《英语语法修辞》PPT课件.ppt

,EnglishRhetoric,英语修辞学,第一章喻类修辞格,1.Simile1.1DefinitionSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisexplicitcomparison(asopposedtothemetaphorwherecomparisonisimplicit)recognizablebytheuseofwords“like”or“as”.1.2常用的比喻词有as,like,seem,asif,asthough,suchas等。1.3其基本格式是“AislikeB”或“AisasasB”。1.4其他的格式或句型还有：1.4.1虚拟句型最常见的是用asif或asthough作比喻词，另外还有其他一些形式。,1.4.2what型AistoBwhatCistoD.whatCistoD,(that)AistoB.AdoesforBWhatCdoesforD.1.4.3than型1.4.4and型这是一种特殊的明喻句，常见于英语谚语。其中and的作用相当于like，不可把它理解为“和”、“与”等义。1.4.5动词型Compare,treatas,regardas,consider.as,belikened,suggest,resemble,besimilarto,serveas,honouras,respectas.,2.Metaphor,2.1DefinitionMetaphorisafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison，inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.2.2Comparisonbetween“simile”and“metaphor”2.2.1TheSimilarities隐喻与明喻在下列两点上是完全相同的：2.2.1.1比喻要在两种不同的事物之间相比；2.2.1.2两种不同的事物相比时只在一点上相似，不在多点上相似。2.2.2TheDifferencesinForms隐喻与明喻不同的地方从表现形式上来说也是两点：,2.2.2.1明喻常用“似”、“像”之类的比喻词，而隐喻则绝对不用这一类比喻词。2.2.2.2明喻中的主体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，而隐喻中的主体与喻体在句中却会有三种情况：或同时出现在句子中；或句子中只出现喻体，主体隐去了；或句子中只有主体，喻体隐去了。后两种情况，范家材先生(1992：83)称之为“折射结构”。2.2.3TheDifferencesinEssence明喻是“相类”的关系，隐喻是“相合”的关系。明喻的相类，只是一种客观的比较，是人的一种认识。而隐喻的相合，则是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合，是人的审美力与艺术想象力的体现。Eg.“女人似花”，女人是女人，花是花，各有所指。这一句话只是表达了说话者对女人与花之间关系的一种认识。若说“女人是花”，就不一样了，女人与花不再分指，而是在“美丽”这一内涵上融合为一了。,2.3Metaphor的结构2.3.1用tobe连接本体(thetenor)和喻体(thevehicle)，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。这是最基本的结构形式。2.3.2用of连接喻体和本体，这是另一结构，其中的介词of表示同位关系。2.3.3用动词或形容词表示比喻。2.4Metaphor的设喻方法2.2.1以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物。2.2.2用形象具体的事物，比喻抽象的事物或概念。2.2.3以一种抽象概念去比喻另一种抽象概念。,2.5英汉对比比拟和比喻不同，比喻要求两个本质不同的事物有相似之处，比拟主要是两事物进行类比，不一定要有相似关系或相关关系。Metaphor不单是汉语的隐喻，也包含借喻和拟物两种辞格。,3.Personification,3.1DefinitionPersonificationisafigureofspeechinwhichathing,quality,orideaisrepresentedasaperson.3.2TheForms3.2.1把物体、无形的自然现象等当作人来描写。3.2.2把动物、植物当作人来描写。3.2.3把抽象概念当作人来描写。,4.TransferredEpithet,4.1DefinitionTransferredEpithetisafigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.4.2TheStructures4.2.1在形式上修饰甲名词的修饰语，在语义上转移修饰乙名词。4.2.2在形式上是某一名词的修饰语，在语义上却是另一动词（非谓语动词）的修饰语。其作用相当于一个状语。4.2.3句中形式上修饰事物的修饰语，在语义上修饰人物，表示人的特征或状态等。4.2.4有时修饰转移的来龙去脉不明显，这时要借助上下文对文章进行理解，进行联想和引申。,4.3TheForms4.3.1修饰语（形容词或分词）名词4.3.2名词of名词,第二章代类修辞格,5.Synecdoche5.1DefinitionSynecdocheisafigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforthefan,speciesforgenus,thegenusforthespeciesorthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.,5.2FamiliarExamples,A.Thepartforthewholehand:a)memberofashipscrewAllhandsareondeck.b)worker,laborer,helper-Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.2.head:person-Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.3.heart:bravefellow-Yetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.(C.S.Forester),4.legs:(coll.)personsonfoot;theinfantry-Thelegscouldhardlykeepupwiththetanks.5.bread:food,esp.staplefood-Giveusthisdayourdailybread.(Prayer)Theysaytheresbreadandworkforall,Andthesunshinesalwaysthere:ButIllnotforgetoldIreland,Wereitfiftytimesasfair.(HelenS.Blackwood),B.Thewholeforthepart1.Nameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountry-AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.(=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam)2.Vehicleforengine,machineformechanismofmachineitself,etc.