高考阅读理解训练之猜测语义.doc

高考阅读理解训练之猜测语义猜测语义题是近年的高考阅读理解中比较常见的题型，通常在一套试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的.这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力。如果考生具备了一定的猜词能力，那么对于降低生词率，排除阅读理解中某些生词的干扰和最终提高阅读理解速度和阅读能力都有极大帮助。因此，今天我们来谈一谈如何猜测语义的方法。常见的设问方式：1. The underlined word “”probably means _.2. The word “”used in paragraph “”refers to/suggests_.3. The phrase “”in the sentence can be replaced by _.4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “”?5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “”?6. By saying “”, we mean_.7. What do you think of the expression “”stands for?8. The meaning of word “”in the passage is related to_.猜词规律探寻：一过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义。（1） 定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。） 等。（2） 解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is(to say), in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。（3） 有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。（4） 还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-men and women were allowed only one spouse(配偶) at a time. Exercises:1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man.3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre.4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people.Test 1There is no cure for Alzheimers. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms(症状). (NMET2004湖北卷B篇)61. What is ARICEPT？A、A medicine to cure Alzheimers.B、A medicine to delay signs of aging.C、A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimers.D、A medicine to cure brain damage.Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. (2004福建卷E篇)(1)According to the passage, The Pines is a _.A. place in which you can see many mobile homesB. mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC. town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food二利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实或说明某一观点，常会举一些例子，而且时时会用一些标志性语言或标点符号来引出，如：括号、破折号、冒号等或诸如for example, for instance, such as, and so on, just as, like, similarity 等连接词或词组。eg. 1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Times and The listener. 2. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles. Exercises:1. Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.2. Apply an antiseptic, such as alcohol, on the skin.3. In the corner there may be a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shining ornaments such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gifts.Test The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices - deluxe sedans，minivans，station wagons，coaches，Santana sedans are the big favorite. (NMET2001全国A篇)56 The words “deluxe sedans”，“minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refers to _.A、cars in the makingB、car rental firmsC、cars for rentD、car makers三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义（1） 利用反义关系推测语义 有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词，或者表转折意义的连词，词组等，抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义。 标志词有 although, but, however, whereas(反之),nevertheless(然而，不过)，on the contrary, in contrast（相对）, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead(of), rather than 等。（2） 利用同义关系推测语义通常情况下，英语忌讳实词重复。避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词加以代替。同义词替换的修饰方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。标志词有：or, like, similarly等。eg. 1. 104 studies, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism (乐观主义) can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. 2. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.Exercises:1. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck remains grubby.2. Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous.3. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.4. He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.5. Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味)，we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.Test 1The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.(2004江苏卷E篇)（1） The underlined word “agony” in the last paragraph probably means_.A. form B. condition C. pain D. sadnessTest 2The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a cork(软木塞) in water.（2） The word “buoyant” in this sentence most probably means_.A. able to be used B. able to move from one place to anotherC. able to float or rise to the surface D. able to carry anything四用语境猜测语义（1）利用“小”上下文推测词义，即利用生词附近的内容推断生词词义。如：I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give up easily.（2）利用“大”上下文推测词义，即利用距离生词较远的内容，如整个段落、篇章等来推断生词词义。 eg. Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did it become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives! It keeps people at home much more. It has made the remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip makes feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions are zipped, such as the coronation(加冕典礼) in 1953 and the opening of Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from zip are the notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip cameras and know that every movement, every gesture will be seen by a “zip personality”. Perhaps we can sympathize when Members of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zipped.Exercises:1. When I got to the theatre, I was relieved to see that nobody was waiting inline. I was the first to get there and sure that I could get the ticket without any problem. Question: The underlined word “relieved” in the passage may best be replace by _. A. surprised B. pleased C. produced D. sold2. Apple trees may not grow as tall as twelve metres. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree. Question : The underlined word “yielded” in the last sentence means_.A. improved B. increased C. produced D. sold TestThese days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.Green building means, “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U.S. Green building council in Washington, D.C. said.61. In the second paragraph, the underlined phrase “the building” most probably refers to _. A. an ordinary building B. an energy-saving building C. a green-colored building D. a building in Washington, D.C.