托福题型及测试要点.ppt

托福题型及测试要点,TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,EducationalTestingService(ETS),美国教育考试服务中心（EducationalTestingService，简称ETS）成立于1947年，是目前世界上最大的私营非营利教育考试评估机构，也是教育研究领域的领导者。该组织致力于为180多个国家的个人、教育机构和政府部门提供服务，并在全球范围内开展、管理着每年1200多万人次的考试，其中包括我们所熟悉的TOEFL、GRE、GMAT考试等。ETS的对应产品：SATSAT（ScholasticAssessmentTest），与GRE一样是由ETS（即美国教育考试服务处）主持的考试，是绝大多数美国大学录取本国高中生学术水平的评判标准，相当于美国的高考，也是世界各国高中生申请进入美国名校学习能否被录取及能否得到奖学金的重要参考。在美国，ETS最出名的是美国大学入学考试，像SAT（本科），GRE和GMAT。http:/www.ets.org,GraduateRecordExam(GRE),1.GRE考试是研究生的入学考试，它适用于除了法律（需参加LSAT考试）与商业（需参加GMAT考）以外的各种学科与专业的研究生考试。2.GRE考试分为两种，一种是普通GRE考试（GREGeneral），也就是大部分中国学生参加的GRE考试。另一种是专项GRE考试(GRESubject)。参加GRE专项考试的中国考生并非很多，因为大多数美国院校不要求提供专项GRE成绩，只要求普通GRE成绩。3.GRE考试分两种：其一是一般能力或称倾向性测验（Generaltest或AptitudeTest），其二是专业测验或称高级测验（SubjectTest或AdvancedTest）。一般能力测验是测验考生的基本英语能力以及对英文方面知识所涉及的广度和深度，其中数学部分（Quantitative）是测验考生基本数学的潜在能力和对数理方面问题的理解与判断；分析逻辑（Ana1ytica1andLogicalDiagram）是测验考生对问题的分析或逻辑推理等方面的能力。,GraduateManagementAdmissionTest(GMAT),1.GMAT是研究生管理科学入学考试的简称。美国、英国、澳大利亚等国家的高校都采用GMAT考试的成绩来评估申请入学者是否适合于在商业、经济和管理等专业的研究生阶段学习，以决定是否;2.GMAT考试不仅考查申请人的语言能力和数学能力，还要测试其头脑反应、逻辑思维和解决实际问题的能力。一般来说，GMAT考试可以比较真实地反映应试者的英语水平，因而受到越来越多的专业和学校的重视和好评。目前，全世界的近千所大学采用GMAT考试;3.考试包括语文（Verbal）、数学（Quantitative）和分析性写作（AnalyticalWritingQuestions）三部分试题。,TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage(TOEFL),1.TOEFL是由美国教育考试服务处（EducationalTestingService）举办的，为申请去美国或加拿大等国家上大学或入研究生院学习的非英语国家的学生提供的英语水平考试。2.至今为止，美国和加拿大共有2300多所院校规定，凡是外国学生申请到该校入学学习的，必须提供TOEFL，GRE，GMAT或TSE的某一项或两项标准化考试证明，只有达到学校所要求成绩的报考者，才能取得入学和申请奖学金的资格。3.除了美国、加拿大等大部分国家的高等院校外，欧洲（如英国）、大洋洲（如澳大利亚、新西兰）以及东南亚一些国家和地区也都已承认TOEFL考试成绩。近几年来，国内的联合国驻华机构和外企及合资企业在招聘录用职员时，或国际基金组织在测试职员的英语水平时，也都采用TOEFL考试成绩。,考试结构,1.托福考试分读、听、说、写四个部分,对学生的阅读、听力、口语、写作四项英语语言能力进行综合测试。2.IBT采用的语言内容和语言场景来自北美大学校园中的诸多学习场景，语言真实，主题涉及教育、人文、商业、工程技术、自然科学和社会研究等六大类。,1.阅读:IBT考试阅读部分约为60到100分钟，包括3到5篇文章，每篇大约700个单词，每篇对应12至14道试题。增加了图表题、篇章总结题等。考生在考试过程中可使用复查功能。2.听力:包含两个对话(conversation)和四段课堂讲解(lecture)。每个对话涉及2个或2个以上的说话者，每个对话对应5道试题；每段演讲对应6道试题。听力部分共包括34道试题。听力部分的时间大约是50分钟。每个对话是23分钟，每段演讲是46分钟。考生可以在听录音的过程中做笔记帮助答题。,3.口语:总时间约为20分钟。共有6题，其中两道为独立回答题。另外两道要求考生先阅读一段文字然后再听一段与其内容相关的听力材料，最后考生按照要求回答相关问题。阅读材料是70-100单词的自然段，共45秒钟的阅读时间。听力材料可能是对话，也可能是演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟，150-180个单词。第5题和第6题以考试中的听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。考生可以在听录音的过程中做笔记来帮助答题。每个回答的得分是04分。考查综合语言技能的题目的评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。,Speaking,Speaking:KeypointsforQ3,Themanisthinkingofregisteringforanonlinecourse.Theadvisorsopinionaboutonlinecourseisthattheyarenotrightforallstudents.Onereasonshegivesisthatonlinecoursesrequirestudentstobeself-motivatedandabletolearnontheirown,mainlybyreading.Anotherreasonisthatonlinecourseshaveafairlydropoutrate.Anotherreasonisthatsomestudentsprefergoingtoclassandinteractingface-to-facewiththeprofessorandotherstudents.,Speaking:KeypointsforQ4,Corporationsaresimilartoanyotherculturebecausetheyhavevalues,norms,rituals,symbolsandtexts.Corporateculturegivesmeaningtothedailyactivitiesofthecompany.Corporationshavenormsthatregulatebehavior,maintainorder,andestablishconventionssuchasclothingstyleandbusinesshours.Well-establishedcompanieshavetraditionalcorporatecultures.Manynewtechnologyfirmshaveveryinformalcultureswithnofixedtraditionstofollow.,Speaking:KeypointsforQ5,Themansproblemisthatheisconcernedabouthisgradeforhisgeologycourse,buthedoesnothaveenoughtimetostudybecausehehastoworkmorehoursathisjob,Thewomansuggeststhathegetatutor.Thewomensuggeststhathequithisjoborlookforadifferentjob.Thewomansuggestthathedropthegeologycourseandtakeitagainnextquarter.,Speaking:KeypointsforQ6,Oceanwaterisclearwhentherearenoparticlessuspendedinit,solightisabletopassthough.Somewaterisgreenbecauseofamixtureofbluelightfromscatteredsunlightandyellowpigmentfromphytoplankton,thefloatingplantlife.Somewaterisbrownorbrownish-redbecauseofthepresenceoflargequantitiesofbrownalgae,whichcontainbrownpigments.Somewaterisbluebecauseofthescatteringsunlightbytinyparticlesinthewater;bluelightisdistributedeasilybecauseithasashortwavelength.,4.写作:包括两道试题，需在大约50分钟的时间内完成。1.综合性写作：考生首先需要阅读一篇学术演讲，然后需要听一段大约为2分钟的课堂讲解。考生在听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何不同。2.独立性写作：独立写作试题部分需30分钟的时间，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的某种看法。每个写作任务的分数是05分。考查综合语言技能的作文题目的评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。,综合性写作的标准和说明(150-225),Aresponseat5ScoreLevelAresponseatthislevelsuccessfullyselectstheimportantinformationfromthelectureandcoherentlyandaccuratelypresentsthisinformationinrelationtotherelevantinformationpresentedinthereading.Theresponseiswell-organized,andoccasionallanguageerrorsthatarepresentdonotresultininaccurateorimprecisepresentationofcontentorconnections.,综合性写作基本方法,基本结构Paragraph1:听力材料的主旨阅读材料的主旨两种材料的关系Paragraph2:听力材料第一支持性细节/例证，以及其与阅读材料相关细节/例证之间的逻辑关系听力材料第二支持性细节/例证，以及其与阅读材料相关细节/例证之间的逻辑关系Paragraph3:补充并总结全文(optional),综合性写作语言模板,第一段：Inthissetofmaterials,thelisteningpassagediscusses_(听力材料的主旨),whichgivesfurtherdetailsof_(听力材料主旨的展开)andsupports(用于支持型材料)/opposites(用于反驳型材料)thereadingpassagethat_(阅读材料的观点总结).,第二段First,thelisteningpassagetellsus_(第一个支撑细节，并说明其与阅读材料的关系).Second,italsoillustratesthat_(第二个支撑细节，并说明其与阅读材料的关系).Asaresult,_.(得出的结论)第三段Inaddition,_.(补充细节或结论)Consequently,_.(全文总结),Sample:Readingmaterial,WilsonCollegeisasmallprivateinstitutionofhighereducation.Oneofitsformerstudentsdonatedanenormousbequesttohismotherschool,andhelodgedastipulationonlythathisincrediblebequestmustbeutilizedtomakehismotherschoolanevenmorepleasantplacetostudyin.tomeethisdemand,collegeadministratorsandfacultystructuredacommitteetofindouthowtospendthebequest.,Soon,thefirstcommitteemeetingwasheld.Onthemeeting,thememberofthecommitteerapidlydividedintotwofactions.Adelegateoftheadministrationrepresentedtheonefaction,whiletheheadofthefacultyledtheotherfaction.Aftersignificantwrangling,theymadeadecisionthatoneweeklaterthecommitteemeetingwouldbeconvokedagaintopresenttheirownplanfordealingwiththebequest.Duringthisweek,theycouldpreparereferencetosupporttheirplan.,Thecommitteecongregatedasscheduled.Theadministratorsfactionwasthefirsttostatetheirplanforusingthebequest.Inthestatement,theyassumedthattherewerenumerousworthyusesforthemoney.Theirproposalcouldbedrawnintothreepoints.First,theymaintainedthataninnovativeclassroombuildingshouldbebuilttomakethecampuslargerforalltheclasses.Ifthecampushadadequatespace,itcouldmeetthedemandsoftheextrastudents.Whatsmore,itcouldbringaboutadditionaltuitions.Inadditiontothenewclassroombuilding,theadministratorsalsowishedtoconsumepartofthebequestonanewgymnasiumtheyhadwhichismorethan70yearsold.Finally,theyintendedtoraisetheirsalarybytheremaininginthebequest,citingthefactthattheirpaywas10%belowthenationalaverage.,Professor:Theadministratorsfirstpointthataddsanewclassroombuildingwassupportedbythefaculty,becausetheyextremelyrecognizedthatthecollegetruthfullyneededmoreclassroomspaceforteaching.However,thefacultypowerfullyobjectedmorestudentscouldbeadmittedtothecollegebyusingthenewclassroomspace.Theyheldthattheexistingovercrowdedclassesshouldbedecreased,anddesiredtoutilizetheadditionalclassroomspacetoattaintheirgoal.Whattheyworriedwasthepresenthighclasssizewouldpreserveifadditionalstudentswereadmittedafteranewclassroombuildingwasconstructed.,Listeningmaterial,Astotheadministratorssecondpoint,thefacultyalsorecognizedthatthe70-year-oldgymnasiumwasacrisis,buttheystilldidntwhollyagreewiththeadministratorsopinion.Theybelievedthatrenovatingthecurrentgymnasiuminsteadofbuildinganutterlynewgymwasabetterwaytospendthebequest.Tearingitdownwasawfullyawaste.,Whatreallyenragedthefacultywastheadministratorsthirdpointthattheadministratorswishedtospendpartofthebequestonpayrisesforthemselves.Thisproposaldreadfullyshockedthefaculty.Indeed,theadministrativesalariesattheschoolwere10%belowtheaveragestandard.However,thefacultieswerealsopaidlowsalarieswhichwerebelowthenationalsalaries.Theypowerfullybelievedthatanyadditionalmoneyinthebequestshouldbespentonscholarshipsforstudents,afteraddinganewclassroombuildingandrenovatingtheoldgymnasium.,Listeningmaterial,Listentothepassage.Onapieceofpaper,takenotesonthemainpointsofthelisteningpassage.Question:Howistheinformationinthelisteningpassagerelatedtotheideasinthereadingpassage?,Sampleanswer,Inthissetofmaterials,bothpassagesdiscussaproblemthatWilsonCollegehasbeendonatedalargesumofmoneybyaformerstudentandacommitteeisestablishedtocompromiseadministratorsandfacultysdisagreementonhowthemoneyshouldbeused.Inthelisteningmaterial,thefacultycomesupwiththeirownsuggestions,thoughthreewaysaswell,theydisagreeinagreatnumberofdetails.,Firstofall,whatboththefacultyandtheadministrationsuggestisthatanewclassroombuildingisbadlyneeded.However,theydisagreeonhowthebuildingshouldbeused.Theadministratorswantanewbuildingsothatitcanbringthemagreatdealofextrastudents,butthefacultywantsthenewclassroomsaimingatthatclasssizescanbereduced.,Inaddition,boththefacultyandadministratorsagreethatthegymnasiumistooold,buttheydonotagreeonhowtodealwiththeproblem.Theadministratorswanttoteardowntheoldgymnasiumandrebuildanentirelynewonewhilethefacultywanttorenewtheoldone.,Finally,thefacultyandtheadministratorshaveabigdivergenceoverthethirdwaytospendthemoney.Theadministratorswanttousesomeofthemoneytoraisetheirpays,butthefacultyholdstheopinionthatthisideaisreallyterrible.Thefacultywantstousethispartofthemoneyforstudentscholarships.,Writing:KeypointsforQ1,Thereasonsfortravelinghavechanged.Inthepast,peopletraveledforpoliticaloreconomicpurposes;inmoderntimes,peopletravelforpersonalenrichmentandadventure.Thisissimilartothepointinthereadingthattheearliesttouriststraveledinsearchofresources,whilelatertouriststraveledforcultural,educational,andscientificpurposes.Hemingwayillustratestheconquestidealintourismandwasveryinfluential.ThisissimilartothepointinthereadingthatHemingwayexposedpeopletothepossibilitiesofjourneyingtofarawaylandsforadventure.,Ethnictourismisanewkindofculturaltourisminwhichtouristslearnaboutaboriginalcultures.ThisissimilartothepointinthereadingthatyoungEuropeanstook“grandtour”toexpandtheirculturalhorizons;italsodiffersbecausetheEuropeanexampleoccurredinthe17thcenturyratherthanthepresent.Environmentaltourismistravelingtowildernessareastoobserve,photograph,andlearnaboutthenature.Thisissimilartothepointinthereadingthatpeopletraveledtoobserveandpreservehenaturalworld;italsodiffersfromthepointinthereadingthatpeopletraveledtohunt.,独立性写作的标准和说明(250),Aresponseat5ScoreLevel#effectivelyaddressthetaskbyclearlystartinganopinion;#well-organizedand-developedwithappropriateexamples,reasons,ordetails;#uselanguageeffectively,withsentencevarietyandappropriatewordchoiceandonlyoccasionalminorlanguageerrors.,Writing,指点迷津,1.模考题要选机考界面的2.突击听力成涨分关键3.词汇大回锅做个总复习托福考试要求考生词汇量要大，这完全是为了阅读服务。因为阅读中有近13的题目都是考的词汇题，每篇文章都会有4道题考查词汇同义词、近义词，比重相当大，考生如果词汇量大，比较吃香。窍门：词汇的重要性毋庸置疑了，而海量的词汇要表现出来，打字又是个关键。要练好打字，又快又准确，拼写一定不能马虎。,独立性写作举例1,Situation:Peopleattendcollegeoruniversityformanydifferentreasons(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,increasedknowledge,etc.).Whydoyouthinkpeopleattendcollegeoruniversity?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.WhyDoWeAttendCollege?,Afterthecompletionoftheeducationinthehighschool,wejoininacollege.Weenteranenvironmentwhichlookscompletelynewforus.Wehavetofacenewlecturers,newclassmatesandtomakenewfriends.AsfarasIamconcerned,itscompulsoryforeveryoneofustoattendacollege.Thereasonsareasfollows.Knowledgeisdivine.Weattendcollegetoimproveourknowledgeandskills.Withoutknowledgewecantsurviveinthisworld.Theknowledgegainedthroughhardworkwilldefinitelybenefitusinthefuture.,Thesecondreasonforustoattendcollegeis,topursueadegree.Withthedegreewemaycontinueourfurtherstudiesorapplyforajob.Thiswillbecomeourprerogative.Itdependsuponourambitionandgoal.Wecansocializeourlifebyattendingacollege.Therulesandregulationslaiddownbyacollegehelpustoleadourlifeinadisciplinedmanner.Also,inacollegewemeetdifferentkindsofpeoplewithdifferentattitudesandwaysofthinking.Wecanlearnalotfromthem.Bycommunicatingwiththemwecanexchangeourideasandviews,whichhelpus(to)improveourknowledge.Also,wecangetridoftheproblemofstagefearbyparticipatingintheseminarsandgroupdiscussions.,Theexamsinacollegeareverymuchusefultous.Examsareconductedinordertotestourabilityinaparticularsubject.Nooneshouldbeabsentfromtheexams.Weshouldnotloseheartwhenwefailinanexam.Wehavetoknowthereasonsforourfailureandtakefurtherpreventivestepsandtrytodowellinthenextexam.Bypreparingfortheexamsweareabletojudgeourstrengthaswellasourweakness.Strict1yspeaking,examsmakeuslearn.Inconclusion,collegedaysarethebestdaysinapersonslife.Wewonthavethefreedominajoborworkaswehaveincollege.So,inordertobesuccessfulinlifewehavetoefficientlyusethetimeandfreedominourcollege.,独立性写作举例2,Situation:Somepeoplebelievethatuniversitystudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclasses.Othersbelievethatgoingtoclassesshouldbeoptionalforstudents.Whichpointofviewdoyouagreewith?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyouranswer.,Somepeoplemaybelievethatgoingtoclassesshouldbeoptional,butIdisagree.Idontunderstandhowuniversitystudentscanexpecttolearnanythingiftheydontattendclasses.Personalexperiencecanhelppeoplelearnaboutthemselvesandtheworldoutsidetheclassroom,butwhenitcomestolearnaboutacademicsubjects,studentsneedtobeinclass.Inclass,studentsreceivethebenefitoftheteachersknowledge.Thebestteachersdomorethanjustgooverthematerialsintheclasstextbook.Theydrawtheirstudentsintodiscussionofthematerial.Theypresentopposingpointsofview.Theyscheduleguestspeakerstocomeandgivethestudentsadditionalinformation.,Inaddition,attendingclassesonanysubjectteachesmorethanjustfacts.Itteachesstudentshowtolearn,howtoabsorbinformationandthenapplywhattheyhavelearnedtoothersituations.Theirteacheristhebestonetohelpthemwiththeseskills.Goingtoclassalsoteachesstudentshowtoworkwiththeothermembersoftheclass.Manytimes,studentswillbegivengroupassignments.Inthissituation,theywilllearnhowtohandleworkingwithpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsandexperiencestoachieveacommongoal.,Besides,goingtoclassteachesstudentsresponsibilityanddiscipline.Havingtobeataparticulartimepresentsthemforgettingajob.Beingataplaceontimewithanassignmentcompletedpreparesthemforacareer.Inshort,byattendingclassesstudentslearnmorethanjustinformationfromtheteacher.Theyalsolearnhowtolearn,howtoworkwithothers,andhowtoworkresponsibly.Thesearenotoptionalskillsinlife,soattendingclassesshouldnotbeoptionalincollege.,In-classTask,Situation:Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsorotheradultrelativesshouldmakeimportantdecisionsfortheirolder(15to18year-old)teenagedchildren.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.,指点迷津,4.学会用简单符号记要点因为新托福考试是在电脑界面上进行，无法考题上画重点、记笔记，所以考生一定要养成记笔记的习惯和快速记笔记的能力。听力考放录音只是短短的几分钟，而且在这一过程考生是见不到题的，考生可能能够听懂，但题里面有很多重要的细节一定要记下来，这在答题的时候才有把握。所以听力要“玩命”笔记，要学会用简单符号记要点。,指点迷津,5.提前练习抗干扰答题考生在这段时间里要练习在有干扰的环境下回答口语问题。因为同一个考场的考生答题速度不一样，所以有时候很多人还在做阅读的时候，有人就开始做听力了，这样的干扰在所难免。现在就开始练习在嘈杂的环境下开口回答问题，一定要很清晰地把回答说出来。口语前两题录音45秒，后面的题录60秒，所以考生也要练习在一分钟之内说透对一个问题的看法和态度的能力，锻炼短时间组织语言逻辑的能力。,考试分数,新托福听、说、读、写各部分满分30分，共计120分。,期末考试12月21日(40%),Part1:Readingcomprehension(30%=15*2)(重点考察对文章主旨和重要细节的理解，参考TOEFL阅读部分)Part2:Letterwritingforapplication(30%)(重点在于信函的基本格式和求职信的结构，不必写得很具体，无字数要求)Part3:Writingfordescribinggraphs(15%)(重点考察数字表格的写作，字数要求120-150)Part4:Writingforexposition/argumentation(25%)(重点考察议论文写作，参考TOEFL写作TASK2，字数要求200),