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虚拟语气虚拟语气一直是英语语法的难点之一。由于英汉差异以及中外各语法家对虚拟的不同论述,学生们对这一语法现象经常存有疑惑,学习起来比较困难。 为了有效促进虚拟教学,帮助学生掌握虚拟语气,首先统计出两组学生在各个具体虚拟语法结构中的总体出错情况,然后比较了两组学生在他们都犯错较多的几个虚拟结构中的出错状况。最后依据三大错误类型(语际错误,语内错误和特殊错误)对错误原因做了详细的讨论。研究结果显示学生们比较容易犯语内错误,且他们的出错情况和英语水平无关。通过进一步分析,把语内错误再细分为过度泛化性,规则非完整应用,概念假设和虚拟规则判断错误,并对这些细分的错误类型做了具体的示例解释。为了帮助学生有效应对这些错误,采用测试卷中学生的错题为例,针对三大错误类型,提出了具体的应对方法。 最后得出了教学启示,希望教师能重视虚拟问题并提高自身教学能力,帮助学生提高虚拟应用和交际能力。Teaching aims: 1. Review the different forms of subjunctive mood 2. the use of subjunctive mood of if clauseDifficult points: the use of subjunctive mood of if clauseStep 1 GreetingsStep2 PresentationRead the following essay and pay special attention to the sentences underlined.(你能说出它们的语法结构吗？）Today we buried our 20-year-old son. He was killed instantly in a motorcycle accident yesterday. How I wish I had known when I talked to him last that it would be the last time. If I had only known,I would have said, Jim, I love you and Im so very proud of you. Step3 New materials一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法： If I _ (be) a superman now, I _ (protect) people who are in danger. If I _ (get) much money, I _ (donate) some to people suffering the earthquake. If I _ (live) on the moon, I _ (see) the beautyChange.思考：观察上面句子中的谓语动词，找出虚拟现在谓语动词的规律？总结：1.Opposite to the present truth (与现在事实相反时，主、从句谓语构成)条件从句谓语动词形式：_主句谓语动词形式：_备注：would intention; plan; expected result (意图；计划；必然结果）could ability; possibility （能够；可能性）might possibility（可能性）should suggestion（建议）课堂操练：Translation 如果我是你，我可能会告诉他真相。 If I _ you, I _him the truth. 要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都会很顺利的. If my brother _ here, everything _ all right.要是我哥哥昨天在这儿，一切都会很顺利的. If my brother _ here, everything _ all right.思考：比较一下两个句子，发现什么不同了吗？_Read and learn1. If the brave old man hadnt helped the lady, he couldnt have been injured.2. If the robber hadnt attacked Mr. Yu, he wouldnt have been killed.3. If they hadnt committed a crime, they wouldnt have been caught by the police.思考：研究一下上面句子的结构，分清楚句子结构有什么不同？总结：2.Opposite to the past truth （与过去事实相反时，主、从句谓语构成） 主句谓语动词结构：_从句谓语动词结构：_课堂操练：1）. If he_ (drive) more carefully, he_(not cause) the car accident yesterday.2). If Tom _ (be) more careful in the exam, he _(pass) it already.3). If you_(get) up earlier, you _(catch) the first train. 4). If I _(meet) you yesterday, we _ (go) to the concert together. Read and learn ：Would you please help me move house tomorrow?：Id like to, but I have a meeting tomorrow. If I got time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.：Thats all right. Thank you all the same.课堂操练：1). If I _ (have) free time this Friday, I _(go) to the party. However, Ill attend a meeting that day. What a pity! 2). If it _ (be) the Spring Festival tomorrow, I _ (get) some pocket money.总结：比较两个句子谓语动词的结构有什么不同？3. Opposite to the future truth （与将来事实相反时，主、从句谓语构成）从句谓语动词结构：_主句谓语动词结构：_课堂操练：1). 如果明天下雨，运动会将会被推迟。If it rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.=If it _tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.Step4:注意以下几方面 ： 1.虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的倒装情况（ ）1_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. If I were D. Was I E. Were IIf I were to do the work, I should do it some other day.=Were I to do the work, I should do it some other day.( ) 2. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the park. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. WillShould it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the park.=If it should rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the park.（ ）3. _ for the doctors careful treatment, he _till last year.A. If it is not, cant live B. Were it not, couldnt liveC. If it hadnt been, couldnt have lived D. Had it not been, couldnt have lived E. If they were not, couldnt live if it is not for(=but for/without) 要不是If it hadnt been for the doctors careful treatment, he couldnt have lived till last year.= Had it not been for the doctors careful treatment, he couldnt have lived till last year总结：在if引导的非真实条件句中should, were 和 had 可以放在句首，这种情况下，if省略.备注：1).如果had是实义动词，表示“有”时，则不可以移到句首。正：If we had time to spare, we would go to see a film.