五利用构词法猜测语义掌握前后缀规律， 如un-, im-, in-, dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful, -ly, -ism, -ness等可改换词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要求结合上下文来猜测。eg. 1. Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the road2. “Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes “the two share little about their innermost feelings”3. Impressionism is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting look like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture.TestWithout examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them? A form of favoritism will replace equality.(2004上海试C篇)（3）The word “favoritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_.A. bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobsB. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certification are favored in job marketsD. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success六因果关系猜测词义常见的因果信号词有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, since, consequently, so that, so/suchthat等。eg. She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was to long.Exercises: 1. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.2. He didnt hear my knocking at the door because he was completely engrossed in TV.3. It rained, so the football match was postponed.4. The young man was so bashful that he didnt speak to the pretty girl.七. 利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，结合社会文化背景和自身的生活经验以及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以下正确猜出语义。eg. 1. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.2. Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold weather.Exercises:1.The driver tried to avert the accident by bringing the car to a sudden stop.2. If a man feels very cold, he always huddles himself up.3. What could John expect? He had left his wet swimming trunks(游泳裤) in the dark closet for over a week. Of course they had begun to mildew.4. A fish breathes in water with gills.Test1Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.(1)The word “pillion” in this sentence probably means _.A. an object used for sleeping B. a bay on which on can restC. a seat for second person on a motorcycle D. a place for sittingTest2One of Britains bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police Killer David Bieber and was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said she could be in line for a share of up to30,000 reward money. (2) The underlined phrase “be in line for” in paragraph 1 means _. A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own八熟词生义猜测熟词的陌生意义通常有三种情况：（1）该熟词在新的具体语境中有了和原来考生所熟悉的意义不同的意思；（2）考查一些代词的指代现象；（3）新词在新的语境中变换了词性。eg. 1.The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service. 2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?3. Many people work to keep animals from being killed. Some people help animals as part of their job, others do it just because they like animals.Question: In this paragraph, the word “their” refers to _. A. some people B. some animals C. many people D. many animals 4Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.思考：延伸到完形填空 Things were very bad that particular winter. Then a letter came from where her sewing machine was brought, announcing that they would have to pick up her machine the next day unless payments were brought up to date. I remember that when she read the letter I became frightened. I could _41_ us starving go death and all sorts of things that could come to childs mind. 41. A. suppose B. picture C. stand D. regret附录：熟词有新义1fire vt. 解雇2fine vt. 罚款3fall n. 秋天4wind vt. 使弯曲前进或迂回、蜿蜒5lay vt. 下蛋、产卵6spring n. 泉水、弹簧、弹力；vt. 跳跃7mine n. 矿山；vt. 开采（矿物）8can n. 罐头9bear vt. 忍受10stand vt. 忍受课后思考还有哪些熟词生义的例子：高考实战训练：2003北京春招B篇As you move around your home, take a good look at the things you have. It is likely that your living room will have a television set and a video, and your kitchen a washing machine and a microwave oven. Your bedroom drawers will be filled with almost three times as many clothes as you need. You almost certainly own a car and possibly a home computer, holiday abroad at least once a year and eat out at least once a week.Now, perhaps, more than ever before, people are wondering what life is all about, and what it is for. Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. They feel that the long-hours work culture to make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives, leaving them very little time or energy for family or pastimes. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year. One couple who downshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London. He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank. They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs(郊区), leaving their two children with a nanny（保姆）. Most evenings Daniel wouldnt get home until eight or nine oclock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings. They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays, they run a farm in the mountains of Wales. “I always wanted to have a farm here,” says Daniel, “and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift. Its taken some getting used to, but its been worth it. We have to think twice now about spending money on car repairs and we no longer have any holidays. However, I think its made us stronger as a family, and the children are a lot happier.”Liz, however, is not quite sure. “I used to enjoy my job, even though it was hard work and long hours. Im not really a country girl, but I suppose Im gradually getting used to looking after the animals. One thing I do like, though, is being able to see more of my children. My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about it too much or you might not do it at all.”63What does the underlined “it” in the last paragraph refer to?AChild-caring. BLizs advice.CDownshifting DLizs job.64The underlined word “downshifting” in the second paragraph means_.Arepairing your car by yourselfBspending money carefullyCmoving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better lifeDliving in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a wee小结：生词不可怕，只要方法得当，不是不可攻克。方法多，但不可孤立，要综合应用，做到优化解题。我的收获：我的思考：思考：从2和4中的高考例题中我们可以得出：（关注社会知识性的文章，以丰富我们的社会阅历，社会知识，以助我们解题。）