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专题一 学习语法规则英语基础知识英语词类名词 Nouns(n.)：表示人或事物的名称。名词分为可数名词如：pen 钢笔 teacher 老师，不可数名词如：idea 主意，fire 火，air 空气。可数名词的复数要在名词后加s。名词的所有格：表示有生命的东西和表示时间、距离等名称的名词可以加s来表示所有关系，以s结尾复数名词只加， 带这种词尾的名词称为该名词的所有格。注音英语用“”表示重读符号，用“”表示名词的所有格。如my brothers book 我弟弟的书，the students chairs 学生们的椅子。 形容词Adjectives(a.)：表示人或事物的特征，如：bad, beautiful 副词 Adverbs(adv.)：修饰动词，形容词或其它副词，如：very, quickly 动词 Verbs：(vi. vt.)：表示动作或状态如：study, be 代词 Pronouns(pron.)：代替名词，数词等，如：they, one 数词 Numerals(num.)：表示数量或顺序，如：five, tenth 冠词 Articles(art.)：限制名词的意义，只有3个：不定冠词 a, an(在元音开头的名词前)，主要用来表示不肯定的“某一个或任何一个”，一般与单数可数名词联用。定冠词 the, the (在元音开头的名词前)，主要用来表示指定的人或事物，以区别同类中其他的人或事物。相当于汉语中的“那个，那些，这个这些”。它既可以和单数名词，复数 名词连用，又可以和不可数名词连用。 介词 Prepositions(prep.)：表示名词，代词和其它词的关系，如：in, for, of 连词 Conjunction(conj.)：连结词与词或句与句，如：and, because 感叹词 Interjection(interj.)：表示说话时的感情或口气，如：oh, hey 以上十类词中，前六类即名词，形容词，副词，动词，代词和数词都有实义，在句子中能独立担任一定的句子成份，称为实词。后四种即冠词，介词，联词和感叹词没有实义，都不能在句中独立担任任何成份，称为虚词。 句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Jack.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Their boat was painted white.Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） Do you know the man who is speaking on the stage?(定语从句)（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）(九)同位语 一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词（或类似作用的其他东西），对前者作进一步解释，说明它所指的是谁是什么等，叫做同位语。名词作同位语最多。此外，还可以有形容词、数词、代词等做同位语。The layout plan was completed within three months, half the usual time. (名词)设计图在三个月内就完成了，仅用了通常的一半时间。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. (形容词)You may leave it to us two. (数词)They are both in favor of the plan.(代词)有时同位语可以提到句子前部，放在主语前面，来给它以更突出的位置。A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character.Former a worker himself, he was now an engineer.有形容词、过去分词等担任的同位语（或者说是非限制性定语）也常可提到前面，特别是当主语是一人称代词时：在某些词（如idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等）后我们有时还可以用that或连接代（副）词引导同位语从句。Ive come from Mr. Lin with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.句子的种类 （一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实） The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法） He doesnt like playing the piano.2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？ b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）： Where do you live?你住那儿？ c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？ d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He doesnt know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如： Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如： What good news it is!多好的消息啊！ How good the news is!（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如： The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：主 +系动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.约翰忙主 + 谓动（SV）(不及物动词)例如：I work.我工作。 主 + 谓动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.她学英语。4）主 + 谓动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。5）主 + 谓动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。 练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、语法填空：1. The man who _(be) here will leave for Beijing.2. He got up _(lately) yesterday morning.3. The actor _(death) at the age of 80.4. We were all very tired, but none of _(we) would stop to have a rest.5. He found the street much _(crowd).6. I think _ necessary to learn English well.7. I will never forget the day _ I joined the club.8. He looked _(angry) at Tom.9. They went on working _ it was raining.10. _(save) time, I took a taxi.感受文化背景Crossing Your Fingers 交叉手指There are several different situations in which Americans cross their fingers: when they wish for good luck or wish to avoid bad luck and when they say something untrue, for which they dont want to be responsible. In the former situation, Americans often say “Keep your fingers crossed” along with the gesture.In the later situation, Americans often say “It doesnt count(这个不必考虑). I had my fingers crossed.” It is clear that there may be danger in both these situations. As a result, people do this trying to protect themselves from bad luck or from the punishment they may get for telling lies.Why are the crossed fingers referred to as the sign of the cross-the religious symbol. The early Christians believed that the crossed fingers served the same function as the sigh of the cross and also the gesture would not attract the attention of pagan(异教徒) eyes. Gradually the gesture is also taken up by non-Christians and has lost its religious color. Nowadays, everyone can cross their fingers in the public happily.Choose the best answer for each blank.1. When saying “Keep your fingers crossed”, Americans means that _.A. Im not seriousB. I wish you good luckC. You are lyingD. Im only joking.2. When you hear an American say “It doesnt count. I had my fingers crossed”, you know that _.A. hes lyingB. hes jokingC. he doesnt believe youD. Its blessing you.3. Nowadays _ use the crossed fingers.A. ChristiansB. non-ChristiansC. anyoneD. pagans专题一练习一：一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二.1. is 2. late 3. died 4. us 5. crowded 6. it 7. when 8. angrily 9. though 10. To save.感受背景文化 DAB8
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