高考阅读理解答题技巧.doc

高考阅读理解答题技巧-作者意图、观点、态度推理判断题安丘市补习学校 张情三 2011年7月22日 08:17作者观点态度题就是指针对作者的写作意图、观点态度和对事件的评价设问的阅读理解题目。这类题主要考查学生对作者的观点、感情、态度、写作目的和意图的理解能力。作者态度观点题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有according to the writer, attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard等词或短语。这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度和写作意图外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。下面我们以2008年部分省市高考题为例，具体分析作者观点态度题的解题方法。例1：On the first day of my visit, we went out with one of my fathers friends for lunch at an outdoor caf. We walked along that afternoon, did some shopping, ate at the street table, and lauded over my sons funny facial expressions. Gone was my fathers critical(挑剔的) air and strict rules. Who was this person I knew as my father, who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around? What had held him back before? (2008年全国卷I A篇)58. What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson?A. More critical.B. More talkative.C. Gentle and friendly.D. Strict and hard-working.【解析】本题问作者对父亲的看法。A更挑剔了；B更健谈了；C温和而友好；D严厉而且勤奋。此题需要从文章的细节描写着手找到答案。根据“Gone was my fathers critical(挑剔的)air and strict rules”和“who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around”这两句可推知作者感觉父亲不像从前那么严厉、难以相处了，父亲现在看起来友好而且有趣。答案选C。例2：People believe that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, youre wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms(体育馆).How do people climb the wall? To climb, you need special shoes and a harness (保护带) around your chest to hold you. A beginners wall is usually about 15 feet high, and you climb straight up. The most difficult part is to control your fear.Climbing attracts people because its good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body, especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger. (2008年安徽卷C篇)67. Why does the author write this passage?A. To tell people where to find gyms.B. To prove the basic need for climbing.C. To encourage people to climb mountains.D. To introduce the sport of wall climbing.【解析】题目问作者的写作目的，这在文章中并没有指明，需要同学们通读全文来把握文章大意。从全文来看，本文主要讲述的是攀登运动越来越受到人们的青睐，但也需要训练，详尽地介绍了对身体有益的室内攀登运动。四个选项对作者写作意图表述如下：A告诉人们哪里有体育馆；B证明人们对攀登有着最基本的需求；c鼓励人们去登山；D介绍室内攀登这项运动。选项A不是文章的主题；选项B在文章结尾段虽有涉及，但也算不上是主要内容；作者虽然提及了攀登的好处，但并未明确鼓励人们参与此项运动，因此C不正确。答案为D。例3：The number of married women who want to continue working increases rapidly because they enjoy their jobs. However, if they want to have children, they immediately have serious problems. Though most companies allow women to leave their jobs for a short time to have a baby, they expect women with babies to give up their jobs. In short, if they want to bring up children properly, both parents have to work, but it is hard for mothers to work. Indeed, women who want to continue working have to choose between having children or keeping their jobs.In a word, Asian governments must take steps to improve the present situation as soon as possible. (2008年安徽卷E篇)75. The writer seems to believe that Asian governments should .A. let women stay at home and have a babyB. allow one of the parents to go out to workC. care for the growing needs of women for jobsD. punish the companies that permit women to leave【解析】题目问作者在亚洲政府对女性就业这一问题上给出了什么建议。A让女性回归家庭生儿育女；B允许父母中的一个外出工作；C对女性在工作方面的需求多加关注；D惩罚那些允许女性离职的公司。根据第一段最后一句话“Indeed, women whoor keeping their jobs”及最后一段可知女性所面临的实际困难，所以亚洲各国政府应该采取一些措施改变这一现状来避免出现更多的DINK家庭，而最有效的措施是C项。例4：Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around. And judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army, Im not alone in my opinion. (2008年浙江卷D篇)54. What was the writers attitude towards jogging in the beginning?A. He felt it was worth a try.B. He was very fond of it.C. He was strongly against it.D. He thought it must be painful.【解析】本段讲述了作者通过亲自参加jogging(慢跑)锻炼，体会到jogging并不像人们想象中的那么好，他认为自己的锻炼方式也可以达到健身的目的。题目问作者起初对慢跑的看法如何。A他认为值得一试；B他非常喜欢这项运动；C他极力反对这项运动；D他认为这项运动非常痛苦。