《四级作文讲义-新》PPT课件.ppt

四级作文讲义,四级作文评分原则及标准,本题满分为15分阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。,评分标准,2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（多数句子有错误，中式英语较多，思路基本清晰）11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（用词较简单但无误，句型使用无误但不新颖，思路清晰，让人有清爽的感觉）14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（词汇难度系数大，句型使用无误，思路清晰，逻辑结构连贯）（注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分）,字数不足应酌情扣分：少10个词扣一分（注：1.题目中给出的主题句、起始句、结束句等，均不得记入所写字数。2.规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。3.如果扣为0分，要慎重处理。）,为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表于下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60（相当于百分制的60分）。,评分标准解读,两大基本原则1.印象分：书写工整，字迹清晰，卷面整洁2.语言第一位（语法与词汇的基本功）结构第二位（逻辑结构是否清晰）内容第三位（内容是否跑题）,四级作文体裁总汇,记叙文记叙人或事（主要回答when,where,what,who,how这五个问题）描写文-用文字来再现客观的人、事、环境等（主观描写文和客观描写文）说明文-说明事实、情况或传送信息（说明和解释）议论文-发表自己的看法、观点（主要体裁）,五种常考体裁(2005.6-2011.12),四级作文具体题型,提纲作文最常见的作文题型（议论文）图表作文较难对付的作文形式（说明文）情影作文限定条件最少，发挥最大的作文形式（记叙文）关键词作文（描写文）,高频命题形式(2005.6-2010.6),一.提纲作文（outlinecomposition）,1.现象阐释型：分析现象，阐述其因利2.问题对策型：分析问题，找出问题，并提出解决问题的办法3.观点对比型：辨析两种对立的观点4.论说反驳型：支持或驳斥一种观点,二.图表作文（graphcomposition）十年出现过一次,在题目中给出一个或几个统计表格、柱状图或饼状结构图，用文字描述图表客观信息并解释图表中所传递的信息，找出某种规律或趋势并分析其原因或后果。,三.情景作文（situationalcomposition)共出现过7次,1.书信告知信、建议信、综合信2.综合叙事型3.演讲致辞型综上所述，近十年来，CET4主要以议论文体裁为主，偶现应用文的形式，并且题材与形式越来越向国外的英语考试形式靠近。,三段十句作文法,总分总的原则120字=10句子*平均每一句12字10=3+4+3/2+5+3/3+5+210句子中基本语法句型要交替出现不同的句子中同义词要交替使用,十句作文具体分配,第一段开门见山进入主题=现象句+扩展句+过渡句,1.现象句=题目里中文提示语1的翻译内容如：2009.6越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是什么（Nowadays,agrowingnumberofmuseumsareopentothepublicfreeofcharge）2008.6娱乐活动多种多样（Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety,thenumberofrecreationalactivitiesgrow.）,2.扩展句=对现象句情况的进一步解释或说明如：2007.12各大学为学生开设了多种多样的选修课（在陈述完现象之后应举例说明选修课的种类与细节Theelectivecoursesvarywidelyfromhistorytoscience,fromliteraturetobusinessadministrationandalmostcovereveryfield.）2006.12许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节联欢晚会（Startinginthe1980s,thespringfestivalgalaonCCTVhasbecomeanindispensablepartofourannualcelebration.MillionsofpeoplewatchitontheeveofthelunarNewYear.）,3.过渡句=对第一段内容进行小结并引出下文要阐述的观点，内容为题目里中文提示话2内容的翻译整合如：2008.12(2)一次性塑料袋造成的问题Formanyyearswehavebeenusingdisposalplasticbagswhenweareshoppingonthemarket,andmostoftenthesebagsareofferedbytheshopsforfree.This,undoubtedly,hasbroughtusgreatconvenienceinourdailylife.However,itsdisadvantagesarealsoveryapparent,andIlljustventuretoexploretwoaspects.,第一段模板句,Whenitcometo/Whenaskedabout/FacedwithThereisageneraldiscussiontodayaboutNowpeopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtorealizethat,第二段直奔主题，合理陈述观点现象，做到有理有据，立驳充分恰当=对于题目里中文提示语(2)的具体解释说明,陈述句一,陈句一=现象或立论/驳论观点的第一个表述句如：2008.6(Somepeoplethinktheserecreationalactivitiesaregreatandnecessary,becausetheycanhelppeoplereleasetheirstrainandstress.)2008.12(Foronething,theplasticbagsaremostlyindecomposableinthenaturalstatesothatwiththeincreasinguseofthesebags,itwillseriouslybringabouttheso-called“whitepollution”totheenvironment),陈述句一模板句,1.Anumberoffactorscanaccountforthephenomenonin2.Therearemanycausesfor3.Thephenomenoninmainlyresultfromthefactthat4.isresponsiblefortherise/decreasein,扩展支持句一,扩展支持句一=对陈述句一所阐述现象或观点的进一步举例解释或说明如：2009.6(,italsocausessomeconcerns.Oneisthatsomemuseumsmayfinditincreasinglydifficulttorunasusualwithoutadmissionfees.)2005.12(Inthisway,peoplewouldbeexposedtodeepcultureandknowledgedepositsoftheinstitution.),支持句一模板句,1.