-Thecarconkedout.Theplanesflamedout!Theradio(TV)isoutoforder.3.Personforpartofhisbody-Thenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain(=cuthisabdomenopen),C.Thespeciesforthegenus,orthegenusforthespecies1.Alas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththeRose!(EdwardFitzgerald)(rose=flowersingeneral;speciesforthegenus)2.Whatadespicablecreatureheis.(creature=man;thegenusforthespecies)D.Nameofmaterialforthethingmade1.Hewalkedtheboardsforaliving.(theboards=thestage)2.Shewasdressedinsilkandsatins.(silksandsatins=dressesmadeofsilkandsatin)3.Cottonsuitsyou.(cotton=garmentsmadeofcotton)4.BetterbejocundwiththefruitfulGrapeThansaddenafternone,orbitter,fruit.(E.Fitzgerald),5.3TheComparisonofSynecdocheandmetonymy5.3.1ReplaceBwithA;SubstituteAforB5.3.2TheDifferencesOnlymetonymyinvolvessubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanothercloselyassociatedwithit,whereassynecdocheinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,inthesentencesmetonymy:Letsdrinkacuportwo.Thekettleisboiling.Thepenismightierthanthesword.Thegrayhairshouldberespected.,6.Understatement,6.1DefinitionUnderstatementisafigureofspeechcontainsanunderstatementofemphasis,andthereforetheoppositeofhyperbole,oftenusedineverydayspeechandusuallywithlaconicorironicintentions.6.2TheDifferencesbetweenUnderstatementandHyperbole“低调陈述(understatement)是与夸张相反的辞格。夸张是夸大其词，而言之；低调是轻描淡写，含蓄内敛。夸张是deliberatelymaximizetheimportance，低调是deliberatelyminimizetheimportance；夸张是playup。低调是playdown；夸张是highprofile，低调是lowprofile。”(范家材：英语修辞赏析),6.3Structures,6.2.1用词汇手段来体现。6.2.2用语法手段来体现。6.4TheBasicExpressions6.4.1正话反说正话反说就是用no，not，none，never以及否定词缀等否定词与否定表达法来表述肯定的内容，这种表达方式在修辞学中有一个专门术语叫曲言法(litotes)。Eg1.Asleanwashishorseasisarake,AndhewasnotrightfatIundertake,6.4.2弱说代替强说用弱说代替强说，常用abit，a1most,hardly，kindof，rather，pretty,scarcely，quite,somethingof，sortof等低调词(downtoners)来减缩事物的重要性。这种形式也叫“弱陈法”(meiosis)。Eg.1.Mr.Liissomethingofaphilosopher.2.Herpronunciationisrathergood.,6.4.3回避正面直说或不作正面的回答这种表达方法是回避正面直说或不作正面的同答，其中含意让听话人自己去琢磨，在这样用时，以“情态动词+不定式(不定式完成式)”为多：Eg.1.Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?2.-Doyouthinkalltheprogramsaregood?-Someoftheprogramsareinteresting.Butotherscouldbebetter.3.IwishIcouldwritebetter.,7.Euphemism,7.1DefinitionEuphemismisafigureofspeechinwhichsomethingofanunpleasant,distressing,orindelicatenatureisdescribedinlessoffensiveterms,asintheexpressions“undertheweather”for“ill”or“passedaway”for“died”.7.2Mainapproaches7.2.1用语模糊Eg.Youvelostyourlicense.=Yourflyisopen./Yoursuitisuntimely.7.2.2用语委婉Eg.Whenwecamebackwefoundhiminanarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep-butforever.,7.3TheCategories,7.3.1TraditionalEuphemism7.3.2StylisticEuphemism7.4英汉语的构造手段不同英语可以用语音手段、语法手段、词汇手段来构成委婉语而汉语则侧重于用词汇手段。英语用语音手段来构成委婉语，如laboratory原来的重音在第一个音节上，但这样读与lavatory相似，于是现在就把重音落在第二个音节上，而这样的手段，汉语是不存在的。又如语法上的委婉语，英语的过去时可以表示委婉，用would，should表示委婉，汉语就不太侧重在这些方面。,8.Hyperbole,8.1DefinitionHyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichgentlyexaggeratesthetruth.8.2TheEffects8.2.1增强感染力，强化感情。8.2.2刻画人物，生动形象，活灵活现。8.2.3描景状物，渲染气氛，给人以深刻印象。8.2.4幽默风趣，令人发笑，讽刺嘲弄，入木三分。,9.Allusion,9.1DefinitionAllusionisusuallyanimplicitreference,perhapstoanotherworkofliteratureorart,toapersonoranevent.9.2Origins9.2.1来自圣经Eg.1.Thedogreturnstothevomit.狗回头吃它自己所吐的东西。Butitishappenedintothemaccordingtothetimeproverbs,thedogisturnedtohisownvomitagainst;andthesowthatwaswashedtoherwallowinginthemire.,9.3NewAllusion,9.3.1出自政治Eg.1.WatergateAffairs水门事件（政治性丑闻）gate丑闻的后缀标志2.HedidaJorden.