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专题 44 说明类完形填空关键词：完形填空,说明类,理解,语境,逻辑推理难度系数：推荐指数：【基础回顾】考点归纳： 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类：一是实体事例说明文。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等（实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品）；二是事理说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等（事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等）；三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事，对其进行介绍。具体特点为：（1）开头点题。做说明文完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明型填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。（2）结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时问顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下、从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰，整体性强，所以，递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白，写作脉络清晰，又没有很多感情因素的掺入，所以就不会有过多的情感词汇，自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点，我们便可以顺着作者的思路，理清整篇文章的思路，从而顺利答题。 基础必读：完形填空技巧之搭配习惯英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现，完形填空中的词汇也不例外。很多时候，在分析语境、理清空白处含义的基础上，利用对词汇前后搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。所谓前后搭配主要是指动词(名词、形容词等)与介词的搭配、动词与其宾语的搭配、句式结构和各种习惯搭配。在解答完形填空题时，充分考虑这些搭配关系，有助于我们做出正确选择。一、动介搭配2014江苏卷 (节选)During this period Dale was slowly developing an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could_him from achieving his real potential.A. prevent B. protect C. save D. free解析A考查动词词义辨析。A. prevent阻止；B. protect保护；C. save拯救；D. free释放。这里考查短语prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事。他的母亲知道这能够阻止他获得他的真正的潜能。故选A。二、动宾搭配2015四川卷 (节选)The squirrels had no _12_ coming up right to me for them. 12A.business B fun Cproblem Dprivilege三、介词搭配2014浙江卷 (节选) _me, Simon had become a different person.A. Because of B. In spite of C. Apart from D.As for解析 A考查短语辨析以及对语境的理解。因为我的原因，Simon完全变了一个人。 此处A.因为；B.尽管；C.除了之外；D.至于。根据文意可知选A。2014北京卷 (节选) who then showed us a poster she had painted the talent show.A. at B. afterC. forD. around解析 C 考查介词。根据文章内容，这里是老师拿出一张“才艺秀”做的海报。for意为“为的；供的。”。四、句式搭配2015四川卷 (节选) _28_she had a slice to eat，she never _29_ the one on her head.It was a fair _30_I got a pleasure，and she had yet another tasty treat.28A.Even if BEver since CAs far as DSo long as29A.welcomed Brequired Cbothered Dexpected30A.trade Bcompetition Ctask Daffair 解析28. D 只要“她”有胡萝卜片吃着，“她”从来就不会为头顶上的东西感到烦恼。even if即使；ever since自从；as far as就而言；so long as只要。29. C 参考上题解析。welcome欢迎；require要求；bother操心，烦恼；expect期待。30. A 这是一场公平交易“我”获得了快乐，而“她”也得到另一份美味佳肴。trade贸易，交易；competition比赛，竞争；task任务；affair事情，事务。五、句型搭配 2014天津卷 (节选)It was then 25 I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work.A. when B. where C. which D. that六、习语搭配2013江西卷 (节选)“You should mind your own _！” Diane replied and walked into the gentle waves.Abusiness BswimsuitCfriends Dparents解析 A由前文信息可知，她应该是说“你少管闲事”。mind ones own business意为“少管闲事”，符合语境。【技能方法】完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”，同时，还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积淀，是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。做完形填空应该从以下几个方面入手：一、利用首句信息，扑捉文章大意。完形填空题的首句是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，它是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对理解全文有着重要的启示作用因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索，展开对文章发展的预测。二、利用逻辑推理，确定语段关系。逻辑推理是通过逻辑连词来实现的，逻辑连词是构成语篇的纽带，考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑连词，深刻体会句段之间的理解关系。常用的逻辑连词主要有：（1）词（包括连词、副词和少数介词），如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等；（2）短语，如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等；（3）分句和独立结构，如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。三、利用词汇复现，寻找解题线索。语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。