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TranslationTechniques,Contents,DictionAmplificationOmissionConversionRestructuringPassiveVoiceAffirmativeconferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.Wewontretreat,weneverhaveandneverwill.Oceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.Theirhostcarved,poured,served,cutbread,talked,laughed,proposedhealth.,吃饭防噎，走路防跌。送君千里，终有一别。天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。他们患得患失，拒绝接受分配给他们的任务。,读书使人充实，讨论使人敏锐，写作使人精确。我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。海洋与其说是分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。,Whileeating,takeheedthatyoudonotchoke;whilewalking,takeheedthatyoudonotfall.Althoughyoumayescortaguestathousandmiles,yetmustthepartingcomeatlast.Withtheweathersocloseandstuffy,tentooneitllrainpresently.Swayedbyconsiderationsofgainandloss,theyrefusedtoacceptthejobsassignedtothem.,back,Omission省略法,OmissioninE-CtranslationOmissioninC-EtranslationExercises,BACK,I.OmissioninE-CTranslation,Thetime-keepingdevicesofelectronicwatchesaremuchmoreaccuratethanthoseofmechanicalones.电子表比机械表准确得多。,Example:,Itisconflictandnotunquestioningagreementthatkeepsfreedomalive.自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。（省强调句中的it）Onemustmakepainstakingeffortsbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeignlanguage.掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。（省代词）Asoldiermustobeyorders.军人必须服从命令。（省冠词）,1.Omissionofthepronoun,Heputhishandsintohispocketandshruggedhisshoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。,2.OmissionoftheArticle,Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid,aliquidoragas.任何物质，不论是固体，液体或气体，都由原子组成。,3.Omissionofthepreposition,Smokingisprohibitedinpublicplaces.公共场所，禁止吸烟。Thedifferencebetweenthetwomachinesconsistsinpower.这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。,4.Omissionoftheconjunction,Helookedgloomyandtroubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。IfIhadknownit,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知如此，我就不参加了。,5.OmissionoftheVerb,Whenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.气压低，沸点就低。Solidsexpandandcontractasliquidsandgasesdo.同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。,6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”,Outsideitwaspitchdarkanditwasrainingcatsanddogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。Itwasnotuntilthemiddleof19thcenturythattheblastfurnacecameintouse.直到19世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。,back,II.OmissioninCETranslation,OmissioninC-Etranslationisgenerallyemployedinthreecircumstances:,redundantwordsinoriginalChinese,suchasunnecessaryrepetitionandwordyexpressions;theoriginalmeaningthathasalreadybeenimpliedinthecontextofEnglishversion;theoriginalmeaningobviouslyshownintheEnglishversionwithoutfurtherelaboration.,1.OmissionofRedundantWords,我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。Ihavefulfilledmyassignedworkaheadofschedule,sohashe.,2.OmissionofWordsofConceptualCategory,这些都是人民内部矛盾问题。Allthesearecontradictionsamongthepeople.多年来那个国家有严重的失业现象.Formanyyearstherehasbeenseriousunemploymentinthatcountry.,3.OmissionofMeticulousDescription,花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.,back,Exercises,Thesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories,encompassalargepopulationaboundinnaturalresources.Nevertroubleyourselfwithtroubletilltroubletroublesyou.他把事情一五一十的都给父母讲了。这些新型汽车速度快，效率高、行动灵活。,这些发展中国家都地大物博，人口众多。不要自寻麻烦。Hetoldhisparentsthewholestoryasitexactlyhappened.Thenewlyproducedcarisfast,efficientandhandy.,back,Conversion转换法,DefinitionConversioninE-CTranslationConversioninC-ETranslationExercises,BACK,Conversion,oneofthecommonlyadoptedtranslationtechniques,meansthechangeofpartofspeechintranslation.,I.Definition,back,Thiswatchnevervariesmorethanasecondinamonth.这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。Carefulcomparisonofthemwillshowyouthedifference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。,II.ConversioninE-Ctranslation,Generallyspeaking,conversionofpartsofspeechinE-Ctranslationtakethefollowingforms:1.ConversionintoVerbs2.ConversionintoNouns3.ConversionintoAdjectives4.ConversionintoAdverbs,1.ConversionintoVerbs1)NounsConvertedIntoVerbs,IthinkmylittlesisterisabetterteacherthanI.我的小妹妹比我教得好。,2)PrepositionsConvertedIntoVerbs,Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯,3)AdjectivesConvertedIntoVerbs,Youareignorantofthedutiesyouundertakeinmarrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。,2.ConversionintoNouns,1）VerbsConvertedIntoNounsSuchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。,2）AdjectivesConvertedIntoNouns,Iwishhewasblind我希望他是个瞎子。,3.ConversionintoAdjectives,1）NounsConvertedIntoAdjectivesIndependentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。Thisexperimentwasasuccess.这个实验很成功。,2）AdverbsConvertedIntoAdjectivesandNouns,Thepressureinsideequalsthepressureoutside.内部的压力和外部的压力相等。,4.ConversionintoAdverbs,1）AdjectivesConvertedIntoAdverbsOnlywhenwestudytheirpropertiescanwemakebetteruseofthematerials.