从“I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could.”和“So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more.”两句，我们可以看出作者起初对慢跑并无排斥心理，而且认为值得一试，A项较符合作者的态度。例5：It was in a tree, too, that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end. By then some of us had reached seventh grade and had begun the rough ride of adolescence(青春期). In March, the month when we usually took to the woods again after winter, two friends and I set out to go exploring. We climbed a tree, and all of a sudden it occurred to all three of us at the same time that we really were rather big to be up in a tree. Soon there would be the spring dances on Friday evenings in the high school cafeteria. (2008年天津卷E篇)55. How does the author feel about his childhood?A. Happy but short.B. Lonely but memorable.C. Boring and meaningless.D. Long and unforgettable.【解析】题目问作者如何评价自己的童年。A快乐却短暂；B孤单却值得回忆；C乏味、无趣；D漫长而又难忘。根据“It was in a tree, too, that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end.”和 下句“In March,”以及下句“and all of a sudden it occurred to a11 three of ushigh school cafeteria”可以看出作者是在慨叹童年时光快乐却短暂。答案选A。高考阅读理解设题越来越灵活。题目难度也逐年增加，作者的态度观点已不仅仅局限在“是与非”、“支持与反对”、“乐观与悲观”的选择上，而是加入了更多对文章细节和主旨大意理解的要求。解答这类题的时候，同学们要注意题目的提问方法是否有明确的针对性。即是针对文章中的一部分进行设题。还是对全文的写作目的或意图进行考抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。四、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文；要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer,推断 imply 暗示 , suggest建议 , indicate指点五、六、 养成习惯，潜移默化结硕果。良好的阅读习惯：1、养成默读习惯，使注意力集中的文字符号上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免分散精力，影响阅读速度。2、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，这个句子，只要扫视划线的核心词，其语义就基本上清楚了。英语阅读能力的培养是一个渐进的复杂过程，要养成每天阅读英语的习惯，循序渐进，持之以恒，精泛结合，广泛猎奇。在潜移默化中你会感觉到你的阅读能力又有了长足的提高。 设计说明由浅入深，通过手册和地图培养学生获取信息的能力，使他们对旅游前期的准备工作有了解。 设计说明要求学生对课文提供的四条路线进行分析和挑选，培养他们观察和分析的能力。also we could enjoy some delicious food，buy some great souvenirs，and we could take the train up to Machu Picchu to visit the ruins to learn more about its history. Then on the fifth day we could begin our trip by boat. We could enjoy Lake Titicaca，visit the Uros Indians houses，and know more about their life and their manners and customs. At last，we would return to Puno for the flight back to Lima.设计说明通过小组互动的方式，达到知识输出和培养学生英语表达能力的目的。Step 5DiscussionAsk the other students to vote the line they choose to travel，and give their reasons.设计说明通过班级辩论的方式，进一步培养学生总结和得出有效可行的结论。阅读理解主旨大义题以及推理判断题解题技巧英语阅读理解主要考查学生根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。主要题型有主旨要义题、具体信息题、根据上下文推断词义题、根据短文判断和推理题、理解文章的基本结构题以及理解作者的意图与态度方面的题型。而在日常练习中学生主旨大意题和推理判断题的得分率不高。鉴于此，在此探索阅读理解中主旨大义题以及推理判断题的解题方法及技巧。猜词悟义 扫除阅读拦路虎猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过上下文,构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。下面结合今天的视频教学及平时教学中的经验体会，谈一谈猜测词义题常见的解题方法：一:上下文线索猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。 如：If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him. A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken 分析：根据I dont like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。二:根据定义或解释猜测词义 阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。 如：Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。三 :根据反义词或反义关系 有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than等信息词。如：One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们可以推断应为“对比、相反”的意思。四 :根据同义词或近义词关系 常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similarly等。如：Millions of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.分析：从后面的同位语an endangered wild cat可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫五:利用例证性线索 某些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。如：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.分析：通过后面的例子：英语世界、中小学外语教学、英语学习，可知periodicals为“期刊杂志”六:根据构词法猜测词义 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。如：Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.分析：antipoison 是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。