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非谓语动词不定式 to do not to do主动被动一般to doto be done进行to be doing完成to have doneto have been done完成进行to have been doing1. 做主语 To see is to believe.形式主语用it It is to do.2. 做宾语 demand to do 形式宾语用it I found it easy to do3. 做宾语补足语1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：advise, allow, cause, command, enable, encourage, forbid, force, instruct, invite, like/love, order, permit, want, get, warn, persuade, request, send, tell, ask, urge2) feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, make, have, let 不带to, (1感，2听，3使动，5看) 改成被动有to, let 除外3）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，to be 可以省去。believe, consider, prove, find, think等4. 做定语1) way, ability, ambition, attempt 等+to do2) the only, the first, the last, the next, 序数词，形容词最高级+to do3) nowhere, never, everywhere + to do4) 表将来 the few weeks to come5) 当心介词 Hes looking for a house to live in. 6) I have something to wash 与 I have something to be washed 区别5. 做状语，表示目的，结果，原因1) I came here to see you. (目的)in order to, so as to, just to2) He hurried to the school, (only) to find nobody was there. (结果) soas to, such as to, enough to, tooto, only to 注：tooto可以不是否定意义，例如，too ready to help you cannot.too, only too + adj.3) Im glad to help you. (原因)6. 做表语 My job was to teach children during the summer vacation.7. 独立成分 To be honest, to tell you the truth, to begin with, to make a long story short8. 与疑问词连用，what/how/where/when to do why 和 why not 除外9. 不定式时态 现在和将来 to do 过去 to have done hope 等表示意图、愿望的词，I had hoped to do=I hoped to have done10. 语态， 主动，被动 (见表格)11. 不带to的不定式1) 1感，2听，3使动，5看2) Why, Why not3) would rather/sooner do than do would do rather than do4) cannot but do5) cannot help but do= cannot help doing6) 有do 省to (but, except)7) may as well do, may well do12. for sb to do 与 of sb to do 区别动名词 doing主动被动一般doingbeing done完成having donehaving been done动词后doing 不用完成时，介词后面doing可用完成时表过去发生的事情1. 做主语 Seeing is believing 形式主语it Its no use/good doing Its not any use/good doing, useless2. 做表语 My job is teaching English.3. 做宾语 例如 finish doing 注a. allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend doingsb to do b. need, require, want, deserve 用法 c. to 为介词 look forward to doing d. 句型 There is no + -ing. 意思为不可能干 There is no telling whatll happen.4. 做定语 a writing desk a reading room.5. 动名词复合结构1) 主语 名词、代词所有格 有生命 宾语 所有格、宾格、普通格2) 无生命 普通格3) this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone 普通格6. 时态和语态7. 动名词和不定式的区别1) 动名词 一般，抽象，过去 不定式 具体，特定，现在和将来2) 某些动词不定式和动名词的区别 forget, go on, like, mean, remember, stop, regret分词主动被动现在分词一般doingbeing done完成having donehaving been done过去分词donehaving been done 与done 基本等价，having been done和 having done 多用于跟“for+一段时间的短语”连用，或强调动作先后1. 做定语，可改成定语从句，主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词 The man (who is) standing there is our teacher. The boy (who is) criticized by the teacher is my classmate. Of all the books (that have) ever (been) written, this is the best one. 注a. 两个动作有先后，需要用定语从句。 The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. b. 比较 falling leaves 和 fallen leaves2. 做状语，主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. If heated, water changes into stream 注 a. 逻辑主语需保持一致。 b. with 表示伴随的用法 to do, done, doing3. 做表语 区别-ing 和 -ed the puzzled look4. 做宾语补足语 see sb doing1) see/hear等 sb do与 see/hear sb doing区别2) have 的用法 使动：have sb do, have sth done have sb doing not have sb doing 有： have sth to do3) get 的用法 get to do get doing getdone4) set sb doing5) make sb do, make sb + adj. make oneself done5. 分词与不定式做状语的区别1) 目的状语用to do 不用分词，做题目时一定要排除 for的选项2) 不定式表出乎意料的结果， 分词表自然结果复合句名词性从句 （从句当名词用）1 主语从句1） 做主语，引导词： that, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how, why2） It 形式主语 It is strange that you should like him.2 表语从句1） 做表语，引导词： that, whether, as if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why2） as if 的虚拟用法 He looked as if he had seen a ghost He looked as if he were Chinese.3 同位语从句1） 名词后，补充说明名词，通常是信息类词 fact, news, promise, reason, idea, truth 等2） 引导词： that （不用which）, how, when, where, why 例：Word came that3） 句型： the reason whyis that4 宾语从句1） 做及物动词或介词的宾语2） 引导词： that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why等3） Do you know who theyre waiting for? Who do you think/suppose theyre waiting for?4） it 做形式宾语 We find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.5 只能用whether, 不能用if 的情况1） 主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句2） 介词后 depend on whether3） Whether to do4） Whether or not5） 让步状语从句 Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.6 doubt用法1） 肯定句，that, if whether； doubt that意思是“认为未必可能”2） 否定和疑问句, that3） There is no doubt that定语从句 （从句当形容词用）1. 