲利普弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 4、Washington Irving华盛顿欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者 6、William Cullen Bryant威廉柯伦布莱恩特1794-1878 The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想-受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年 7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-叶芝） Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李-歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦 8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河 9Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子-心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像 10、Henry David Threau亨利大卫梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 11、Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloomd小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌 12、Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利巴德 13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利沃兹沃思朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌-美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事-诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Reveres Ride保罗里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯斯坦迪什的求婚-叙