山东2009高考的完型填空I had often wondered what kind of home life David had and often asked myself what kind of mother could send her son to school dressed so inappropriately for the cold winter months, without a coat, boots, or gloves，其中挖空的inappropriately也涉及此类考查。 阅读理解教学案设计之猜测词义I.【教学目标】了解并掌握阅读理解中的猜测词义题II.【教学过程】1.课前延伸2.课内探究要求正确理解短文中一些关健词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。透彻理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子，根据特定的语境判断理解，推敲斟酌，最后确定含义。3.常见提问方式:The phrase “” in the “”could be replaced by .2. The word “” in the third paragraph refers to .3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the passage?4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“ ”？5. The word “”most likely means .4.技巧练习1、根据对比关系推测词义点拨：对比是描述和说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是相反的，因此根据对比或反义关系可从已知推出未知。注意一些表示意思转折的词和短语：though, as, although, despite, while, in spite of ,still , but, yet , while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, not, instead等。例1.A good manager can recognize instantly the adept workers from the uns killed ones.分析：句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人和非熟练工人区别开。2.根据同类关系推测词义点拨：同类关系指在句中作同一成分且词义属于同一范畴的近义词或同义词。这时可以从熟悉的词语中推出新词的含义。可以表示同类关系的常用词有as, or, similarly, like, just as, also等。例2：Although he often had the chance, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.分析：作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代，由此可以推知其词义。3根据同位语推测词义点拨：为了强调某个重点或把某事叙述的更明白，作者有时运用不同的词语或语句来表达同一概念，构成同位关系。同位语两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。同位语前常有or, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e.等副词或短语出现。例3：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits（电路分析：由or引出的同位语推测为“电容量”。4根据因果关系推测词义点拨：在句子或段落中，若两个事物或现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词的词义。这种生词经常出现在表现因果关系的句子中，引导词有because, since, as, for, so, therefore.例4：The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading.分析：以因果关系为线索，可确定engrossed的意思为“被吸引，全神贯注”。巩 固 训 练1、Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.2、Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.3、Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.4、Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.5、There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.。二、 作者观点态度题的设置题目的形式：作者态度观点题的题干一般都含有according to the writer, attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard等词或短语。这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度和写作意图外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。1 What is the purpose of the text?The purpose of the passage is to .2 What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?3 Who are the intended readers of the passage?4 What does the author mean by saying “”?5 From theparagraph, what do you think the author wants to tell us?三、 作者观点态度题的解题方法：可以通过在文中寻找带有感情色彩的词来判断作者的态度外，有时需要综合运用一些阅读方法，如：根据文章中与问题相关的细节做出判断，根据作者提供的例证推断其暗示的态度、观点，有时还需要同学们通读全文并把握文章的主旨，最后做出正确选择。下面我们以部分省市高考题为例，分析这类题的解题方法。例题、People believe that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, youre wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms(体育馆).How do people climb the wall? To climb, you need special shoes and a harness (保护带) around your chest to hold you. A beginners wall is usually about 15 feet high, and you climb straight up. The most difficult part is to control your fear.Climbing attracts people because its good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body, especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger. (安徽卷C篇)67. Why does the author write this passage?A. To tell people where to find gyms.B. To prove the basic need for climbing.C. To encourage people to climb mountains.D. To introduce the sport of wall climbing.【解析】本题是询问作者的写作目的，这在文章中并没有指明，需要通读全文来把握。从全文来看，本文主要讲述的是攀登运动越来越受到人们的青睐，但也需要训练，详尽地介绍了对身体有益的室内攀登运动。四个选项对作者写作意图表述如下：A告诉人们哪里有体育馆；B证明人们对攀登有着最基本的需求；c鼓励人们去登山；D介绍室内攀登这项运动。选项A不是文章的主题；选项B在文章结尾段虽有涉及，但也算不上是主要内容；作者虽然提及了攀登的好处，但并未明确鼓励人们参与此项运动，因此C不正确。答案为D。