(快捷、准确的好身手，多用于篮球)9.3.2出自文学作品Eg.1.Catch-22(处于无法摆脱的困境，进退维谷的局面)源于美国小说家约瑟夫赫勒出版于1961年的同名小说。2.Godzilla（独霸一方、不可战胜）日本东宝制片公司1954年创造出来的银幕怪兽形象，在此后40多年的岁月中长映不衰，成为该公司的看家戏。美国索尼娱乐影片公司后来从东宝手下买下版权，于1998年推出了巨片怪兽戈兹拉。,第三章对照并列类修辞格,10.Antithesis10.1DefinitionFundamentally,antithesisrevealscontrastingideassharpenedbytheuseofoppositeornoticeablydifferentmeanings.10.2FourForms10.2.1WordsEg.backandforth;inandout;upanddown;fireandwater;joysandsorrows;bodyandsoul;byhookor(by)crook;hotandstrongEnglishputsemphasison“hypotaxis”(形合)，whileChineseattachesimportanceto“parataxis”(意合),11.Parallelism,11.1IntroductionInparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword(nounwithnoun,verbwithverb.adjectivewithadjective,etc.),phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithsentence.E.g.(1)Notparallel:Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.Parallel:Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.(2)Notparallel:Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Parallel:Hesatdownandbegantowork.Tomaketheparallelismclear,itisessentialtorepeat,astheeasedemands,themarkeroftheparallelism,suchasanarticle,apreposition,the“to”ofaninfinitive,ortheintroductorywordofamainorsubordinateclause.,11.2TheForms,11.2.1ParallelisminWordsEg.Womenwererunningouttothelineofmarch,cryingandlaughingandkissingthemengood-bye.Bobisahardhitter,asurefielderandswiftrunner.11.2.2ParallelisminPhrasesEg.Itwasnotanger,norsurprisenordisapprovalnorhorrornoranyoftheemotionsthatshehadbeenpreparedfor.11.2.3ParallelisminClausesEg.ThisisthemanwhohasstirredthreehundredmillionpeopletorevoltwhohasshakenthefoundationsoftheBritishEmpireandwhohasintroducedintohumanpoliticsthestrongestreligiousimpetusofthelasttwothousandyears.,12.Paradox,12.1DefinitionADictionaryofLiteraryTerms:Aparadoxisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudy,mayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.12.2英语的某些警句、格言、谚语中常使用paradox这一辞格，使其说明的哲学道理更生动活泼，言简意赅，给人留下深刻印象。Eg.Thechildisfatheroftheman.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.Aloverofpeaceemergedasamagnificentleaderofwar.,13.Oxymoron,13.1IntroductionAnOxymoronisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruousterms,asin-bitter-sweetmemories-proudhumility:thisreferstothequalityofbeinghumble,butnotservile-orderlychaos:chaos(confusion,disarray)exists,butthereissomemethodororderinthewaythethingsarethrownaround.Anoxymoroncanbeformedinvariousways,themostcommonbeingthefollowing:,13.2TheEffects,13.2.1revealingstrongfeelingsEg.Nolight,butonlydarknessvisible.13.2.2showingstrikingcontrastsEg.Themotherisundergoingthejoyfulpain,andthepainfuljoyofchildbirth.13.2.3havinghumorousandironiceffectsEg.Ilikeasmuggler.Heistheonlyhonestthief13.2.4playingconciseandcomprehensiverolesEg.DudlyFieldMalonecalledmyconvictionavictoriousdefeat.,14.Anticlimax,14.1DefinitionADictionaryofLiteraryTerms:Itisasentenceinwhichthelastpartexpressessomethinglowerthanthefirst.Infact,abatheticdeclensionfromanobletonetoonelessexalted.Theeffectcanbecomicandisoftenintendedtobeso.eg.Itliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.WhatshallIdo?Ihavelostmybeauandlipsticktoo.,14.2Effects,14.2.1HumorousEffectseg.Iamtoldseveralpickpocketsarehere.LetthemrememberthattheeyeofGodonthem,andalsothatthereareanumberofpolicemeninthehouse.14.2.2SatiricalEffectseg.Toagentlemanwhoseservantwasputtingonhisshoesforhim,Diogenessaid,Youwontbereallyhappyuntilhewipesyournoseforyou:thatwillcomeafteryoulosetheuseofyourhands.,END谢谢,