结构： 先行词（名词/代词） 关系代词/副词2. 关系代词 5个：which, that, who, whom, whose关系副词3个：why, when, where3. 5个关系代词分别指人？物？用于什么成分 （主语，宾语，定语）4. 关系代词在做从句中做宾语时可以省略5. 什么时候用关系代词/副词6. 关系副词=prep. + which7. whose 3种用法: the windows of which, of which the windows, whose windows8. 只能用that不能用which的6种情况1） 先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等2） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰3） 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰4） 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰5） 先行词中既有人又有物6） 句子中有who，避免重复9. 非限制性定语从句1） 结构： ., 关系代词/副词2） 不能用that, which 指代前面整件事情和部分内容10. 只能用which不能用that的情况1） 非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事和部分内容2） prep. + which11. as 的用法 1） 限制性定语从句中： suchas, the sameas2） 非限制性定语从句中： 例：as is known to all, as we all know12. which 和as 的区别 1） 非限制性定语从句：which 不能放句首，as 可；as有“正如，就像”意思，which 没有； 2） as (be) + 过去分词/形容词 （than也是）13. the sameas （相似的两样东西）与the samethat（同一样东西）的区别14. suchas（定语从句）与 suchthat（状语从句，从句句子完整）的区别15. what 的用法1） what = 先行词 + 关系代词2） I will give you what help ( = any help that) I can3） A is to B what C is to D 状语从句 （从句当副词用）1 时间状语从句1） 引导词： when, as, while, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as, hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan the moment, each time, immediately等2） 时态用主将从现，但“将”中不能用 “be going to”3） when, while, as区别：when时间点 (be about to do 后面一定用when)while时间段（还意为“而”、“虽然”） as 一边一边，随着 （注意和with n. 表“随着”区别）4） till和until表示“一直到”，主句从句都用肯定；表示“直到才”，主句否定，从句肯定He worked until it was dark. He didnt get up until his mother came in. not until 的倒装，强调句型5） as soon as的等同结构instantly, immediately, directly, presentlythe moment, the instant, the second, the morning, the first/last time, any/each/every time, 6） hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan时态： I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.倒装： No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.7） sinceIt is (has been) years since I worked there. （我不在那里工作已经几年了）Ive been working there for 3 years.Ive been working there since 2000.I have lived there ever since.8） beforeIt will (not) be long before.doesIt was (not) long beforedidThe roof fell before he could do anything.before we know it转眼之间2 原因状语从句1） 引导词： because, in that, since, seeing that, now that, as, for, not thatbut that, considering2） because与for区别： because肯定的原因，for猜测的原因，通常前面有逗号3） since 与as 区别：as 语气较弱，多用于口语中3 地点状语从句1） 引导词： where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere2） 不要和where 引导的定语从句混淆We shall go where working conditions are difficult.We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult3） Where there isthere is4 条件状语从句1） 引导词： if, provided, providing, unless, suppose, supposing, on condition that, as/so long as, in case2） 时态： 主将从现5 让步状语从句1） 引导词： although, though, (主句不可用but，但可用yet) even if/though2） whether (or not)3） though/as 引导的倒装句 adj./n./adv./分词/v./ + as/though .4） whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, however等, 相当于 no matter what/when/who/which/how等whatever等引导让步状语、名词性从句； no matter what等只能引导让步状语从句做题技巧： however + adj. /adv. whoever可做兼语 whatever/whichever + n./ sb. do sth 6 目的状语从句1） 引导词： so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, 从句通常用情态动词，如may, can等2） lest, for fear that, in case 虚拟语气 + (should) do7 结果状语从句1） 引导词： so, so that, sothat, suchthat2） so和such加形容词修饰名词的用法 参见代词章节，3） So和Such 的倒装结构 So difficult is the word that nobody can write it.4） so that表示目的与结果的区别： 表结果用逗号与主句分开They started early so that they might arrive in time.He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.8 方式状语从句1） 引导词： as, just as, as if/though, (in) the way (that)He watched her as a cat watches a rat. You may do as you please.2） as if/though用虚拟和不用虚拟的情况 3） the way he talks, the way in which he talks, the way that he talks9 比较状语从句1） 引导词 as/soas, than, the morethe moreThe more you do exercise, the more good it will do (to) you.2） asas, if notthan He is as handsome as, if not more handsome than Peter.3） asso Air is to men, so water is to fish.动词的时态一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing过去didwas/were doinghad donehad been doing将来will dowill be doingwill have donewill have been doing过去将来would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing1.