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普通生态学一、Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally). （1） IntroductionEcologyhabitat（2） autoecologyniche（生态位） fundamental niche（基础生态位）competitive exlusion principle（竞争排斥原理）fitness（适合度）environment（环境）Liebigs law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelfords law of tolerance （谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”） ecological valence or amplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）Vant Hoffs law（范霍夫定律或Q10定律） developmental threshold temperature（发育起点温度）law of effective temperature（有效积温法则）（3）population ecologyPopulation（种群）ecological invasion（生态入侵）innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)内禀增长率 density dependence（密度制约）density independence（非密度制约）age structure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）Survivorship curve（存活曲线） ecological natality（生态出生率）ecological mortality（生态死亡率）maximum natality（最大出生率）minimum mortality（最低死亡率）ecological strategy（生态对策）（4）community ecologypioneer species（先锋物种）climax （顶级群落）biotic community（生物群落）community succession（群落演替）growth form（生长型）life form（生活型）ectone（群落交错区）：edge effect（边缘效应）：species diversity（物种多样性）：dominant species（优势种）functional group(guild)（同资源种团或功能团）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primary production（初级生产）biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循环）ecosystem（生态系统）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecological pyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）food chain（食物链）food web（食物网）trophic level（营养级）. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. 填空题（1）introduction Human being are confronted with the five crisis such as , food, , , environment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecology include molecular ecology, autoecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, global ecology.Divided by the habitat, ecology include terrestrial ecology, ecology, estuary ecology, ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology include ecology, ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology include autoecology, , , , and ecosystem ecology.（2）autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are , , .The spatial distribution patterns of a population (种群的空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布), distribution, and distribution.（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection include , directional selection, .The drives of evolution include and .The self-regulation schools include , , and .The processes of speciation are , , and . The three ways of speciation are , , .According to the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified into three types, that is, , , and .The inter-specific relationship between lion and deer is . The interaction between penicillin and bacterium is . Walnut quinone secreted by walnut can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to .（4）community ecologyThe three model to explain the succession mechanism include , , .（5）ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include , , .There types of biogeochemical cycles are , , .The two main types of food chains are and . , , and are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The maximal ecosystem in globe is .The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图) of food web (食物网) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answer for the six questions below according to this sketch map.（1）The number of food chain (食物链) in this food web is .（2）The number of trophic level (营养级) of hawk is .（3）The inter-specific relationship between hawk and fox is .（4）The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient food chain is .（5）If we use DDT to control the pest insect (害虫) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (浓度) of DDT is _.（6）If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is .15. 种间关系包括（举例说明是什么关系）16. 他感、异种抑制、抗生17. 趋同进化等18. 生态型、生活型（举例）19. 演替 True or false. 是非题（1）introduction( ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology.( ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology.( ) 36. Modern ecology include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.（2）autoecology( ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant.( ) 4. Water is the resource for one plant at any time. ( ) 17. For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数) by a 10 rise in temperature is two to three.( ) 22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species among the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (灭绝).( ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（热带）are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone（温带）and Frigid Zone（寒带）, so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狭温生物).（3）population ecology( ) 1. Most animals belong to unitary organism (单体生物).( ) 1. The most plants belong to modular organism (构件生物).( ) 2. One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other one when they compete each other for resources.( ) 2. In the broad sense (广义上说), parasitism is one kind of predation.( ) 3. Time-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 3. Age-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 15. Self regulation school belongs to endogenous regulation theory.( ) 16. According to Hardy-Winbergs law, the gene and genotype frequency in each generations will retain constant in a small population.( ) 19. Ecological factors (生态因子) can be divided into density-dependent (密度制约) and density-independent (非密度制约) factors, light and temperature are density-independent factors, while food is density-dependent.( ) 20. Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (协同进化) .( ) 23. Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by actual ecological conditions, but also restrained (限制) by physiological conditions.