四、利用上下文意，甄别词语差异。 高考完形填空选项的设置一般均属于同一词类，有的甚至在意义上也非常接近。为了顺利解答此类问题，考生在平时记忆单词时，要在例句中把握其用法并能在考试中结合语境，比较四个选项的细微差别，推敲什么是最佳答案。五、利用语法分析，破解句子结构。对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。对于这种题，要针对地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。六、利用文化常识，轻松选定答案。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用自己已掌握的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，先找出并理解文章主题和主线，并根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围。这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路轻松解题。【基础达标】【云南省昆明市第一中学2017届新课标高三月考卷（四）】It is proved that a young scientist named Will Smith has invented a kind of advanced and intelligent robot. The small robot may help children who are 41 from a long-term illness in hospital or at home.Whoever has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be 42 , as everyone cant keep them 43 ,especially when their family go out to work. These children may feel 44 from their friends and classmates, which can be particularly 45 of children. They may feel 46 . Now these children may have a high-tech friend to help 47 the sense of loneliness. The friend is a robot , which takes their 48 at school. Through the robot, the children can 49 teachers and classmates. They 50 participate in class from 51 they are recovering. Mr. Smith, the inventor 52 how it works. He says the child uses a tablet or phone to start the robot. Then the 53 uses the same device to control the robots movements at school, the robot becomes the ears and 54 of the child, so that he or she can take part in classroom activities 55 youre at home of from a hospital bed. The robot is 56 with microphones that makes 57 easy. It will become 58 to the public, for not only does it look simply cool but people can afford it. 59 , it will help some children feel 60 lonely while they are absent from class.41. A. suffering B. recovering C. escaping D. varying 42. A. lonelyB. frustrating C. painfulD. desperate43. A. secretB. harmonyC. watchD. company44. A. tiredB. freeC. separatedD. banned45. A. true B. simpleC. meaningful D. right46. A. picked out B. taken inC. left out D. broken down47. A. promoteB. reduceC. improveD. form48. A. turnB. chanceC. placeD. order49. A. hearB. seeC. feelD. smell50. A. stillB. evenC. everD. just51. A. whereverB. howC. wheneverD. why52. A. analysesB. stresses C. defendsD. explains53. A. child B. robotC. teacherD. parent54. A. handsB. mouthC. eyesD. feet55. A. untilB. unlessC. whetherD. since56. A. equippedB. decoratedC. occupiedD. covered57. A. movementsB. communicatingC. attendanceD. understanding58. A. reliableB. avoidableC. flexibleD. available59. A. Surprisingly B. HopefullyC. StrangelyD. Increasingly60. A. lessB. extremelyC. moreD. slightly【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一种新型、智能的机器人可以帮助康复期的儿童参与学校课堂。43. D 根据下一句“When their family go out to work”可知，不是每个人都能陪伴康复期的孩子，keep sb. company“陪伴某人”。故选D。44. C 根据上一句可知，孩子无人陪伴就会觉得自己与朋友和同学分离。故选C。45. A 根据上一句可知，这种情况尤其符合孩子。be true of “用于；符合于”。故选A。46. C 根据上两句可知，孩子会觉得自己被忽略了。leave out “省去；遗漏；不考虑”。故选C。47. B 根据第一自然段第二句，“The small robot may help children”可知机器人可帮助孩子减少孤独感。48. C 机器人可代替孩子去上学，take ones place“代替某人”。49. A 根据54空前的 “the ears” 以及56空后的 “microphones” 可知，通过机器人，孩子们可以听到老师和同学的对话。故选A50. B 根据上一句，孩子可以听到老师和同学的对话，甚至还可以参与到课堂活动。表示程度更进一步。故选B.Com51. A 根据第一自然段最后一句中 “in hospital or at home” 可知，无论在哪儿，孩子都可以通过机器人参与课堂。52. D 下文是介绍如何操作机器人，因此发明者解释操作方法。故选D53. A 根据54空后的 “the child” 可知是孩子操控机器人。54. B 根据上文 “the ears” 以及后一句 “so that he or she can take part in classroom activities” 可知，机器人成为孩子的耳朵和嘴去帮助孩子参与课堂。故选B。55.C 根据第一自然最后一句 “in hospital or at home” 可知，无论是在家还是医院。whether or “无论还是”。