几个法律术语的翻译

.几个法律术语的翻译1.contract，现在多译为“合同”，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为“合同”是不妥的。因为我们中国人看见“合同”一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是 contract一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract 才采取书面形式。所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译“契约”，例如law of contract应当译“契约法”，较重要的、书面的contract才译“合同”，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译“国际售货合同”。2.intellectual property，不知道当初为何译成“知识产权”，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹！这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译 “知识产权”。intellectual一词根本没有“知识”的意思，它与“知识”是两个不同的概念。作为名词intellectual指“知识分子”，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况“知识分子”与“知识”并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译“知识分子产权”而不能译“知识产权”。当然，译“知识分子产权”也是错的。从含义上看，何谓intellectual property？它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为“智力产权”。我们的前辈严复曾说，“一名之立，旬月踟蹰”，我们今天对待译名何等需要那样的认真精神啊！译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名！3.joint venture.这个术语译时要当心。因为按其原来的意思，是指短期的临时性的合伙，可是现在又常用来表示“合资企业、合营企业”。所以翻译时要依据上下文及其他情况来判定该译“短期合伙”还是译“合营企业”。4.jurisdiction.除了管辖、管辖权、审判权、审判机构等释义外，还有一个释义，即“法域”或“法律管辖区域”，意思是自有一套法律制度的区域。一个国家可能是一个法域，如法国，也可能有许多法域，如美国的50个州每个州都是一个法域。“一国两制”，可以说是“一个国家、两个法域”。5.jurisprudence，除了法理学外，jurisprudence还有一个释义，即“判例”，裁决的总称。lawyer不一定总是指律师，它也可能是指“法学者”或“法律工作者”。international lawyer并不是“国际律师”，而是研究国际法的“国际法学者”。6.remedy，该词在法律文件中常用，它并不是“治疗、疗法、医药”的意思。它是指法律规定的，执行、保护、恢复权利的方法，或补救权利所受侵害的方法，应当译“补救方法”或“补救”。具体地说remedy（补救方法）包括什么内容呢？主要有支付损害赔偿金，另外有强制令 （injunction）、依约履行（specific performance）的裁定、法院宣告（declaration）等。法律文件中的redress、relief与remedy意思相同，也可译为“ 补救方法”或“补救”。常常有人将remedy译成“救济方法”，这个译法比较旧，而且容易被误解为灾难的救济，所以不合适。还有人译“赔偿”，这也不妥，因为在remedy中，赔偿固然是常见的办法，但却不是唯一的办法。还有一个常见的提法：exhaustion of local remedies，这是一条原则，意思是在外国人的权利受到侵害时，首先应当寻求所在国法律规定的补救方法，只有在使用过所有的所在国补救方法仍无效果时，才能寻求外交保护或提出国际索赔的要求。所以译“充分使用当地补救方法”为宜。有人译“耗尽当地补救方法”，这个“耗尽”是什么意思，恐怕不好懂。7.injunction，常译为“禁止令”或“禁制令”，这不大合适，因为法院为injunction包括两种情况，它可以禁止你做某件事 （prohibitory injunction），也可以命令你做某件事（mandatory injunction），若译“禁止令、禁制令”就只适用于前一种情况，而不适用于后一种情况。所以injunction该译“强制令”或“法院强制令 ”。只有prohibitory injunction才宜译“禁止令”或“法院禁止令”。8.act or omission .译“作为或不作为”，表示两方面的行为，积极和消极的行为，都是行为。例如一个铁道扳道工因为醉酒没有按时扳动道岔以致发生撞车惨剧，事故的原因就是扳道工的omission“不作为”。有时根据上下文，也可将act or omission译为“行为或不行为”。9.wrongful act.“不法行为”，指的是违反法律规定、违反法律义务的行为，对此是要承担责任的。它是一个法律上的概念，不是道义上的概念。有人将此词组译成“不当行为”或“错误行为”，都是“不当”或“错误”的。 10.estoppel，个人认为译“禁止翻供”不妥，因为estoppel不但指禁止推翻自己的口供供词，也指禁止推翻自己所做的证词等等。这个术语也是英文法律术语没有适当译法的一个例子。我勉强译为“禁止改口”。11.due diligence和due care，这两个词的意思差不多，都译“应有的注意”。与之相反则是negligence，没有做到due care或due diligence即构成negligence（过失）。有的辞典将due diligence译为“克尽职责”是不大合适的。12.legal person， moral person， juristic person， artificial person， juridical person.都译“法人”，与自然人相对。body corporate也是“法人”，或译“法人实体”。不少的词典将body corporate译成“法人团体”，那是错误的。13.extenuating circumstances，有人译成“减罪情况”，不甚妥。因为所减的并不是罪，而是刑罚。还是按我国刑事诉讼法的用语，译为“减轻处罚情节”较好一些。14.common heritage of mankind，曾被译成“人类共同遗产”，这样译很不好，人类并未全部死绝，何来“共同遗产”？现在译“人类共同继承的财产”就比较好。15.reasonable person或reasonable man.有人译成“通情达理的人”，这是按其普通含义译的，在法律文件中这样译就不合适了。在法律文件中reasonable person或reasonable man就是“普通正常人”的意思。16.Service of process .有人译成“传票的送达”，不很合适，因为process不仅指传票，也指其他的诉讼文件如起诉书等，所以以译“诉讼文件的送达”为宜。17.cross-examination，好几个词典将其译成“盘问”、“盘诘”或“反复讯问”，都译得不对。按照英美法系的审判制度，起诉方和被告方均可要求法院传唤证人出庭作证，在庭上先由要求传证人的一方向证人提问，然后再由对方向证人提问，也就是起诉方讯问被告方的证人或被告方讯问起诉方的证人，即双方交叉讯问证人，这就是cross-examination，译“交叉讯问”为宜。英文法律术语，往往并无定译，有各种各样的译法，有时虽然有一个通用或常用的译法，可是这个译法并不合适，甚至是错误的。这个问题很值得我们翻译英文法律文件的人研究探讨。首先应当重视，不要觉得无所谓、关系不大，随便找个词就用上。术语译得不准确，英文法律文件是不可能译好的。