利弊说明TheadvantagesofAoutweighanybenefitwegainfromB.GoodasA,ithasitsowndisadvantages.Foronething,;foranother,2.举例论证Numerousexamplescanbegiven,butthiswillsuffice.Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationthanthefollowingone.,陈述句二,陈述句二=更进一步陈述现象或自己所要表述的观点，亦或是与陈述句一相悖的意见与观点如：2007.12(Furthermore,theuseofplasticbagsisnowsomacroaroundtheworldthathavebecomeamajorsourceoflitter)2006.12(Ontheotherhand,somepeoplespentbythegovernmentnortheattentionfromtheaudiencesothatitshouldbeabandoned.),陈述句二的模板句,转折型Butinthemeantime,whetherhasbecomeahotissue.However,hassparked/aroused/created/provokedadebateYetatthesametime,peoplearedividedoverwhetherButmeanwhile,whetherisanissueopentodebate,递进型Moreimportantly,which,alsoconfirmsthebelief.AnotherpointIwouldliketosupportthefindingisThereisanotherevidencesuggestingthatMoreover,itiswidelyacceptedthat,扩展支持句二,扩展支持句二=对陈述句二所阐述现象或观点的进一步举例解释或说明如：2005.12(Othersarguethattheacademicatmospheretherewouldbedestroyed.Touristswouldinevitablydisturbthelearningenvironmentoncampusinsteadofofferingbenefits.)2006.6(Moreover,.Inaddition,theteachersshumorsenseoftenplaysanimportantroleinbeingchosenbystudents.),支持二的模板句,原因说明ItisreasonableduetothefactThemainreasonforthisviewisobviouslyItisgenerallyarguablethat举例论证PlentyofevidencehasshownthatOurownexperiencehasrevealedthatIhavetoemphasizethefactthat,第三段对全文中心思想做出的精炼浓缩或是对个人观点的阐述及总结=主题句+扩展句+总结句,主题句,主题句=对第二段所述内容的总结及下一段内容的过渡如：2008.6(Asacollegestudent,Iholdabeliefthatrecreationalactivitiesdogoodforus.)2007.12(AsfarasIconcerned,Iaminclinedtochooseelectivecoursesthattrulysatisfymycuriosityforknowledge.),扩展句,扩展句=对主题句的延申内容或个人观点的基本表述、建议解决问题的措施如：2009.6(Forexample,thegovernmentshouldprovidemorefundstomuseumsandraisepublicsawarenesstoprotectourvaluableheritagepreservedinthemuseums.),总结句,总结句=全文及个人看法、观点的总结如：2008.12(Therefore,everycitizenshouldsupportthisactionbyreducingtheuseofdisposableplasticbagsinourdailylives.)2008.6(Aslongaswearrangetimebyreason,andtakepartinrecreationalactivitiesproperlywecanmaketheahelpfultoolforourdevelopment.),主题句asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.,-多变句型原则文章以简单句为基础，配以适当的并列句和复合句。简单句包括S+V（主谓句），S+V+O（主谓宾），S+V+O+O（主谓双宾），S+V+O+C（主谓宾宾补），S+V+C（主系表）并列句是前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系时使用的连词and,or,yet等构成的句子。复合句包括主语从句、定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句等。,-句式富于变化可以用强调句、倒装句、疑问句、感叹句，还有非谓语动词结构、独立主格结构等，如Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenthiking.同时还可以用一些修辞如明喻、暗语、排比等。,过渡性关系词的使用,思想清晰行文流畅有跳跃感表达地道,关系词1,递进1.首先First,firstly,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith,tostartwith,foronething2.其次Second,secondly,inthesecondplace,then,moreover,further,furthermore,besides,foranother3.