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PartTwo:ParagraphWriting,ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph1.段落的主题与主题句2.段落的扩展3.段落的结尾ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns1.列举法(Listing)2.举例法(Exemplification)3.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)5.比较对照法(ComparisonImeanwideawake.Inthesecondplace,reading,ifitisactive,isthinking,andthinkingtendstoexpressitselfinwords,spokenorwritten.Themarkedbookisusuallythethought-throughbook.Finally,writtenhelpsyourememberthethoughtsyouhad,orthethoughtstheauthorexpressed.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,2.举例法(Exemplification)Ageneralstatementsupportedbysomeexamples,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由Inshort引导的结尾句总结全段内容。,常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有：Forexample/instance,TherearemanyexamplestoshowthatThiscanbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Oneexampleis.AnotherexampleisAnexampleofthisis/involves,运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下：TopicsentenceoneormoreexamplesConcludingsentence.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful,参考范文：Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Ihavegotabetterunderstandingofthiswithmyownexperience.Yesterdaymorning,Iwenttothebookstoretobuysomebooks.WhenIgotthere,Isawaforeignladytalkingtoasalesgirl.Butthesalesgirlcouldnotunderstandwhatshewassaying.Iwentuptothem.ShetoldmesheneededapocketEnglish-Chinesedictionary.SoItoldthesalesgirlwhattheforeignerwantedtobuy.Inamomenttheforeignladygotthedictionaryandshewasveryhappy.Bothsheandthesalesgirlthankedmealot.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful,参考范文：Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Firstly,ifyouknowaforeignlanguageyoucancommunicatewithitsnativespeakersthusenablingyoutomakealotmorefriends.Secondly,itwillhelpyoutoknowaboutanothercultureandopenyourmindtonewwasofseeingthings.Thirdly,itmayofferyoumorechancestofindagoodjobinajointventureenterpriseoranforeign-fundedenterprise.So,knowingaforeignlanguageisveryimportant,wecollegestudentsmustworkhardtomasteraforeignlanguage.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,3.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)Todescribeaseriesofactionsorasituationaccordingtothetimeorspacesequence,时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,例如：YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididnthearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididntreadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadntgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidntnoticeasignonadoorthatsaidWetPaintandsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldntgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组everythingIdidwentwrong，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件错事，分别由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunch等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,再看一例：Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如：Intheflatopposite,outside,lookoutthroughthewindow等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。,常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。,常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：fromhere,inside,outof,infrontof,behind,atthebackof,nextto,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,ontheright/left-handside,onthecorner,ontheoppositesideof,between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Homework:MyDormitoryisaLarge,SpaciousandComfortableRoomwithFourBeds,参考范文：Mydormitoryisalarge,spaciousandcomfortableroomwithfourbeds.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarefacedwithalargewindowonthesouthernsideoftheroom.Belowthewindowisalargedeskonwhichthereisaclock,atelephoneandacomputer.Aroundthedeskarefourchairsforustositonduringourstudy.Thefourbedsarelocatedinthefourcornersoftheroom.Betweenthetwobedsontheeastsideoftheroomisalargewardrobeforhangingclothesandstoringbedding.Oppositetoitisalargebookcasewithneatlyarrangedbooks.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)Toanalyzethecausesofsthortheeffectsofsth,因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因，这就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先给出原因，然后再说明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放在开头。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,例1:(1)NowtheresalargegapbetweenrichandpoorinChina.(2)Thecauseliesinthreeaspects.(3)Firstthegapistheresultoftheeconomicreform.(4)Somebecomemillionairesbyworkinghardandseizingtheopportunities.(5)Meanwhiletheslowdevelopmentinagricultureandtheclosedownofmanystate-ownedenterpriseshinderthefarmersandworkersfromgreatlyraisingtheirlivingstandards.(6)Second,thecurrentdistributionofincomeisnotscientificenough,thuswideningtheincomedifference.(7)Third,whilemostmakemoneyhonestly,therearesomedishonestbusinessmenandgovernmentagentswhohaveaccumulatedlargefortunesthroughillegalways.（一果多因）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（6）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二级扩展句。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.(2)Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.(3)Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.(4)Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.(5)Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.(6)Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.(7)Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.(8)Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.(9)Theyalwaysmakepeoplespendmorethantheycanafford.(10)SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（一因多果）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（5）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分别是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二级扩展句，（10）是结尾句。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。因和果是相对而言的，有时一个原因导致的结果又会成为导致另一种结果的原因，从而形成一系列的因果关系。请看下例：Asthepriceofeverythingincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducesfurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffs(下岗)andunemployment,whichfurtherthedemandforgoods.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,上面三段的展开模式为：,模式1CauseEffect1Effect2,ConcludingSentence,模式2EffectCause1Cause2,ConcludingSentence,模式3Cause1Effect1（Cause2）Effect2(Cause3)Effect3ConcludingSentence,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：,TheexplanationisthatThereareseveralreasonswhy/forThecauseofisThereasonsforare,istheresultofiscausedby/dueto/becauseofbecause,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfrom,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：,Theresult/effect/consequenceofiswillresultinTherefore,Asaresult(of),Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Homework:SmokingResultsinaSeriesofNegativeEffects,参考范文：Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.,点击继续,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,5.比较对照法(Comparisonperformcomplexmathematicalcomputations;translatelanguages.Differences:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;thecomputercant.Thebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputercant.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;thecomputerdependsonhumanbeings,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,参考范文：Thecomputerandthehumanbrainarebothsimilaranddifferent.First,boththecomputerandthehumanbraincanreadandfollowinstructions;bothofthemcanperformcomplexmathematicalcomputations;andeven,bothcantranslatelanguages.Ontheotherhand,thecomputerandthehumanbraindifferinseveralways:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;butthecomputercant.Whilethebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputerhasnoemotionatall.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;butthecomputercannotworkwithouthumanbeingsprogramandinstruction.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,6.分类法(Classification)Toexplainsth.Withclassificationmethod,当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时，常常将其分成更小的类别，这便是分类法。在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,如：Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecode,andpicturesigns.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,在该段中为了说明topicsentence中的variousformsofcommunication，作者将其分为oralspeech,signlanguage,bodylanguage及otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguage，并逐加阐述。,常用于分类法段落的句型、句式有：1.Sth.maybeclassified/divided/categorized/putintoseveraltypes/thefollowingkinds/twocategories/threemaingroupsaccordingto/onthebasisof/dependingupon2.Sth.consistsof/comprises3.Theclassificationisbasedupon分类法的写作模式如下：主题句+所分类别+各个类别的具体事例+结束句,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Homework:WeCanCommunicateinThreeBasicWays,参考范文：Wecancommunicateinthreebasicways.Eachwayhasitsadvantages.Onewayisspeaking.Whenwespeak,wehaveachancetojudgeouraudiencesreactions.Iftheydontunderstand,wecanrepeatasnecessarytomakeourpoints.Wecanalsoinviteadditionalquestionsandclarifyadditionalaspectsforourlisteners.Anotherwayofcommunicatingisbywriting.Wecanthinkofoursubjectthoroughly.,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,以上，我们讨论了展开段落的几种方法。一篇文章是由表达若干个主题思想的段落组成，在文章的实际写作中，我们可以根据各个段落表达主题的需要采用不同的段落展开方式，使文章丰富多彩。,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,Back,Wecanmodifyourdevelopmentandpolishourphraseologyuntilwegetitthewaywewantit.Thethirdwayofcommunicatingisnonverbal.Nonverbalcommunicationcanbequiteeffectiveinaverynoisyatmosphere,orwhenwedontwanttodignifyaresponsewithactualwords.,ThankYou!,
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