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1,Lecture6PoliticalSystemII,JudicialSystem,2,TheConstitution,Britainhasnowrittenconstitution.(Theonlytwocountrieswithoutwrittenconstitutions:IsraelandtheU.K.)Muchoftheconstitutionisbasedonunwrittencustomsandrulescalledconventions.Anditisembodiedinanumberofseparatelaws.,3,themainsourcesoflawinclude:,CommonLaw习惯法StatuteLaw(ActsofParliament)成文法EuropeanCommunityLaw(economicandsocialmatters),4,EnglishLawhasalonghistory,muchofitbeingderivedfromwhatiscalled“commonlaw”.Thisislawasdecidedbyjudges,theirdecisionsincasesbeingarrivedatafterconsideringthecustomsandpracticesofthepeopleinvolved.Theotherkindoflaw,statutelaw,islawmadebyParliament.,5,CourtsysteminEnglandandWales,HighCourt,CrownCourts皇家（巡回）刑事法庭,CountyCourts郡法庭,MagistratesCourts治安法庭,6,CriminalCourts(inEnglandandWales),MagistratesCourts:thelessseriousoffencesandthevastmajorityofcriminalcases(theft,thelessseriouscasesofburglaryandsomeassaults)YouthCourts:mostcasesinvolvingpeopleunder18TheCrowncourts:triesthemostseriousoffences(murder,manslaughter,rapeandrobbery),7,CivilCourts,1.MagistratesCourts2.CountyCourts(contract,mortgage,raceandsexdiscrimination,divorcecasesandotherfamilymatters3.HighCourt,8,InsidetheCourt,NobodyisabovethelawThecriminallawpresumestheinnocenceoftheaccuseduntilhehasbeenprovedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubtAllcriminaltrialsareheldinopencourtIncriminalsbyjury,thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidestheissueofguiltorinnocence.,9,TheJury:consistsof12laypeopleselectedatrandom.Anybodywhoisahouseholderbetweentheageof18-70canbecalledtoserveatanytime.Thejurydecideswhetheranaccusedpersonisguiltyinmostcriminaltrials.Judges:MostappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePM.ExceptfortheLordChancelloralljudgesareindependentofthepoliticalsystem.Magistrates治安官：Laypeoplewhoarerespectedandresponsiblemembersoftheirlocalcommunityareselectedtoserveasmagistrates.Theyarenotpaidfortheworkandthenundergosomepart-timetraining.AMagistratescourtsitswithoutajury.,10,Legalprofession:BarristersSolicitors,11,Police:bobby,peeler;“ScotlandYard”unarmedtradition,12,BritishForeignRelations,DeclineoftheBritishEmpire,declineoftheBritishinfluenceworldwidenolongeravastoverseasempire,butanequalmemberintheEuropeanUnionindependentnucleardeterrentandtechnologicallyadvancedarmedforcesbankingcenter,aboutsixthintheworldintermsofeconomy,13,FoundationsofBritainsCotemporaryforeignpolicy,CotemporaryforeignpolicyofUKisinfluencedby:-itsimperialhistoryNotasinfluentialasbeforeretainveryconservativeandtraditionalviews.-Itsgeopoliticaltraitsitslong-termphysicalseparationfromtheEuropeancontinentAsenseofpsychologicalisolationtoEurope,14,HowForeignPolicyisMade,ThePMandCabinetdecideonthegeneraldirectionofBritainsforeignpolicy.ThemaingovernmentdepartmentinvolvedisofcoursetheForeignandCommonwealthOffice(FCO)TheMinistryofDefenseisalsoanimportantplayerThedepartmentofTradeandIndustryisconcernedwithformulatinginternationaltradepolicyandmanagingBritishcommercialrelationswithothercountries.HMTreasuryisanextremelyinfluentialplayer.,15,OneofthefivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil;(thesixthlargestcontributortotheUNsbudget)AfoundingmemberofNATO;AfoundingmemberoftheCommonwealth;AmemberoftheEU.,BritainandInternationalInstitutions,16,BritainandInternationalInstitutions,MemberofNATO-NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization-headquartersinBrussels,Belgium-constitutesasystemofcollectivedefensewherebyitsmemberstatesagreetomutualdefenseinresponsetoanattackbyanyexternalparty.,17,TheCommonwealthofNations(usuallyknownastheCommonwealth),intergovernmentalorganizationof54independentnations(mostofthemareformerBritishcolonies,ordependenciesofthesecolonies)Itsmemberssharemanycustoms,valuesandtraditions.AllmembersaccepttheBritishmonarchasthesymbolicheadoftheCommonwealth.ManyhaveparliamentarysystemsofgovernmentontheBritishmodel.Englishisanofficiallanguage.,Flag,18,CommonwealthCountries,19,MemberoftheEuropeanUnion,TheflagoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)iscomposedofacircleof12goldstarsonaroyalbluebackground.TheflagismeanttorepresenttheunionofallthepeoplesofEurope.,20,BritainandtheUnitedStates,SpecialRelationship-CloselyalliesduringWWIIandlater-Thelevelofcooperationinmilitaryplannings,executionofmilitaryoperations,nuclearweaponstechnologyandintelligencesharingwitheachotherwasoftendescribedas“unparalleled”amongmajorpowers.Nevertheless,the“specialrelationship”withtheUnitedStateshasgonethroughmanyupsanddowns.,
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