最后Lastly,finally,lastbutnotleast,moreimportantly,aboveall,additionally,关系词2,让步/转折Inotherwords,despitethat,inspiteof,eventhough,evenif,nevertheless,however,yet,but因果sothat,since,overall,therefore,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,thus,toconclude,inconclusion,consequently,关系词3,举例说明suchas,thatistosay,bythatImean,forinstance,takeforexample,acaseinpointis,oneillustrationofthisis总结insummary,tosumup,inthefinalanalysis,basedonalltheargumentsofferedabove,onthebasisoftheabovediscussion,havingconsideredalltheargumentsabove,关系词4,对比while,whilst,whereas,by/incontrast,假设providedthat,if,用词是否恰当，准确，形象，关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词,Goodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive;Goodbeneficial,advantageous,helpful;excellent,outstanding;Badundesirable/mindless/worthless;Badharmful,baneful,detrimental,Lotsofahostof,avastnumberof(可数名词），agreatdealof,avastamountof(不可数名词）-substantial;considerable;heapsofImportantcrucial,vital,significant,key;indispensable/integral;,desire替换wantbearinmindthat替换remember促进/提高/增强/改善giveaboostto/enhance/motivate/better/promote,角色与功能,Playanimportant(active,major,central,crucial,essential,integral,prominent,vital)rolePlayabigpart-Takealeadingpart-,允许与阻止,Makepossible电脑的使用促使人们在家上班:Theuseofcomputersandotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.,非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/remarkably/significantly/utterly)在当代Incontemporarysociety,inpresent-daysociety,inthisdayandage;formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion,Transformchange(应用:科技改变我们的生产和生活方式,环境变化教育思路取消文理分科,通才教育generalist);Preserveprotect-保护某种资源，naturalresourcesoroldbuildings-demolishteardown;-英国人尊重历史和文化。,解决:Solve,dealwith,copewith,handle,resolve,address,tackle(economiccrisis,deterioratedenvironment,shortagesofwater,unemployment,trafficjams.)_;培养：Develop,cultivate,foster,culture(educationcultivatethespiritofindependence,认为：maintain,assert,hold,argue,beconvinced,befirmlyconvinced,消除：Eliminate,clear,remove,clearup,Alleviateease;减轻,缓解(就业压力,新能源缓解资源紧张;经济增长方式转变缓解发展压力-Anumberofmeasuresweretakentoalleviatetheproblem.)Worsendeteriorate;aggravate(环境恶化),四级作文中常见错误分析,词汇错误判断词汇量大小，找准主客观系数比语法错误学生基本功的表露，与作文最终分数直接相关内容错误跑题或文章中有严重攻击性用语，此种情况一般为零分,词汇错误,1.单词拼写（基础词汇的拼写错误导致失分较大，eg.Student,society,interest,children,experience）2.混淆词性（eg.Insocial,withthedevelopmentofeconomic,donotinterestin）3.拼音替代4.及物动词与不及物动词混淆（是否加宾语不清晰）5.情态动词使用错误（mustdoing,candone）,语法错误更重要、更易错,1.第三人称单数&可数不可数名词（peopleis,studentare,）-分数较低2.therebe句型错误(therearealsoexistsopinionagainst)3.双谓语动词现象（Myfatherisoneofthepeopleagreetheparentssendtheirchildrentoartclasses.）,语法错语评分的标准,4.汉语式句子（Notonlythekidslookingforwardtotheirresult,butalsotheirparents.）5.主谓宾不完整（Theysenttheirchildrentostudymany.）6。动名词作主语（studypianowillhelpyourchildrenwinonbegin.）,语法错误宁正确用简单不错用复杂,7.现在分词独立成句（First,Combiningtheparentsopinionswiththeirkidswillings.）8.从句使用错误9.主动与被动混淆,语言错误小提示,可数名词不能单独使用（前有限定后有复数）英语里动词原形不能作主语被动的动词一定不能忘加ed或d主语很长，一定要检查谓语的单复数情态动词前为动词原形文章为议论文时，不用过去时Adj.+n./adv.+adj./v.两套主谓宾在句首和句中都没有连接词时，肯定为病句Therebe句型后面的名词再加动词时不要用原形,作文提高推荐书,新概念二（语法与词组为重点）十句作文法蔡基刚历年真题范文四级词汇用书,