( ) 24. The result of static life table are more reliable (可靠的) than that of dynamic table life.( ) 25. There are more specialists in stable conditions than generalists in capricious (变化无常的) conditions.( ) 27. Antibiosis belongs to amensalism.( ) 28. The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙鱼) and silver carp (鲢鱼) is mutualism.( ) 31. The interaction between termite and flagellate (鞭毛虫) in its intestine is commensalisms.( ) 34 That 1000 kg silver carps have fished per unit fishing effort stands for relative density.（4）community ecology( ) 18. Species diversity (物种多样性) in Tropical Zone (热带地区) is lower than in Temperate Zone (温带地区).( ) 5. The succession direction of facilitation model is predictable.( ) 5. Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate.( ) 6. The ecologists of the organismic school argue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( ) 6. One of the succession viewpoint (演替观) of individualistic school is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community.( ) 7. We can classified trees (乔木) into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term of growth form.( ) 8. There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each of which has 10 individuals, respectively (分别地). So we can conclude that the species biodiversity of community A is higher than that of community B.( ) 9. After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary succession. ( ) 14. It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余种) from this community.( ) 29. Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth.（5）ecosystem ecology( ) 11. The biomass of the lower of trophic level must be higher than that of the higher trophic level.( ) 12. The energy decreases with increase of trophic level. ( ) 13. Sulfur cycle (硫循环) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉积型循环) and doesnt belong to gaseous cycle.( ) 26. The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.( ) 10. There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp (鳙鱼) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一时刻), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( ) 33. The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally less than seven to eight. To make the right choice 选择题（1）introduction8. The ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( ). A. Hackel B. Clements C. Tansley D. Lack33. ( ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology（2）autoecology 1. The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北极狐) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter than that of large-ear fox (大耳狐). We can use ( ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmanns rule B. Allens rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan rule3. Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like structure to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( ).A. convergence adaptation B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation20. When there are short of calcium (钙) in the environment, strontium (锶) can substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth and development of mollusk. We can term this effect as ( ).A. Combined effect (综合作用) B. complementary effect (互补作用) C. Non-substitutable (不可替代作用) D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或阶段性作用)21. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the soil can be absorbed by a crop to produce 250 kg, 350 kg, and 500 kg of this crop, respectively (分别地), so the realized production of this crop is about ( ). A. 250 kg B. 350 kg C. 500 kg D. 1100 kg25. Among the following ecological factors, ( ) are/is probably (很可能地) the conditions (or a condition) for the plants but the resource(s) for insects.A. solar radiation B. air C. water E. temperature31. The position of light compensation point (光补偿点) for sun species (阳地或阳性物种) is ( ) that for shade species (阴性或阴地物种).A. higher than B. lower than C. the same as D. higher than or lower than or the same as（3）population ecology6. The basic unit of species existence in nature is ( ).A. individual B. population C. species D. community7. The main characteristics of K-selector include(s)（ ）.A. small body B. large body C. high reproduction rate D. low reproduction rate9. The spatial distribution pattern of population include ( ).A. uniform distribution B. random distribution C. clumped distribution D. vertical distribution10. ( ) dont belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. competition B. amensalism C. predation D. mutualism11. The dynamics of population of the algae (藻类) that insulted in red tide belongs to ( ). A. irregular fluctuation B. regular fluctuation C. population outbreak D. ecological invasion12. A secondary metabolizied material (次生代谢产物) is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon ( ). A. allelopathy (他感作用) B. apparent competetion (似然竞争) C. competetion D. territoriality (领域性)13. In Logistic growth equation dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), ( ) denotes the residual space (剩余空间)。A. 1/K B. N/K C. 1-N/K D. N(1-N/K)14. When Tribolium castaneum (杂拟谷盗) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (锯谷盗) are cultured together, they compete for food and eat each others eggs. The interaction between the two animals belong(s) to ( ). A. exploitation competition B. interference competition C. Apparent competition (似然竞争) D. amensalism15. ( ) belong(s) to modular organism.A. bracken fern（欧洲蕨） B. insect C. fish D. sheep16. ( ) belong(s) to unitary organism.A. insect B. bracken fern（欧洲蕨） C. hydroids D. sponges17The gene of Huntingtons disease (亨廷顿舞蹈病) was often found among the Afrikaner (南非白人，布尔人) population in South African established by 20 immigrants of one shipload from Europe, and this gene was originally taken by a Dutchman (荷兰人), one of the 20 immigrants. According to the background, we can infer that Huntingtons disease is the result of ( ).A. Founder effect B. genetic drift C. genetic bottleneck D. Hardy-Winbergs law18. The population of bird will increase when food availability (可获得性) is high, which will go down when there are short of foods. According to the relationship between bird population size and food availability, we can infer boldly (大胆地) that the regulation mechanism of bird population belongs to ( ).A. biotic school B. climatic school C. endocrinal regulation theory D. genetic regulation theory19. Population growth model NttN0 describes ( ).A. