初中英语时态总结

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初中英语语法总结动词的时态英语的时态主要体现在谓语动词上,用谓语动词的不同形式来表示。其意义主要是说明动作、状态发生的时间。下面我们分别来讲解:(一) 一般现在时1、一般现在时的用法一般现在时主要用在以下几种情况下:1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如时间状语: every , sometimes, at , on Sunday等,例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 表示客观真理、客观存在或科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 (注:这种情况不会随时间的变化而变化,是客观存在的真理,所以用一般现在时就可以,不必使用其他时态。)3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:2)、3)的用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。(分析:此句中that the earth is round是一个句子,作为大句子中proved的宾语,因此这个句子叫做宾语从句,而Columbus proved为主句。可以看出,主句是用的过去时,而从句却用了一般现在时,因为从句是描述的一个永恒不变的真理,不随时间变化。) 4)表示现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不想要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 现在我把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用现在进行时。 2、一般现在时在使用时要注意“三单形式”的变化。即动词的主语为第三人称“他、她、它或针对一个人的人名、称呼等”(如he、she、it、Li Ming、My sister等) 的时候,动词要用第三人称单数形式。三单动词的变化规则:(1)一般情况下,直接加-s。(2)以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es。(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es。3、一般现在时用法专练: (1) 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink _ go _ stay _ make _ look _ have_ pass_ carry _ come_ watch_ plant_ fly _ study_ brush_ do_ teach_ (2)用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1)He often _(have) dinner at home. 2) Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One. 3)We _(not watch) TV on Monday. 4) Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5) _ they _(like) the World Cup? 6)What _they often _(do) on Saturdays? 7) _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day? 8) The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays. 9) She and I _(take) a walk together every evening. 10)There _(be) some water in the bottle. 11) Mike _(like) cooking. 12)They _(have) the same hobby. 13) My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully. 14) You always _(do) your homework well. 15) I _(be) ill. Im staying in bed. 16)She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17)Liu Tao _(do) not like PE. 18) The child often _(watch) TV in the evening. 19)Su Hai and Su Yang _(have) eight lessons this term. 20)What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday. (3)按照要求改写句子 1) Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句) _ 2)I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句,作否定回答) _ _ 3) She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句,作肯定回答) _ _ 4) Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句,作否定回答) _ _ 5) We go to school every morning.(改为否定句) _ 6) He speaks English very well.(改为否定句) _ 7) I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问) _ 8) John comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问) _ 9) She is always a good student.(改为一般疑问句,作否定回答) _ _ 10) Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改为否定句) _ (4) 改错(划出错误的地方,将正确的写在横线上) 1) Is your brother speak English? _ 2) Does he likes going fishing? _ 3) He likes play games after class. _ 4) Mr. Wu teachs us English. _ 5) She dont do her homework on Sundays. _(二)一般过去时1、一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, When I was a child, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? (注意:just now 是刚才的意思,用在过去时中,now 是“现在”的意思,通常用在现在进行时中,just是“刚刚”的意思,常用在完成时中)2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 (即that后面的句子用过去式)would (had) rather后直接加动词用动词原形,即would (had) rather do,表示“宁愿做某事”;但would (had) rather后加sb再加动词时需用动词过去式,即would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。 4) 以下情况可以用过去时表示现在,用来表示委婉语气。 (1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 (2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 5) used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing:对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 be used to + do则表示被动语态,表示“被用来做什么”,如 The knife is used to cut fruit.这把刀被用来切水果。典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. (你的电话号码是多受啊?我没有听清。)- Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 解析:答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 2、动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种,均需熟记!规则变化规律如下: (1)一般情况直接加ed,如askasked,workworked (2)以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如loveloved,dancedanced(3)以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为i,再加ed,如trytried,studystudied (4)以一个元音和一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节结尾的动词(以重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母),先双写末尾这个辅音字母,再加ed,如stopstopped,permitpermitted注:A.以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如controlcontrolled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如traveltraveled(美)/travelled(英)。 B.特例:picnicpicnickedpicnicked (去野餐), traffictraffickedtrafficked(交易,在通行) 另外,还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需要熟记.(见不规则动词变化表) C.读音与说明: .-ed在清辅音音素后发音为t:helped,liked,finished,fetched,stopped,clapped .-ed在浊辅音和元音后发音为d:believed,changed,planned,preferred,followed,stayed .-ed在t、d后发音为id:wanted,needed,admitted,permitted(三) 一般将来时 1、一般将来时的构成及意义有以下几种形式:1) shall或will+原形动词:shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +原形动词,表示将来。有以下几种含义: a. 表示主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算作什么呢? b.表示计划、安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 表示有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,表示按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 2、 be to和be going to 区别be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 3、 用一般现在时表将来的情况1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 4、用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? (四) 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has) +过去分词。(仍然强调熟记:规则动词过去分词与过去式的变化规则及不规则动词变化表!) 1、 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语;现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆为不确定的时间状语;共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know等。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasnt handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 2、 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late. (was是过去时,前后时态一致,所以从句用过去完成时had been)2)This is +形容词最高级+that结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I havent received his letter for almost a month. 3、比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,“自从”;for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:非延续性动词不能用在有for/since结构的完成时中。用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 例如:1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. (汤姆三年以前开始学习俄语,现在仍然在学习俄语这样理解没什么问题!)2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. (汤姆三年以前开始结婚,现在仍在结婚这样理解不合逻辑呀!显然不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. )4、since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 5、延续动词与瞬间动词(即非延续性动词)1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (complete瞬间动词,表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(know延续动词,表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示做直到 ;瞬间动词用于否定句,表示到,才做。例如: He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。 (come back瞬间动词)He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。(sleep 延续动词) 典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 (五) 过去完成时 1、 概念:表示过去的过去,其构成:had +过去分词请看以下时间轴:-|-|-|-将来 那时以前 那时 现在 如果一句话所描述的是发生在“那时以前”的事情,那么就用过去完成时。2、 过去完成时的用法主要有以下几种情况:a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中(因为在这些从句中,told, said, knew, heard, thought使用了过去式,表明这些动作发生的过去,而其后宾语从句的内容又发生在这些动词表示的动作之前,也就是过去的过去,所以用过去完成时)。例如: She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她未曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 (小偷逃跑在前,警察到达在后)c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示原本,未能。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.我们原本希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3)过去完成时常用的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前,因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: 固定搭配had hardly when 表示“还没等 就”。例如: I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。 固定搭配had no soonerthan表示“刚 就”。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。 3、 用一般过去时代替过去完成时的情况1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等表示并列的连词连接时,多用一般过去时。例如: When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. (六)将来完成时 1、 构成:will have done 2、 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 (七) 现在进行时 1、现在进行时的基本用法有以下几种情况: a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 2、 有些动词不用于进行时态,这样的动词主要有:1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 (八) 过去进行时 1、概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2、过去进行时的主要用法:描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。 2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read;was falling B. was reading; fellC. was reading; was falling D. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。19
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