大学英语三级语法详解

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英语语法:被动语态的“一般”和“特殊”在被动句中,主语是动作的承受者,它主要用于强调动作的承受者或因为动作的执行者难以说出或不必说出时。我们在学习运用它时,应注意以下两个方面:一、掌握被动语态的一般结构被动语态基本形式为:助动词be +过去分词。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,我们可以通过be的不同变化形式推出各种时态的被动语态形式。如:The film is being shown now.电影正在放映。(现在进行时的被动语态)Dr. Smith had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison.多年孤独的监狱生活使史密斯医生的精神受到了刺激。(过去完成时的被动语态)二、掌握几种特殊的被动语态结构1. 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词 be 过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.婴儿应该由临时保姆好好照看。2. 当使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面的不定式作宾语补足语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.有人看见一个陌生人走进了大楼。变为被动句为:A stranger was seen to walk into the building.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态。动词-ing形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态。I dont like being laughed at in the public.我不喜欢当众被人嘲笑。What is to be done next?下一步要做什么?4. 短语动词的被动语态。有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”、“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开,其中的介词或副词也不能省略。Women were looked down upon in the old society.妇女在旧社会被人看不起。英语三级考试基本语法:句子的种类语法:句子的种类(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。(说明事实)The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:a.一般疑问句(General Questions):Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗?b.特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions):Where do you live?你住那儿?How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡?d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):He doesnt know her, does he?他不认识她,对不对?3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:Sit down, please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张!4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:What good news it is!多好的消息啊!(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:1) 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。(主)(谓)2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。3) 复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句从句我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:1)主 + 动(SV)例如:I work.我工作。2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:John is busy.约翰忙。3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:She studies English.她学英语。4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。语法:被动形式表示主动意义be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marriesHe is graduated from a famous university.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意: 表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。He married a rich girl.He got married to a rich girl.英语三级考试基本语法:冠词和数词语法:冠词和数词不定冠词的用法冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作e,而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做en。1) 表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 词组或成语。a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden英语三级考试基本语法:形容词和副词语法:形容词和副词形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice英语三级考试基本语法:动名词英语三级语法:动名词动名词作主语、宾语和表语1)作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2)作宾语a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免complete 完成consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone 推迟practise 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist 抵抗resume 继续risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续举例:(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接doingadmit toprefertobe used tolead todevote oneself toobject tostick tobusylook forward to(to为介词)no good,no use,Its worth,as well as,cant help,Its no use /goodbe tired ofbe fond ofbe capable ofbe afraid ofbe proud ofthink of / abouthold offput offkeep oninsist oncount on / uponset aboutbe successful ingood attake upgive upburst outprevent from3)作表语Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.英语三级考试基本语法:动词英语三级语法:动词1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:She can dance and sing.她能*又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。英语三级考试基本语法:分词英语三级语法:分词分词作定语分词前置We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人分词后置 (i分词词组;ii 个别分词如given, left; iii 修饰不定代词 something等)There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given.这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.典型例题1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. have writtenB. to be writtenC. being writtenD. written答案D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which is written2)Whats the language _ in Germany?A. speakingB. spokenC. be spokenD. to speak答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:Whats the language (which is) spoken in German?来源:考试大-英语试英语三级考试基本语法:祈使句结构语法:祈使句结构祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。1) 祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。Take this seat.Do be careful.否定结构:Dont move.Dont be late.2) 第二种祈使句以let开头。Let 的反意疑问句a. Lets 包括说话者Lets have another try,shall we / shant we?= Shall we have another try?b.Let us 不包括说话者Let us have another try,will you / wont you?= Will you please let us have another try?否定结构:Lets not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.英语三级考试基本语法:感叹句结构感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。How +形容词+ a +名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序What +名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序How clever a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)!What cold weather it is!感叹句的省略形式为:What a clever boy (he is)!典型例题1)_ food youve cooked!A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How niceD. What nice答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2)_terrible weather weve been having these days!A. WhatB. What aC. HowD. How a答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a timeB. What timeC. How a timeD. how time答案A.感叹句分两类:1:What + n.+主谓部分2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
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