一般现在时1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实，格言或警句。3）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I am happy.4) 主将从现 （条件，时间状语从句）5）时刻表2. 一般过去时 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。2) 比较：Christine was a teacher all her life.（她已不在人间。） Christine has been a teacher all her life.（她现在还活着） She lived in Kentucky for seven years. （她已不再住在肯塔基州。） She has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （现在还住，有可能指刚离去）She has been living in Kentucky for seven years. (将来还会住)3) 过去不知道，现在知道的事情。例如：I didnt know you were here. (类似的，He wasnt noticing.)3.一般将来时 1）shall/will 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 注：此时态不用于主将从现中表“将”3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： If you are to succeed, you should work hard.4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。后面一定用when例如： I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 注：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来较远的时间状语连用。5）下列动词come, arrive, leave，start, begin, return 等用现在进行时表示将来6）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行，表将来。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 7）在make sure/certain that，see to it that, be sure that等的宾语从句中,用一般现在表将来。4. 现在进行时 1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。2) 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin, die等。例如：The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. Hes dying.3) 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 4) 表示感觉、愿望、状态的某些词没有进行时形式。have, hear, see like want 等5. 过去进行时 表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 I wasnt noticing when he talked to me just now.6. 将来进行时 1）表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如： Shell be coming soon. Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。7. 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。句子中一般没有具体的过去时间。1）比较：He has been to Beijing. He has gone to Beijing.2）for, since, ever since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, already, up to now, in the past few years, lately, recently等句型 It is/has been since It is/ has been five years since we last met. 3) 非持续性动词不能加表一段时间的状语come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married，marry, borrow, buy等4) 主将从现5）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时6）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。 8.过去完成时 1）表示过去的过去-|-|-|- 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3) 用于no sooner.than, hardly/scarcely.when9. 现在完成进行时比较：I have written a letter. 和 I have been writing a letter.10. 看到by 用完成时 动词的语态及物动词有被动一般进行完成现在am/is/are doneam/is/are being donehas/have been done过去was/were donewas/were/being donehad been done将来will be done-will have been done过去将来would be done-would have been done1. 表示据说或相信 的词组 It is said that It is reported thatIt is believed that It is hoped thatIt is well known that It is thought thatIt is suggested thatIt is taken for granted thatIt has been decided that It must be remembered that 2. 不用被动语态的情况 1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch， agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。3. 主动形式表示被动意义 1）wash, cut, sell, read, wearl, draw, write, sell等，与well, easily 连用。2）blame 3）need, require, want, deserve to be done doing (主动)4）worth （形容词） be（well）worth doing (主动)5) 开始结束 The museum opens at 8. 6) 系动词 feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear 等。倒装倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，全部倒装是谓语动词全部在主语前，部分倒装是助动词在主语前。完全倒装1. here, there, now, then + 动词 + 主语up, down, out, in, away, off等副词 + 动词 + 主语注：a 此结构不用进行时 b 代词做主语，不倒装2. 方位介词 （地点）放句首 South of the city lies.3. 表语 + 系动词 + 主语1） adj. v. s Present at the meeting were Mr. .2） -ed v. s. Gone are the days when.3） 介词短语 be s. Among the goods are.4. So, Nor, Neither 1） So he did 和 So did he 的区别2） So it is with him.部分倒装1. 虚拟语气中省略if 的情况， had, should, were可放在前面倒装2. n. adj. + as/though + 主语 + 动词 adv. 分词动词 as/though 主语 助动词注： n. 不用加冠词3. No sooner. Than., Hardly/Scarcely when. , Not until 的句型No sooner had I reached the station than it began to rain.Hardly had I reached the station when it began to rain.He didnt do his homework until his mother criticized him.Not until his mother criticized him did he do his homework.It was not until his mother criticized him that he did his homework.4. Never, Hardly, Under no circumstances, At no time, By no means 等否定词开头5. Many a time, Often, Not once 开头6. not onlybut also前倒后不倒Not only does he know English, but also he can speak French.