资源描述
一、Die history and die trend1、Die position in industrial production采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role.March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy.Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. 经国务院批准，从 1997 年到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support.Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近 90 的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过 60 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 从产值看， 80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。 From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 据国际生产技术协会预测，到 2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成， 50 以上的金属板材、 80 以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.2、The historical development of mold模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.19 世纪，随着军火工业 ( 枪炮的弹壳 ) 、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使The 19th century, with the arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50 年代，模具行业工作重点是根据订户的要求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。50s, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. 模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识，对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. 从 1955 年到 1965 年，是压力加工的探索和开发时代对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. 其结果是归纳出模具设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、梅具结构、模具材料、模具制造方法、自动化装置等领域面貌一新，并向实用化的方向推进，从而使冲压加工从仪能生产优良产品的第一阶段。The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.进入 70 年代向高速化、启动化、精密化、安全化发展的第二Into the 70s to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. 在这个过程中不断涌现各种高效率、商寿命、高精度助多功能自动校具。Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多达别多个工位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位又有多滑块成形工位的压力机弯曲机。On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. 在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金工具钢制造的模具达到了几千万次，硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次 p 每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为 200 至 300 次，最高为 1200 次至 1500 次。In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the worlds largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. 在此期间，为了适应产品更新快、用期短 ( 如汽车改型、玩具翻新等 ) 的需要，各种经济型模具，如锌落合金模具、聚氨酯橡胶模具、钢皮冲模等也得到了很大发展。 In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.从 70 年代中期至今可以说是计算机辅助设计、辅助制造技术不断发展的时代。From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 随着模具加工精度与复杂性不断提高，生产周期不断加快，模具业对设备和人员素质的要求也不断提高。 With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工设备，凭经验和手艺越来越不能满足模具生产的需要。Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. 而采用电子计算机自动编程、控制的 cNc 机床提高了数控机床的使用效率和范围。The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. 近年来又发展出由一台计算机以分时的方式直接管理和控制一群数控机床的 nNc 系统。In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.随着计算机技术的发展，计算机也逐步进入模具生产的各个领域，包括设计、制造、管理等。With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. 国际生产研究协会预测，到 2000 年，作为设计和制造之间联系手段的图纸将失去其主要作用。 International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. 要摆脱过去以人的思考判断和实际经验为中心所组成的设计方法，就必须把过去的经验和思考方法，进行系列化、数值化、数式化，作为设计准则储存到计算机中。To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. 因为模具构成元件也干差万别，要搞出一个能适应各种零件的设计软件几乎不可能。 Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible.But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. 如日本某公司的 CDM 系统用于级进模设计与制造，其中包括零件图形输入、毛坯展开、条料排样、确定模板尺寸和标准、绘制装配图和零件图、输出 NC 程序 ( 为数控加工中心和线切割编程 ) 等，所用时间由手工的 20% 、工时减少到 35 小时；从 80 年代初日本就将三维的 cad cam 系统用于汽车覆盖件模具。If a Japanese companys CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. 目前，在实体件的扫描输入，图线和数据输入，几何造形、显示、绘图、标注以及对数据的自动编程，产生效控机床控制系统的后置处理文件等方面已达到较高水平；计算机仿真 (CAE) 技术也取得了一定成果。Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. 在高层次上， CAD CAM CAE 集成的，即数据是统一的，可以互相直接传输信息 At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other.Achieve network. Present.国外仅有少数厂家能够做到。Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3、The trend of the die（1）模具软件功能集成(1) mold software features integrated模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits.Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. 集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. 国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。 Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. 如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。 Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. 另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。 In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure .Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. 国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. 面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. 如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势(3) mold software applications, networking trend随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.二、The injection and Compression MoldingInjection molding si principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting. The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold. After a brief coolling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected. Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cucle operation, and full automatic operation. The advantage of injection molding are:1.a high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;2.there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of usefull properties;3.it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections. Several methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by shearing the plastic, making it a semifluid mass. In the metering zone, additional heat is applied by conduction from the barrel surface. As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces the screw back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve prevents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flights.The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons. A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job. It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area. If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.Many reciprocating - screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375410.Thermoplastic parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order to remove them without distortion.Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.The importance of Injecting the mold are :、Plastics have the density small, the quality light, the specific tenacity big, the insulating property good, the dielectric loss low, the chemical stability strong, the formation productivity high and the price inexpensive and so on the merits, obtained day by day the widespread application in the national economy and peoples daily life each domain, as early as in the beginning of 1990s, the plastic annual output already surpassed the steel and iron and the non-ferrous metal annual output sum total according to the volume computation.In mechanical and electrical (for example so-called black electrical appliances), domains and so on measuring appliance, chemical, the automobile and astronautics aviation, the plastic has become the metal the good substitution material, had the metal material plastic tendency.、Take the automobile industry as the example , as a result of the automobile lightweight, the low energy consumption development request, the automobile spare part material constitution occurred obviously has modelled the band steel the change, at present our country automobile plastic accounts for 5% which the automobile was self-possessed to 6%, but overseas has reached 13%, forecast according to the expert, the automobile plastic bicycle amount used will also be able further to increase.On modern vehicles, regardless of is outside installs the assorted items, the internal installation assorted items, the function and the s
展开阅读全文