相关翻译1”Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Partys parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.for the purpose of this Agreement = in this Agreement 在本协议中general meetings = shareholders general meetings 股东大会“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方（包括其母公司或子公司）或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。在本协议中，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十（50%）或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会多数董事的权利。2. “Proprietary Know-how” shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assitance supplied or rendered by the Lisensor to the Lisensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Lisensor on the date hereof and/of which may be further developed by the Lisensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how aquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.“专有技术”指本协议签订之日，已由许可方开发和为许可方所知，和/或在本协议持续期间可能由许可方继一部开发和为许可方获知的工序、方法、生产技术、经验及其他信息和资料，包括但不限于许可方根据本协议向被许可方提供的技术信息和技术协助，但许可方从第三方获得的不允许向被许可方披露的任何秘密技术除外。3” Proprietary Information” means the information, whether patenable or not, disclosed to the CJV by neither Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings , instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affilates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Party and/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitues its Proprietary Information.“专有信息”指在本合同期内，任何一方或其关联公司向合作经营企业披露的、或合作经营企业向任何一方或其关联公司披露的不论可否获得专利的信息，包括技术、发明、创造、诀窍、配制、配方、规格、设计、方法、工序、工艺、数据、权利、装置、图样、知识、专门知识、商业惯例、商业机密以及披露放，其关联公司或合作经营企业（视情况而定）通常视为机密的商业、经济、财务或其他信息；但是，如果该等信息不是以书面或有形形式披露的，披露方、其关联公司或合作经营企业应在披露后一个月内，向另一方和/或合作经营企业提供该等信息系其专有信息的书面确认。4. “Encumbrances” include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangemnet or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law.)“权力负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制（包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制。）5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:(a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation fo this Agreement;(b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa;(c) words importing a gender include any gender;(d) an expression_r importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency;(e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amendin, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law;(f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to , or replacement or novation of, that document;(g) a reference to a party to any document includes that partys successors and permitted assigns;(h) a reference o an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing;(i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, convenant or agreement on the party of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; and(j) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.在本协议中，除非上下文另有要求，（a） 标题仅为行文方便而设， 并不影响对本协议的解释（b） 单数词包含其复数，反之亦然。（c） 单一性别的词包含其各种性别（d） 自然人的含义包括公司、合伙企业、合营企业、关联企业、法人团体或其他法人和政府机构（e）凡提到的任何法律、法规或条例，包括修正、合并或替代该等法律、法规或条例的一切法律、法规或条例，凡提到的某一法律，包括根据法律项下的一切法规和条例。（f） 凡提到的文件，包括该文件的修正件、补充件或替代件（g） 凡提到的文件的一方，包括该方的继承人和被许可的受让人（h） 凡提到的协议，包括承诺、约定或法律上可强制执行的安排或谅解，无论是不是书面形式（i） 两人或两人以上的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议，各人共同和分别受其约束（j） 本协议的附表、附录和附件构成本协议不可分割的部分。补充翻译练习1. “Control ” means the power of any entity to direct the affairs of another entity whether by any of the following means or otherwise:(a) beneficial ownership of or entitlement to acquire shares or assets of the other;(b) power to exercise voting rights in relation to the other;(c) power to appoint members of the supervisory board, board of directors or bodies legally representing the other; or(d) power to operate, direct or manage the general affairs of the other“控制权”指任何实体，无论是通过下列任一途径还是通过其他方式监督另一实体的事务的权利：（a） 拥有另一实体股份或资产的受益所有权或收购另一实体股份或资产的权利；（b） 行使与另一实体相关的投票权的权力；（c） 任命合法代表另一实体的监事会、董事会或机构成员的权力；或（d） 经营、监督或管理另一实体的一般事物的权力。