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is non-overlapped;B. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped;C. the population growth when the resource is limited and the generation is non-overlapped;D. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped.23. ( ) belong(s) to r-strategist.A. locust (蝗虫) B. giant panda (大熊猫) C. white whale (白鲨) D. Chinese river dolphin (白暨豚)24. The inter-specific relationship between ant and aphid (蚜虫) is ( ).A. primitive cooperation (原始合作) B. mutualism (互利合作) C. amenanlism (偏利共生)28. The following life form (生物) that doesnt belong to the modular organism（构件生物）is ( ).A. coral (珊瑚) B. hydroid (水螅) C. pine tree (松树) D. insect26. It is called ( ) for the relationship between a bee and its pollinated flower（授粉的花）. A. primitive cooperation B. predation C. parasitism D. commensalism29. The types of density dependence include(s) ( ).A. over compensation B. under compensation C. exact compensation D. balancing compensation30. ( ) doesnt belong to inter-specific relationship.A. competition B. predation C. parasitism D. cannibalism (自相残杀)32. The inter-specific relationship between penicillin and bacterium belong(s) to ( ).A. antibiosis B. amensalism C. commensalisms D. allelopathy34. When the population size is ( ), the population increase in the maximum rate.A. more than K/2 B. less than K/2 C. the same as K/2 D. the same as K35. The parasitizing bees lay eggs in the body of their parasitized insects, and will gradually kill the parasitized insects, so the relationship between them is ( )A. parasitoidism (拟寄生) B. parasitism (寄生) C. amensalism (偏害作用) D. commensalisms (偏利作用)（4）community ecology2. The climax in the Monoclimax theory denotes ( ). A. Climate climax B. animal climax C. soil climax D.topographical climax4. ( ) can be exclusively used to determine whether a species in a community is dominant or not. A. number of species 物种数量 B. biomass of species 物种生物量 C. size of species 物种的体积 D. its role in the community 物种在群落中的作用22. ( ) belong(s) to ecological equivalent species.A. rice and cotton B. apple and coconut tree (椰子树) C. hyacinth (水葫芦) and reed D. cactus and plants of zygophyllum (霸王科, 霸王属)（5）ecosystem ecology5. Lindamm efficiency deals with ( ) between two trophic levels (营养级). A. relationship of energy B. information transfer C. matter cycle D. trophic relationship27. A mature ecosystem should have a feature of ( ).A. P/R1 B. Simple linear food web（直线型食物网关系）C. more K-strategists D. lower diversity36( ) is/are the decomposer of the ecosystemA. earthworm (蚯蚓) B. bacteria (细菌) C. fungus (真菌) D. green alga (绿藻). Please answer the questions below in brief. 简答题1. Please give the definition of resources and conditions, and take example(s) to describe the differences between resources and conditions. 简述资源、条件的定义，并举例说明资源与条件的区别 。2. Please list the types of survivorship curve, the characteristics and one representative species of each curve. 存活曲线有哪几种？每种存活曲线有哪些特征？各种曲线列出1个物种。3. Please list the rules of animals evolved response to temperature, and describe its meanings in brief. 从进化角度看，动物对温度的响应规律（evolved response to temperature）有哪些？4. What are the four fundamental components of the ecosystem? and what functions the composer, consumer, and producer play in the ecosystem ? 生态系统有哪些主要组成成分？生产者、消费者和分解者在生态系统中各起什么功能？5. Please briefly describe the morphological, physiological, and behavioral differences between r-selector and K-selector. 简述r- 选择者和K-选择者在形态、生理、行为特征方面的主要区别有哪些？6. Please briefly describe the main characteristics of r-selector and K-selector, respectively. 分别简述r-对策者和K-对策者的主要特征。7. Please describe the main viewpoint of three climax hypothesises. 简述三种顶级群落理论的主要观点。8. Please briefly describe the characteristics and parameter of population. 种群的特征、参数有哪些？并分别加以简单描述。9. Please briefly list the main characteristics of three types of age pyramids. 简述三种年龄锥体的特征。10Please briefly describe the reason why the number of trophic levels is less than six? 简要说明为什么不能超过6个营养级11. Please list eight kinds of inter-specific relationship, and briefly describe the characteristics of those relationships. 请列出8种种间关系，并简要描述各种种间关系的特点12. Please briefly describe the three types of natural selection. 对三种自然选择类型进行简要描述. Please answer the questions below in detail 论述题）1. Why it is very difficult to control the number of pest insects and harmful rodent and to restore the population of the endangered species such as south China tigers (华南虎), giant panda, and Chinese River Dolphin (白暨豚)? 试论为何很难控制害虫、害鼠的种群数量，而濒危物种如大熊猫、华南虎、白暨豚的恢复难度则非常大？2. Why the four major Chinese carps (四大家鱼) can be raised in the same pond and their production is high? Please explain this phenomenon in term of niche theory, principle of inter-specific relationship, and the law of energy influx. 四大家鱼养殖在同一池塘中能获得高产，试从生态位理论、种间相互作用原理及能量流动规律角度进行分析。2. Please explain the ecological mechanisms, which lead to the high production of traditional Chinese polyculture stocked with silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps, and black carps, by using the food chain theory, interspecific relationships and niche theory? 请用食物链理论，种间关系和生态位理论解释为什么中国传统青、草、鲢、鳙混养鱼池能够获得高产？3. Please discuss the main point of view of the self-regulat
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