注：如果not onlybut also后面加的是名词作主语，不用倒装，但要注意主谓一致Not only Tom, but also his friends, know English.7. adv. 助动词Only 介词短语 + 主语 状语从句 be 注： Only 后面不是状语不用倒装 Only Tom knows the answer.Only by doing sth. Only through sth.8. So/Suchthat 前倒后不倒So many questions did he ask that I got confused.Such a fierce dog did he have that I didnt dare to walk into the room.So frightened was he that he couldnt say anything.形容词和副词形容词1 形容词的位置县官行令杀国才 大形旧颜2 one, no, any, some, anything, something +adj.3 与系动词连用作表语 become, grow, feel, appear, prove, look, keep, smell, taste, sound, turn, remain4 补足语The news made everyone happy. He came home, sick.5 the + adj.6 做状语He went to bed, cold and hungry.7 某些表示健康的形容词只能做表语，不能做定语Well, ill (ill做定语的意思是“坏”), sick表语和定语都可以8 以”a”开头的某些词只能做表语和后置定语，不能做前置定语afraid, alike, alone, asleep, ashamed, awake, alive9 一些-ly结尾的词未必是副词friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, deadly, silly, orderly, timely10 复合形容词1） adj. + n.-edopen/narrow-minded, white-haired2） adj. + adj.red-hot, dark-blue3） adj. + 现在分词tired-looking, easy-going, good-looking4） adv. + 现在分词hardworking5） adv. + 过去分词newly-built, widely-used6） n, + adj. life-long, world-famous7） n. + 现在分词peace-loving, earth-moving, mouth-watering8） n. + 过去分词snow-covered, hand-made9） No. + n.-edfour-storeyed, three-legged10） No. + n. ten-year, 300-word副词1. 副词的位置n. + adv. adv. + prep. adv. + 句子2. 某些副词的区别close, closely; free, freely; hard, hardly; late, lately; most, mostly; wide, widely; high, highly; deep, deeply; near, nearly; loud, loudly3. ago, beforeago以现在为起点，before以过去和将来为起点，泛指过去用before4. very, muchvery 修饰原级，much修饰比较级，修饰动词用much,或者very much5. too, also, either表示“也”too, also肯定句，either 否定句6. sothat, suchthat, so many, so much, so few, so littleso修饰可数单数，such修饰不可数，可数单数，复数7. almost, nearlynot nearly, almost not (这个not是一种否定形式)8. fairly, rather, quitefairly 好，rather不好，quite 中性 quite a few, quite a little, only a few, only a littlea fairly good actora rather difficult job, rather a difficult job, rather too difficult, rather a jobquite a difficult job9. cannottoo, cannotenough, cannot + 比较级10. far too + adj.11. not a little + adj. not a bit + adj. 形容词和副词比较级和最高级1 修饰比较级的词even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, yet, by far, ratherHe is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers2 两者之间的比较用the3 the morethe more4 more and more5 inferior, superior, junior, senior6 as.as, if not than 7 as +adj. +a/an +n. as8 that, those, one, ones, the one, the ones指代 (参见代词6. 不定代词)9 倍数表达A is 3 times the size of B. A is 3 times as large as B. A is twice later than B.10 最高级1） 形容词最高级用the, 副词最高级the可以省略2） 修饰最高级：much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means等3） the very +最高级 This is the very best choice.11 没有比较级和最高级的形容词，用quite修饰excellent, extreme, perfect, correct, right, wrong, ready, impossible, true, empty12 than词组1） less than 少于2） more than 不仅仅，超过，不止 (+n. adj. adv. v.)3） morethan 与其倒不如 （+ adj. n.）4） no more thanno less thanno morethanno lessthannot more thannot less than5） other than6） rather than7） no/none other than8） no otherthan 除外只有He had no other man to depend on than you.9） would rather/sooner dothan do10） know better than to do 不会愚蠢到去干代词一、 人称代词1 主格： I you he she it we you they宾格：me you him her it us you them2 介词后面用宾格3 Was it he who phoned. 4 Than, as 后主格和宾格都可以5 你、他、我二、 物主代词1 形容词型物主代词： my your his her its our their名词型物主代词： mine yours his hers its ours theirs2 双重所有格： an old friend of mine/my fathers （意思是多个当中的一个）三、 反身代词1 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves2 反身代词不能做主语3 词组： be oneself by oneself for oneself in oneself to oneself四、 疑问代词 1 who whom, which, whose, why, what, how2 疑问代词的强调句型: Why is it that he is late?五、 指示代词1 this, that, these, those1） this, these 近指； that, those 远指2） this, these 指后面要讲到的事； that, those 指前面提到过的事3） 词组： like that, that is to say, thats all, thats it2 such1） Such is my answer. Such are my answers.2） suchas, suchthat3） such as to do 是这样，以至于 I hope his illness is not such as to cause anxiety.4） so + adj. + a/an + n.（可数单数）such + (a/an) + adj. + n.（可数单数，复数，不可数）多和少： so little, so much, so many, so few5） no such thing, any such thing, some such thing3 same1） the same2） the sameas, the samethat.区别3） The same can be said of the other city （主语）What I want to say is the same （表语）I will do the same （宾语）六、 不定代词1 one, it区别it, 名称相同的同一物，one, 名称相同的另一物2 that, those, on
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