2. “Technical Information” shall mean all technical data, drawings, designs, formulae, specifications, processes, methods of manufacture, computer programs or other software or technical documents and similar intellectual property rights of or developed by the Lisensor as of the date hereof or to be developed by the Licensor during the term of this Agreement relating to the Product, including improvements hereto.“技术信息”指本协议签订之日，许可方拥有的或已开发的、或在本协议期间内许可方开发的与产品（包括产品的改进）有关的一切技术数据、图纸、设计、公式、规格、工序、生产方法、计算机程序或其他软件或技术文件及类似知识产权。3. The headings used in this Contract are for ease of reference only, and in no event shall the subtance of any paragraph or the intent of the Parties be interpreted or controlled by such headings.本协议中的标题仅为方便参考而设，不得用于解释或控制协议任何条款的实质内容或各方的意向。4. References to:(a) Clauses and Schedules are to clauses in and schedules to this Agreement (unless the context otherwise requires) and the Recitals and Schedules to this Agreement shall be deemed to form part of this Agreement;(b) “person” shall include body corporate, unincorporated association and partnership (whether or not having separate legal personality)(c) writing shall include any methods of producing or reproducing words in a legible and non-transitory form; and(d) masculine gender shall include the femine and neuter and the singular number shall include the plural and vice versa.凡提到的：（a） 条款和附件， 系指本协议的条款和附件（除非上下文另有要求），且本协议的事实陈述部分和附件应被视为本协议的组成部分；（b） “人”，包括法人团体、非法人社团和合伙企业（无论是否具有单独的法律人格）；（c） 书面形式，包括任何以清晰和永久的形式产生或复制文字的方法；以及（d） 阳性词，包括其阴性和中性形式，单数词包括其复数形式；反之亦然。第五章 Entire Agreement, Amendment, and Language 完整协议、修改、语言翻译技巧 增词1增补原文隐含而没有名示的词The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。2增补能使词义更加明确的词Specifically, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Party A shall bear all responsibility for any loses or damages suffered by Party B as a result of any mistakes, errors or omissions caused by Party A in connection with the processing and packing of the Products.特别是，在不受前述一般性原则限制的情况下，因甲方加工和包装产品出错、失误或疏漏而使乙方遭受损害，甲方应承担一切责任。3增补被省略的句子成分This agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of ten (10) years. This Agreement shall be automatically renewed for one-year terms thereafter unless and until teminated by either Party hereto by giving six (6) months written notice to the other.本协议自生效日起生效，有效期为十（10）年。此后，除非一方提前六个月向另一方发出终止本协议的书面通知，本协议逐年自动延长一（1）年。最重要的是，翻译要清楚明白，不能让人看不懂或者产生歧义。所以可以根据需要增补所需的词语。第一条和第三条似乎并没有太大的区别。-相关条款的翻译1.All the appendices to this Agreement shall be an integral part of this Agreement. This Agreement and all its appendices shall constitute the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter set forth herein and supersede any and all previous oral and written discussions, negotiations, notices, memoranda, documents, agreements, contracts and communications between the Parties relating to such subject matter.本协议的所有附件是本协议的不可分割的一部分。本协议及其附件构成双方就本协议规定的标的达成的完整协议，并取代双方先前与该标的有关的一切口头和书面的洽谈、谈判、通知、备忘录、文件、协议、合同和通讯。With respect to = concerning 关于，就而言Herein = in this Agreement 在本协议中2.The terms and conditions herein contained, including the Appendices hereto, constitute the entire agreement between the parties hereto. This Contract shall supersede all previous communications, either oral or written between the parties. Amendents modifying or extending the Contract shall be binding upon both parties only if in writing and signed by a duly authorised officer or representative of each party.