误：Had we time to spare, we would go to see a film. 2含蓄条件句 （重、难点）1) with, without, but for 等介词短语代替条件句相当于 if it is not for “要不是”But for the rain, the crops would have died. (= If _)Without the teachers help, he couldnt have made such great progress in English.(= If _) 真实情况和虚拟语气混合（重、难点）I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.（副词）I would have taken part in the sports meeting，but I was ill that day.（连词）He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. （连词） =if_Given more time, we could have done it better. (分词短语)= If_1. Without your help, we _ such rapid progress.A. couldnt make B. wouldnt make C. will not have made D. wouldnt have made2.I could have called you for help, but I _ your number. A. couldnt have remembered B. didnt remember C. should have remembered D. hadnt remembered3错综时间(mixed time)条件句或混合虚拟语气If you had gone to bed earlier last night, you wouldnt be sleepy now. 如果你刚才向右转，你现在就不会有麻烦了。 If you _ _ _(turn right) just now, you _(be) in trouble now. Its hard to image what I would be doing today if I _ in love , at the age of seven , with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A. wouldnt have fallen B. had no fallen C. should fall D. were to fallStep5:Exercise:1.Without your help, we _ such rapid progress.A. couldnt make B. wouldnt makeC. will not have made D. wouldnt have made2. But for the(there were no) help from the UN,those women _able to set up their shop.A.would not have been B.would not beC.Could not be D.will not be3.I am busy now,otherwise /or (if I were not so busy)I_you the work.A.Will do B.would help C.would have done D.could have done4.If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday,you_the answer to the question now.A.would know B.would have knownC.will have known D.might have known5.If I were you now,I _my holiday in France.A.would spend B.will spend C would have spent D.could have spentStep6: SummarizeUnreal conditionals with “if”（虚拟语气在条件从句中的结构） 虚拟语气在非真实条件句if 状语从句中的用法。（完成下列表格内容）类型 谓语形式If从句主句1对present虚拟V. (past) (_/_)2对past虚拟3对future虚拟1.2.3.Step7: Consolidation高考链接：1）. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got2）. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yang Pu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 3）. If you _ with George earlier, you _ so angry now. A. talked; would not be B. had talked; would not be C. would talk; would not be D. had talked; would not have been4）. If we had taken such effective measures much earlier, the river _ so seriously now. A. is not polluted B. would not be polluted C. had not been polluted D. would not have been polluted5）. Without electricity, human being life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be6）. But for his help, I _. A. should not have succeeded B. have not succeeded C. did not succeed D. had not succeeded8）. Why didnt you buy it? I _ but I didnt have the money. A. would B. would have C. had had D. had bought提醒：虚拟语气在其他从句中的使用。第一种情况：与现在、将来相反用过去时，与过去时间相反使用过去完成时1. wish , would rather 后, 但would rather后所跟句子。注意：不跟过去将来时。I would rather you came tomorrow instead of today.I would rather you had come yesterday.比较：I would rather come tomorrow instead of today.相似的用法还有： as if “好像“, if only “要是就好了”, Its (high) time that “是该干的时候了Eg. 1. I wish I _ to the moon.A. fly B. would fly C. could fly2. Eliza remember everything exactly as if it _ yesterday. A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened3. _ it stopped raining now! A. If only B. Only if C. Even if D. But for第二种情况：(should) +do, should 可省略1名词性从句中:一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order, command）, 四条建议（advise, suggest, propose，recommend）,四项要求（demand, require, request, ask）等词 （ ）It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library.A. should allow B. be allowed C. will be allowed D. is allowed（ ）_ be sent to work there?A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that shouldC. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom2. 虚拟语气在it作形式主语从句中的用法:在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义.Eg. It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 3. 用 “may+动词原形”表示 “祝愿，但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 如：May you succeed! 祝你成功!Her friends said to her, “_ you _ happy forever.”A. Wish, do B. May, be C. Hope, be D. Can, doHomework: 1. Exercises on the paper(课后巩固练习)
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