翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译.doc

_翻译的基本技巧语态转换译法语态转换译法1 顺译法 1.1 顺译成被动句1.2 顺译成主动句2 倒译法 2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.3 倒译成汉语的无主句 3 分译法 一、顺译法既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。1 顺译法 (Translation in Original Order)1. 1 顺译成被动句A. 译成 “被” 字所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被” 字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表示“被”这一动作动作接受者（受事者）是不乐意或不情愿接受的。例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【译文】 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate.【译文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏，以备种子未来发芽之需。例3：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre)【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。B. 译成 “挨” 字句 “挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。C. 译成 “给” 字句“给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat. 【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了。例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。D. 译成 “叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为所、经所” 等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。例1：You have been wetted in the rain. 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。例2：The -rays are not affected by an electric field.【译文】射线不受电场影响。例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake.【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。例4：It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子, 顺译成被动句。1Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.【译文】立功的人将受到奖励。2A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer. 【译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编码写好， 然后储存在计算机中。3Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to.【译文】翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。4The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.【译文】被谈过话的申请人，要求交上必要的材料。5Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad.【译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。1. 2 顺译成主动句A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句子把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。例1：Love can not be forced. 【译文】爱情不能强求。例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden.【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。例3：My holidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving)【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。例4：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。 B. 改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句 如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合汉语的语言习惯，所以常可将英语的被动句顺译成汉语的主动句，原文的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语，顺译成汉语的主动形式。例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer.【译文】老师对回答感到满意。例2：I am told you are careless. 【译文】听说你很粗心大意。例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain.【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。 C. 顺译成 “是的” 结构 英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是的”的句式。其框架为“受事者是动词的”。例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子, 顺译成主动句1This is a question to be answered at once.【译文】这是一个要立即回答的问题。2We are deeply touched by the heros loyalty to the cause.【译文】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。3The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages.【译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。4The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.【译文】这一发现在农业科学界得到很高的评价。5Wells and spring are supplied with underground water.【译文】井水和泉水都是地下水。6I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70s, white-haired, and still beautiful.【译文】接见我的是一位高挑轻盈、满头银发的女人。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕奕、风韵犹存。 2. 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order)倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法是把原文by或其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句子常是无主句。2. 1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一部分。例2：Rivers are controlled by dams. 【译文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。例3：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。例4：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun. 【译文】太阳供给我们光和热。例5：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.【译文】一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。 2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。例2：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.【译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。例3：The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.【译文】全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。例4：50 laboratories have been built in our school.【译文】我们学校已建立了50个实验室。 例5：The compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.【译文】4000年前中国发明了指南针。2. 3 倒译成汉语的无主句 将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first.【译文】首先要确保产品的质量。例2：The goods are urgently needed.【译文】急需此货。例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【译文】此处禁止吸烟。例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth. 【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.【译文】书到后应立即付款。课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子1Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds.【译文】要达到如此神奇的速度，需要进行大规模的研究工作。2Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.【译文】赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在图尔库还建成了一所大学。3The matter was never mentioned again ever since.【译文】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事。4I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded.【译文】我是说，如果按历史顺序阅读，则不会徒劳无益。3 分译法 (Splitting Translation)把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原文中分出来，单独译成一个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。3. 1 “It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”结构It is asked that 有人会问It is asserted that 有人主张It is felt that 有人感到；人们认为；It is preferred that有人建议It is recommended that 有人建议；有人推荐It is suggested that 有人建议It is stressed that 有人强调说It will be said that 有人会说It is believed that 有人相信It is estimated that 有人估计It is announced that 有人通知; 有人宣称It is pointed out that 有人指出It is claimed that 有人宣称It is declared that 有人提出It is described that 有人介绍说It has been objected that 有人反驳说It is thought that 人们认为；有人认为It is taken that 人们认为It is reputed that 人们认为It is regarded that 人们认为It is noticed that 人们注意到；有人指出It is noted that 人们注意到；有人指出It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问It was told that 人们曾说It is supposed that 人们猜测It is expected that 人们希望It is hoped that 人们希望It is still to be hoped that 我们仍应希望It is generally considered that 大家认为It is well known that 众所周知例1：It is pointed out that there may be as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body. 【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达10万种。例2：It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being.【译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人体充满一种愉快的感觉。例3：During the enquiry, it was discovered that her death had not been an accident.【译文】在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。例4：It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and recording of facts is the technique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of civilization.【译文】一般人都认为考核和记录事实是历史的方法，在这种方法使用范围以内的现象就是文明的社会现象。3. 2 “S + be + v.-ed + to-v.”结构原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。此结构如下：S + be known to-V 大家知道， /人们(都)知道，S + be held to-V 人们认为，S + be considered to-V 我们认为，S + be found to V 人们发现，S + be thought to-V 有人认为，例1：All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.【译文】人们（都）知道，地球上的一切物质均具有重量。例2：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room.【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。例3：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.【译文】人们很早就知道油井的存在。例4：She was much run after in her youth.【译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。3. 3 译成 “据” 字句 原句的主语也是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分译成“据”，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余部分。常见于下列句型结构。S + be said to-V 据说S + be reported to-V 据报道S + be stated to-V 据称S + be known to-V 据了解例1：She is said to have studied English for three years.【译文】据说她已经学了三年英语。例2：The area is known to be rich in natural resources.【译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。例3：The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【译文】即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。例4：The novel is said to be translated into English【译文】那部小说据说即将译成英语。3. 4 译成汉语的无主句原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分提出来根据时态、语气、语义灵活翻译成汉语的无主句。S + be now thought to-V 现在认为，S + have been found to-V 已经发现，S + should be pointed out that 应当指出S + may be safely said that 可以有把握地说例1：It is now thought to have infoldings and outpouchings.【译文】现在认为，它有内褶和外鼓。例2：The so-called precious pearls have been found to be common stones.【译文】已经发现，那些所谓的宝珠竟然是些普通的石头。例3：You are cordially invited to a party to be given at the Teachers Club at 3 p.m. Nov. 23.【译文】谨订于11月23日下午3时在教师俱乐部举行晚会，敬请光临。课堂互动4：运用分译法翻译下列句子 1Guilin is known to be one of the most beautiful places in China.【译文】人们(都)知道，桂林是中国最美的地方之一。2It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.【译文】大家认为这样做是不妥当的。3Yet, what we say here will not be long remembered. What we do here can change the world.【译文】不过，我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。我们在这里所做的事却能改变世界。结论 英汉两种语言都有被动语态，有时可将英语被动句翻译成汉语的被动句，但多数情况下，并不保留被动结构，而译成主动结构。-可编辑修改-