本合同所包含的条款和条件，包括合同附件，构成合同双方的完整协议。本合同取代双方以前所有的口头或书面通讯。对合同所作的修改或扩充，只有采取书面形式并经双方正式授权的主管人员或代表签署后，方能对双方有约束力。3.This Agreement, entered into as of the date written above, constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof and shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the Supply Agreement. No terms or provisions of this Agreement shall be varied or modified by any prior or subsequent statement, conduct or act of either of the Parties, except that the Parties may amend this Agreement by written instruments referring to and executed in the same manner as this Agreement.在文首载明的日期签订的本协议，构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，是对供应协议规定的补充而不是减损。任何一方均不得以先前或以后的声明、举动或行为修改或变更本协议的任何条款或规定，但双方可以以本协议提及的和以本协议相同方法签署的书面文件修改本协议。As of = as from = 在时候；直到 表示某事开始的时间或日期 eg. This new Contract takes effect as of March 1, 2002 这份新合同2002年3月1日起生效Following is an analysis of the situation as of this Date.到今日为止的形势分析如下。Written above 通常指合同一开始就写明的签订日期，译为“上述”太笼统，应该用“文首载明的日期”更为贴切。4.This Agreement, including any Statement of Work entered into pursuant hereto, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties hereto with respect its subject matter and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous representations, proposals, discussions, and communications, whether oral or in writing. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and the specific provisions set forth in a Statement of Work, the provisions of the Agreement shall control, except to the extent the provisions in a Statement of Work expressly provide otherwise.本协议，包括根据本协议订立的工作一览表，构成本协议双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，并取代双方先前的或现在的所有陈述、建议、讨论和通讯，无论是口头的还是书面的。若本协议的规定与工作一览表的具体规定发生冲突，以本协议的规定为准，但工作一览表另有明示规定的除外。Pursuant hereto= pursuant to this Agreement = in accordance with this Agreement 根据本协议 eg.The insolvent company applied for bankruptcy pursuant to Section 12 fo the Bankruptcy Law. 这家无力偿还债务的公司根据破产法第12条申请破产。In the event of = if something happens 如果发生；万一 eg.Britain agreed to support the US in the event of war. 英国同意一旦发生战争，将支持美国。Control = prevail （更常用）以为准5. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to its subject matter (no party having relied on any representation or warranty made by any other party which is not contained in this Agreement) and no variation of this Agreement shall be effective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties.本协议构成双方关于协议标的的完整协议（各方均依赖于另一方在本协议中的陈述或保证），对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。这一句的翻译似乎值得商榷。括号中的部分，我觉得应该翻成：各方不得依赖另一方在本协议之外的陈述或保证。此句和上面那句的意思仍有不同。6. Amendments to this Contract may be made only by a written instrument signed by a duly authorised representative of each of the Parties and, unless prior approval from the Examination and Approval Authority/the appropriate government department is statutorily required, such amendments shall become effective upon the signing by the duly authorised representatives of both Parties.对本合同的修改，只能通过各方的正式授权代表签署书面协议进行。除法律要求须经审批机构/政府有关部门事先批准外，该等修改经双方授权代表签字后立即生效。7. This Agreement shall be signed in four (4) counterparts and all such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. The Parties shall sign a Chinese language version of this Agreement as soon as reasonably possible. Should there be any discrepancy between the two language versions, the English version of this Agreement shall prevail.本协议签署本一式四（4）份，四份文本视为共同构成同一份协议。双方应尽快签署本协议的中文文本。协议的英文文本和中文文本如有不一致之处，以英文文本为准。