只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,2）NounsandVerbsConvertedIntoAdverbs,Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。,back,III.ConversioninC-Etranslation,VerbsConvertedIntoOtherPartsofSpeech徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。XuBeihongsdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.绝对不许违反这个原则。Noviolationofthisprinciplecanbetolerated.,ConversionsBetweenOtherPartsofSpeech该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.,back,IV.Exercises,Withthepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmore.Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcountry.Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoing.他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。,Withthepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmore.随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcountry.目前我国各地对各种消费品的需求已大大增加。,Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoing.小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。Theydontknowathingaboutfactorywork,noraboutfarmwork;noraboutmilitaryaffairs.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Inhisspeechhelaidspecialstressonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.,back,Restructuring,DefinitionDifferentWordOrderinEnglishandChineseRestructuringinE-CTranslationRestructuringinC-ETranslationExercises,BACK,I.Definition,Asoneofthetranslationtechniques,restructuringmeansthenecessaryorinevitablechangeofwordorderinasentenceaccordingtotheusageofthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Itisalsocalledrearrangementorinversion.,BACK,II.DifferentWordOrderinEnglishandChinese,Mostoftheinformationwegotisthroughthatchannel.我们得到的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的。(Differentorderoftheattributivephrasesandclauses)Hisaddressis3621MarketStreet,Philadelphia,PA.19104,U.S.A.他的地址是美国宾夕法利亚州费城市场街3612号。邮政编码19140。(Differentorderofthesequenceofevents),Myunclepassedawayinhospitalat2.30a.m.onSeptember12,1999.我的伯父于1999年12月凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。(differentorderoftheadverbialsoftime),BACK,III.RestructuringinE-CTranslation,1.DifferentSequencesinCustomaryWordCombinationsheart-warming暖人心的tough-minded意志坚定的theironandsteelindustry钢铁工业food,clothing,shelterandtransportation衣、食、住、行everymeanspossible一切可能的手段rainorshine无论晴雨,2.DifferentSequencesinCustomarySentenceArrangementHehadtoquitthepositionandwentintoexile,havingbeendeprivedofpower.他被剥夺了权利之后，只好离职，流落他乡。Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspected:thereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.人们早就怀疑大气层中有一个“高温带”其中心在距地面大约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。,3.SubordinateClausesinaComplexSentenceThegovernmentisdeterminedtokeepuppressurewhateverthecostitwillpayintheend.不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。Nomatterhowhardhetried,hefailedatlast.不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。,4.CasesInvolvingAdverbialsThey,notunexpectedly,didnotrespond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。Illogically,shehadexpectedsomekindofmiraclesolution.她满以为会有奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。,5.“That”ClauseUsedasaJudgmentorConclusionItisnotsurprisingthat,whenhumidityislow,thewaterevaporatesrapidlyfromthefruit.在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水份蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。ItwasakeendisappointmentthatIhadtopostponethevisitIhadintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原打算在今年1月访问中国，后来我又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望。,IV.RestructuringinC-ETranslation,社会主义的现代化强国amodern,powerfulsocialistcountry.一位美国现代优秀作家anoutstandingcontemporaryAmericanwriter,各条战线上的先进工作者们advancedworkersfromvariousfronts这是能想象得出的最好解决办法。Thisisthebestsolutionimaginable.他真是一个活雷锋。HeisindeedaLeiFengalive.,BACK,VI.Exercises,1.ThisteapartywasgivenbyMr.Smith,seniorcorrespondentofTheTimes,London.2.Hewouldbearashmanwhoshouldventuretodefyworldpublicopinionandactarbitrarily.3.IbelievestronglythatitisintheinterestsofmycountrymenthatBritainshouldremainanactiveandenergeticmemberoftheEuropeancommunity.,4.直到昨天我才知道他住院了。5.他穿过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车子上。6.我们的部队水陆并进，及时抵达前线。,ThisteapartywasgivenbyMr.Smith,seniorcorrespondentofTheTimes,London.这个茶会是由伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者史密斯先生举办的。Hewouldbearashmanwhoshouldventuretodefyworldpublicopinionandactarbitrarily.如果有人敢于公然藐视世界公众舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。,IbelievestronglythatitisintheinterestsofmycountrymenthatBritainshouldremainanactiveandenergeticmemberoftheEuropeancommunity.我强烈地认为，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。,直到昨天我才知道他住院了。Ididntknowthathewashospitalizeduntilyesterday.他穿过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车子上。Whilecrossingthestreet,helookedrightandleft,afraidthathemightrunintosomepassingcar.我们的部队水陆并进，及时抵达前线。Ourtroopsadvancedbybothlandandwater,andarrivedatthefrontintime.,PassiveVoicenoobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealhermistress.Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinthemindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.,很抱歉，因为雨太大，参观博物馆得推迟到明天了。老太太被风吹病了。,KeytoExercises,Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeengiven;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealhermistress.她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。,Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinthemindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.近来已注意到本馆存书正在惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。,很抱歉，因为雨太大，参观博物馆得推迟到明天了。Imverysorrytosaythevisittothemuseumhastobeputofftilltomorrowbecauseoftheheavyrain.老太太被风吹病了。Theoldladyfellillbecauseofthedraught.,Affirmativevs.Negative,NegationinE-CTranslationNegationinC-ETranslationExercises,BACK,I.NegationinE-CTranslation,A.CategoriesofEnglishnegativewordsandexpressions1)Fullnegatives:no,not,none,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor2)Partialnegatives:hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,few,little,etc.,3)Partialnegatives:notevery;notall,notboth,notmuch,notmany,notalways,etc.4)Wordswithnegativeimplication:fail,without,beyond,until,lest,ignorant,refuse,neglect,absence,insteadof,etc.,1.AffirmativeinE,butNegativeinC,Suchachancewasdenied(to)me.我没有得到这样一个机会。Ihavereadyourarticle.Iexpecttomeetanolderman.拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。Itwasbeyondhispowertosignsuchacontract.他无权签定这个合同。Thecriminalisstillatlarge.罪犯还未捉拿归案。,B.CasesofnegationinE-Ctranslation,2.NegativeinE,AffirmativeinC,Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanation.虽经他一再解释，疑团依然存在。Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。Allthearticleareuntouchableinthemuseum.博物馆内，一切展品禁止触摸。Dontlosetimeinpostingtheletter.赶快把着封信寄出去。,3.DoubleNegativeforEmphasis,Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.任何规则都有例外。Thereisnotanyadvantagewithoutanydisadvantage.有一利必有一弊。Iamnotreluctanttoacceptyourproposal.你的建议我愿意接受。Itssignificanceandimportancecanneveroveremphasized.它的意义和重要性，不管怎样强调也不过分。,4.RoundaboutAffirmative,Thereisanindirectwayofexpressingastrongaffirmative,andwhentranslatedintoChinese,theemotionoftheoriginalshouldbeproperlykept.Hedidnthalflikethegirl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。Icouldntfeelbetter.我觉得身体好极了。Icouldntagreewithyoumore.我太赞成你的看法了。,5.SomeTrapsinnegativestructures,1)cannottoo,Youcannotbetoocarefulinproofreading.校对时，越仔细越好。Ishallneverbeabletostresstoomuchforyourkindness.不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。,2)notbecause,Theenginedidntstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。InthatcitywehadneversuffereddiscriminationbecausewewereJews.我们在那座城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受到歧视。Thisversionisnotplacedfirstbecauseitissimple.此方案并不是因为简单而放在首位的。,3)allnot,Allthatglittersisnotgold.发光的不一定都是金子。Allcitiesdidnotlooklikeastheydotoday.在过去，城市并不都像今天这样，个个千篇一律。,4)bothnot,Butyousee,webothcannotgo.但是我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。Boththeinstrumentsarenotprecisionones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。,II.NegationinC-ETranslation,NegativeinChinese,butAffirmativeinEnglishAffirmativeinChinese,butNegativeinEnglish,1.NegativeinC,AffirmativeinE,在他还没来得及阻挡我之前，我已经跑出教室。Beforehecouldstopme,Ihadrushedoutoftheclassroom.俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处。”Asthesayinggoes:“Menonlyweepwhendeeplyhurt.”,2.AffirmativeinC,NegativeinE,到目前为止，该组织辜负了世界人民所给予的厚望。Thisorganizationhasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeopleoftheworldplaceinit.,III.Exercises,AllgraduatesfromtheForeignLanguagesInstituteswillnotbeappointedtodotranslationwork.Onecouldnotbetoocarefulinanewneighborhood.Nothingissobeautifulbutitbetrayssomedefectoncloseinspection.Fewthingsareimpossibleinthemselves:anditisoftenforwantofwill,ratherthanofmeans,thatmenfailofsuccess.,Onemayaswellbeasleeptoreadforanythingbuttoimprovehismindandmorals,andregulatehisconduct.工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。,KeytoExercises:,AllgraduatesfromtheForeignLanguagesInstituteswillnotbeappointedtodotranslationwork.外语院校的毕业生并非人人被分配去做翻译工作。Onecouldnotbetoocarefulinanewneighborhood.新到一个陌生的邻里，越小心越好。,Nothingissobeautifulbutitbetrayssomedefectoncloseinspection.再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷。Fewthingsareimpossibleinthemselves:anditisoftenforwantofwill,ratherthanofmeans,thatmenfailofsuccess.事情很少有做不成的；其所以做不成，与其说由于条件不够，不如说由于缺乏决心。,Onemayaswellbeasleeptoreadforanythingbuttoimprovehismindandmorals,andregulatehisconduct.读书如果不是为了培养才德和端庄品行，还不如睡大觉好。工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。Slipsarescarcelyavoidablewhenyouarenewtoyourwork.,他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。Hisabsenceofmindduringthedrivingnearlycausedanaccident.他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。Hislackoftheconsiderationforthefeelingsoftheothersangeredeveryonepresent.,
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