故选C。【能力提升】 【云南省昆明市第一中学2017届新课标高三月考卷（五）】Kids perform differently in school. Their performances vary, even if they have 41 personalities or come from the same background. 42 , this kind of phenomenon is caused by many factors. Recently, a new study of Nova Scotia fifth-graders 43 that kids who eat better perform 44 in school. Students who ate an adequate amount of fruit, vegetables, protein, fiber and other components of a 45 diet were significantly less likely to 46 a literacy test, Dr. Paul found.While a healthy diet is 47 thought to be important for good school 48 , there has actually been little study on this 49 , Paul and his colleagues noted. To investigate, they looked at 4,589 fifth-graders 50 in the Childrens Lifestyle and School Performance Study,875( 19.1 percent) of whom had failed an elementary literacy assessment 51 the majority had passed it. The researchers found, students good eating habits are based on their diet 52 , including adequacy and variety. If the kid 53 enough and abundant nutrients in the daily life, he or she will be more likely to do well in the test, 54 after the researchers adjusted the data for the effects of 55 income and education, school, and sex. Eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, and getting fewer calories from fat, was also 56 with a lower risk of failing the test.Till now, Paul and his 57 say, most researches on diet and school performance have only 58 on the importance of eating breakfast, as well as the bad 59 of hunger and malnutrition(营养不良). “This study extends current knowledge in this area. It shows us the importance of overall diet quality to academic results,” the researchers 60 .41. A. differentB. similarC. strangeD. friendly42. A. Fortunately B. HopefullyC. ActuallyD. Personally43. A. remindsB. confirmsC. deniesD. ignores44. A. worseB. confirmsC. deniesD. better45. A. traditionalB. processedC. balancedD. tasty46. A. passB. completeC. takeD. fail47. A. properlyB. generallyC. perfectlyD. slightly48. A. relationshipB. managementC. performanceD. reputation49. A. topic B. problemC. statementD. essay50. A. competing B. participatingC. succeeding D. crowding51. A. whenB. althoughC. whileD. until52. A. qualityB. quantityC. preference D. kind53. A. brings about B. takes in C. squeezes outD. depends on54. A. ratherB. oftenC. stillD. even55. A. expectedB. personalC. familyD. legal56. A. providedB. presentedC. associatedD. conflicted57. A. teamB. parentsC. classD. kids58. A. takenB. putC. lookedD. focused59. A. treatmentsB. effectsC. measuresD. functions60. A. judgeB. requestC. concludeD. infer【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了最新研究发现：饮食均衡、营养全面的孩子往往在学校表现得更好。43.B 该题考查动词，此句意为“一项新的研究证实”，confirm意为“证实”。故选B。44.D 根据后文可知，饮食均衡、营养全面的孩子在学校的表现更好，与前面出现的比较级“better”相呼应。故选D。45.C 选项 traditional“传统的”，processed“精加工的”，balanced“均衡的”，tasty“好吃的”。根据后文可知，饮食均衡、营养全面的孩子往往在学校表现更好。故选C。46.D 根据句意“这些营养全面的孩子不太可能会考试不及格”，fail意为“不及格、失败”。故选D。47.B 副词generally意为“普遍地，通常地”。此句意为“尽管大家普遍认为健康的饮食对好的学校表现来说非常重要”。故选B。.Com48.C 根据上文可知，健康饮食对于良好的学校表现来说非常的关键，而非“学校关系”、“学校管理”或“学校名誉”。故选C。49.A 承接上一句，此句意为“但是事实上对于这个话题几乎没有什么具体的研究”。 topic意为“话题，议题”。故选A。50.B 根据上下文可知，“Paul和他的同事们参考了4589名参与该项研究中的五年级学生的成绩”，participating意为“参与”。故选B。51.C 连词while 置于句中，表示对比和转折。根据上下文可知，此处表达的是“这些学生中的875人考试失败了，然而大多数同学通过了这次考试”。故选C。52.A 此句意为“研究发现，学生们好的饮食习惯是基于他们的饮食质量的”，而且根据此空后面的内容可知，饮食质量“包含营养充足和多样化”两个因素在内。故选A。53.B 根据上下文可知，此处表达的是“如果孩子吸收了足够丰富的营养”。bring about意为“带来”，take in“吸收”，squeeze out“挤出”，depend on“依靠”。故选B。54.D 此空考查语意的承接。意为“甚至在研究者调整了数据后”，even意为“甚至”。故选D。55.C 根据上下文，此处意为“研究者因为孩子们家庭收入等因素调整了数据”。故选C。56.C 根据上下文可知，“吃足够的水果蔬菜以及少量摄入脂肪都和考试取得好成绩息息相关”，be associated with意为“与相关联”。故选C。57.A 根据文章第二段内容“Paul and his colleagues noted”可知，Paul是跟他的同事们共同进行这项研究，所以此处选择team，表示他的研究团队，呼应上文。故选A。【终极闯关】Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks _1_ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more _2_ than we realize. In fact, nonverbal (非言语) communication takes up about 15% of what we really _3_. And body language is particularly _4_ when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so _5_ a part of us that its actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. _6_，different societies treat the _7_ between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having _8_ contact (接触) even with friends, and certainly not with _9_. People from Latin American countries, _10_， touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, its possible that in _11_， it may look like a Latino is _12_ a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving _13_. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep _14_ which the Latino will in return regard as _15_.Clearly, a great deal is going on when people _16_. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from _17_ cultures, theres a strong possibility of _18_ . But whatever the situation, the best _19_ is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be _20_.1A.straighter Blouder CharderDfurther2A.sounds Binvitations Cfeelings Dmessages3A.hope Breceive Cdiscover Dmean4A.immediate Bmisleading Cimportant Ddifficult5A.well Bfar Cmuch Dlong6A.For example BThus CHowever DIn short7A.trade Bdistance Cconnections Dgreetings8A.eye Bverbal Cbodily Dtelephone9A.strangers Brelatives Cneighbours Denemies10A.in other words Bon the other hand Cin a similar way Dby all means11A.trouble Bconversation Csilence Dexperiment12A.disturbing Bhelping Cguiding Dfollowing13A.closer Bfaster Cin Daway14A.stepping forward Bgoing on Cbacking away Dcoming out15A.weakness Bcarelessness Cfriendliness Dcoldness16A.talk Btravel Claugh Dthink17A.different BEuropean CLatino Drich18A.curiosity Bexcitement Cmisunderstanding Dnervousness19A.chance Btime Cresult Dadvice20A.noticed Btreated Crespected Dpleased1. B考查副词的比较级及语境理解。身势语比语言表达的意思更响亮，更清楚。此处louder意为：声音更大，即更有说服力。如：谚语Facts speak louder than words.(事实胜于雄辩。)2. D考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。据专家称：我们的身体发出比我们意识到的更多的信息。sound声音；invitation邀请；feeling感觉；message信息。3. D考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。实际上，非语言交际约占据了我们真正想表达的意思的15%的分量。hope希望；receive接收；discover发现；mean意思是。4. C考查形容词词义辨析。当我们进行跨文化交流时，身势语显得尤为重要。immediate立刻的； misleading 误导的；important重要的；difficult困难的。5. C考查形容词的用法。事实上，身势语是常常被我们忽略的很多的一部分。6. A考查语境理解。下文中以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例，说明不同的社会群体对待距离的态度是不同的。7. B考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。不同的社会群体对待人们之间接触的距离是不同的。trade交易； distance 距离； connection联系；greeting问候。8. C考查语境理解。即使是朋友，北欧人通常也不喜欢身体的接触，当然更不用说陌生人。eye 眼睛，眼神；verbal 言辞的； bodily身体的；telephone电话。9. A考查名词词义辨析。北欧人通常不喜欢身体的接触，即使是朋友，当然更不用说陌生人。stranger陌生人；relative亲戚；neighbour邻居；enemy敌人。10. B考查介词短语的含义及语境理解。on the other hand然而，在另一方面。然而，拉丁美洲国家的人们相互接触的就很多。11. B考查名词词义辨析。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着挪威人满屋子转是可能的。trouble 麻烦；conversation对话； silence 沉默；experiment实验。12. D考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。在对话过程中，拉丁人跟着(following)挪威人满屋子转是可能的。此处follow意为：跟着走。13. A考查语境理解。拉丁人靠得更近表示友好。14. C考查动词短语的含义及语境理解。挪威人将不断地后退。step forward前进； go on 继续；back away后退；come out出来。15. D考查名词词义辨析。拉丁人反过来认为他们很冷淡。weakness虚弱； carelessness粗心；friendliness 友谊；coldness冷淡。16. A考查动词词义辨析。很显然，当人们谈话时，许多东西都在进行。17. A考查形容词词义辨析。当我们的伙伴来自于不同的文化背景时，产生误解的可能性就会很大。
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