One and the same =同一个，完全一样 是固定短语，用于加强 the same 的语气 eg.One and the same occurred to each of them.8. This Agreement may be executed by the parties hereto in any number of counterparts and on separate counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed an original but all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument and shall be binding on all parties. A party may execute this Agreement and the documents referred to herein on a facsimile copy counterpart and deliver its signature and seal by facsimile.本协议各方可签署任何数量的协议文本，并在各份文本上签字。每份文本一经各方签署均视为原件，所有文本构成同一份文据，对各方均有约束力。一方可签署本协议和本协议提及的文件的传真件，并通过传真交付其签名和印章。补充翻译练习1. This Agreement and the schedules hereto constitute the entire agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede all previous writings and understandings related hereto.本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，并取代双方先前有关本协议的一切书面文件和谅解。2. Any amendments to this Contract shall become effective only after a written agreement to effect the amendments signed by Party A and Party B has been approved by the Examination and Approval Authority.对本合同的任何更改，只有在甲乙双方签署的实施修改的书面意见经审批机构批准以后方能生效。3. This Contract is executed in English and Chinese. Both language versions shall be equally authentic. Each Party acknowledges that it has reviewed both language texts and that they are substantially the same in all material respects.本合同的签署本有中文和英文两种。两种文本具有同等效力。各方承认其业已审阅合同的两种文本，中文本和英文本在一切重要方面完全相同。4. This Agreement is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. However, if there is any conflict, ambiguity or discrepancy between the Chinese version and a version in other language, the Chinese version shall prevail.本协议以中文签署。如有必要，本协议可以译成其他文字。但是，如果本协议的中文文本和其他文本之间存在矛盾，歧义或者不一致之处，则以中文本为准。5. This Contract shall be written in both Chinese and English. Both versions are equally authentic. Each version shall be in eight (8) counterparts. Each of the Parties shall hold one counterpart of each language version. The remaining counterparts shall be submitted to the Examination and Approval Authority for approval or reference, or retained by the CJV, as required.本合同用中文和英文写就。中文文本和英文文本具有同等效力。两种文本各一式八（8）份。各方各执中文文本和英文文本各一份。其余文本按要求报送有关审批机构审批、供其参考，或由合作经营企业保存。词语的翻译（二）1 复叠词的翻译法律英语在用词方面的特点之一，是常常讲两个同义词或近义词复叠在一起使用，形成相对固定或稳定的词组，或是为了加强语势，或是为了措辞严谨。在翻译时，大体上有下列两种方法：（1） 两个复叠的词意义相同或大体相同，一般只需译成一个汉语词：(a) The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority. 主管部门宣布该合同无效。(b) If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall be invaild, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired and shall remain in full force and effect. 如果本协议的某条或数条条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法的、或不能强制执行的，则本协议的其他条款的效力、合法性和可执行性不受任何影响或损害，并依然完全有效。(c) During the term of this Agreement, Party A shall undertake, renew and maintain for its benefit and interest, and at its own cost and expense, the following primary insurance policies. 在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买和保持下列主要保险。(d) Party A further represents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbranches, lease, convenants, security interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions. 甲方进一步陈述和保证，该土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制。(e) In the event that any of the conditions referred to in Clause X is not fulfilled on or before the Cut-off Date, then the Puchaser may by notice to the Vendor terminate this Agreement whereupon all obligations and liabilities of the parties hereunder shall cease and determine. 如果在截止日期或之前，X款提到的任何条件未得到满足，买方则可以经通知卖方终止本协议。协议一旦终止，各方在本协议项下的所有义务和责任即刻终止。（2） 两个复叠的词意义相近，可用两个汉语近义词来翻译，以充分体现原文的意旨：(a) The Company shall, at its own cost and expense, at