2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解22

2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题To facilitate entry into fine art thinking and avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand the principles that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fine or decorative. The traditional intent of a craft like ceramics is to serve a utilitarian function and its ability to act in this capacity is essentially dependent upon the skill of properly shaping a vessel to correspond to its task, so neither its exact manner of construction (by hand or wheel, coil or slab) nor the significance of imagery glazed on its surface changes its primary role “to contain”, though it may add to its value. While ceramicists must think and construct art according to certain patterns of utilitarian form, following a prototypal model that relates to the artworks purpose, fine art has no such requirement.Fine artists often work in mixed or new media, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period, which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later ones not only served “to contain”, but also to communicate ideas. An examination of this apparent inconsistency reveals both the Greeks high regard for aesthetics and the explanation that fine artists usually created the paintings on the vases made by potters. Though Greek vase painting differs greatly from the work of modern artist Pablo Picasso, he too painted on ceramic objects made by others. Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metal sculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, video imagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the cultures technology transforms, its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art.At the same time, changes in fine art indicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture, but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into art categories. Frequently, art that serves a decorative function is confused with both utilitarian and fine art because of its similar appearance, but the function of decorative art is the form itself, it is not compelled to fulfill either a utilitarian task or address concepts that exemplify its historic period. Communication would appear redundant if fine artists, like utilitarian and decorative artists, were to produce unlimited numbers of the same object. Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need to discuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it. Therefore, archaeologists should be aware that an artifact produced in any way by formula is not fine art. The fine artists process is continuous from the moment of conception until a piece is complete, and thus everything is thought of in terms of context, so that, as a general guide, archaeologists should consider no mark within a work unimportant and only define its meaning in relation to the whole piece.36.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with （ ）.37.According to the passage, the earlier vases mentioned in the second paragraph constitute which of the following?38.According to the passage, the form which fine art takes at any given historical moment is often dictated by （ ）.39.Which of the following best states the authors view of the argument that fine art may be distinguished as a category by its physical form?40.Which of the following statements about fine arts production is best supported by the information presented in the passage?问题1选项A.distinguishing mutually exclusive categoriesB.clarifying an apparent contradictionC.supporting new ideasD.analyzing a problem问题2选项A.The product of mixed media art, involving hybrid forms.B.A case of primarily utilitarian art being put to decorative purposes.C.Utilitarian art whose makers were solely concerned with functionality.D.Fine art, whose primary purpose is to convey aesthetic meaning.问题3选项A.the level of continuity in the artists thinking processB.the concepts which exemplify the historical period of its creationC.the technology available to the artist at the time the art piece is createdD.the level of skill which the artist brings to the art work问题4选项A.Outright approval.B.Skepticism.C.Neutrality.D.Indignation.问题5选项A.The best fine art is in some cases produced by formula, resulting in mass quantities of a singleobject.B.Once an artist creates a work, there is usually little benefit in his duplicating it, as it has already conveyed its meaning.C.In aesthetic terms, fine art is often considered superior to decorative art, whose beauty is limited by functionality.D.At the present historical moment, high technology like electronics seldom plays a role in arts other than fine arts.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】36.主旨大意。原文第一段第一句提到To facilitate entry into fine art thinking and avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand the principles that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fine or decorative.（为了便于进入美术思维，避免在基本方面被误导，考古学家必须理解定义和管理每一个艺术类别的原则，无论是实用主义的、精细的还是装饰性的。），说明作者在分析一个问题。从而得出本题答案。37.细节推断。根据题干“earlier vases”定位到原文第二段第一句Fine artists often work in mixed or new media, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period, which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later ones not only served “to contain”, but also to communicate ideas.（优秀的艺术家经常使用混合或新媒介的作品，以希腊古时期的花瓶为例，这是早期花瓶范式的一种反常，因为后期的花瓶不仅具有“容纳”的作用，而且还具有传达思想的作用。）分析第一句可知earlier vases指代前文的“mixed or new media”,从而得出本题答案。38.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“fine art” 定位到原文第二段最后一句Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metal sculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, video imagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the cultures technology transforms，its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art.（对比古代美术形式，如绘画、石雕或金属雕塑，与当代美术形式，如计算机艺术、视频图像和全息图，可以看到，随着文化的技术转变，其变化可见于美术的结构形式。）根据信息点“technology”,“visible” “the structural forms”即可得出本题答案。39.观点态度题。通读全文，根据原文作者论述的语调和原文最后一段第一句At the same time, changes in fine art indicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture, but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into art categories.（同时，艺术的变化表明其职责反映和创造新的文化的认知，但形式本身是不足以对象为艺术类别进行分类。）中“insufficient”可知作者的态度是skepticism，从而得出本题答案。40.细节归纳题。根据原文最后一段第四句Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need to discuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it.（一旦一个想法被文化所吸收，就没有必要再去讨论它，除非艺术家们能更清晰地定义或重新定义它。）中的信息点“an idea is assimilated, no longer a need”“clearly defining or redefining it”，即可得出本题答案。2. 单选题Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did Englands Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassalsboth lay and ecclesiastictook over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, nor expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern statenevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1.According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount needed for subsistence were used by medieval kings to（ ）.2.According to the passage, which of the following was an important source of revenue in medieval France?3.The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assets immediately available for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II4.It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government and the Church in medieval France because（ ）.5.The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill is that（ ）.6.The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which of the following theoretical assumptions often made by economists?7.The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “required considerable economic sacrifice” (lines 59-60) primarily for which of the following reasons?8.The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend to medieval men and women relative to its cost?9.Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?问题1选项A.patronize the artsB.sponsor public recreationC.wage warD.build cathedralsE.fund public education问题2选项A.CheeseB.WineC.WoolD.Olive oilE.Veal问题3选项A.III onlyB.I and II onlyC.I and III onlyD.II and III onlyE.I, II, and III问题4选项A.the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas was beginning to increaseB.an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in the population of citiesC.a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the armyD.food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed to surviveE.landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage of tenants annual yields问题5选项A.bell towers yield an intangible dividendB.bell towers provide material satisfactionC.water mills cost more to build than bell towersD.water mills divert funds from commerceE.water mills might well be destroyed by war问题6选项A.Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expect to receive from public activity.B.Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, or laborer controls a large enough share of the total market to influence market price.C.A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnel the resulting savings into the creation of capital.D.A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give up producing another good.E.There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply, to increase in a geometric progression.问题7选项A.Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.B.The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.C.Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did Henry II.D.Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyard expansion, the vineyards had not yet begun to produce.E.Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not very far above the minimum required to sustain life.问题8选项A.WarfareB.Vineyard expansionC.Water mill constructionD.Castle buildingE.Cathedral building问题9选项A.Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed by calculating the number of castles and cathedrals built during the period.B.Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds created by agricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth of medieval France.C.Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commerce in medieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.D.Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with the demands placed on the agricultural surplus.E.The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medieval France gives evidence of a rapidly expanding economy.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:E第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:E第8题:A第9题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词 “in excess of the amount” “subsistence”,将信息点定位到原文第二段第二句。“Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war.（以粮食增长形式出现的大部分盈余，很可能用于提高生活水平；又有因卖粮所得的银钱，用以打仗。）”即可得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。定位原文第三段。根据 “vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests（波尔多葡萄园的扩张表明，教会和商业利益之间对可用资本的争夺非常激烈）”即可得出本题答案。3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“commercial investment” “medieval France”，将信息点定位到原文第三段。根据“the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches” “though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.”从而得出本题答案。4.事实推断题。根据题干关键词“enter government and the Church”,将信息点定位到原文第一段最后一句。“As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.（只要那些耕种土地的人勉强能够保证他们自己和他们的地主的生存，所有其他活动都必须尽量减少，但是，当粮食盈余增加时，就有可能释放更多的人从事政府、商业、宗教和文化活动。）”即可得出本题答案。5.事实细节题。根据题干关键词 “new bell tower” “new water mill”,将信息点定位到原文第四段第五句。根据第四段第三句，“No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community.（毫无疑问，城堡和大教堂的建设并不是完全没有利润（也就是说，对建筑者来说），它为社会带来了无形的物质和道德满足的红利。）”即可得出本题答案。6.细节推理题。通读全文，可知作者的核心观点与选项C的表述最为吻合。从而得出本题答案。7.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“required considerable economic sacrifice”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句，“Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern statenevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.”即可得出本题答案。8.细节推断题。通读全文，能发现战争（战事）对中世纪人们的影响最大。从而得出本题答案。9.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现本文多次提及的关键词为“agricultural surplus” “Funds available for commerce” “medieval France”，从而得出本题的答案。3. 单选题Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?（1） an event takes place, newspapers are on the street （2） the details.（3） anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic （4） to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to （5） it.Radio, telegraph, television, and （6） inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8） and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9） and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to （10） out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, todays newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious （11） .Newspapers influence readers, economic choices （12） advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very （13） . Newspapers are sold at a price that （14） even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main （15） of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The （16） in selling advertising depends newspapers value to advertisers. This （17） in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends （18） on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment （19） in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information （20） the community, city, county, state, nation and world and even outer space.问题1选项A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before问题2选项A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given问题3选项A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever问题4选项A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose问题5选项A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write问题6选项A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other问题7选项A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So问题8选项A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed问题9选项A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed问题10选项A.provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch问题11选项A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events问题12选项A.onB.throughC.withD.of问题13选项A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose问题14选项A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in covering问题15选项A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance问题16选项A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success问题17选项A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured问题18选项A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something问题19选项A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered问题20选项A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:C第18题:C第19题:D第20题:C【解析】1.考查时间副词（短语）。Just when正当；While当时；Soon after不久之后；Before在之前；根据上下文判断，事件发生在前，报纸报道在后。soon after“不久以后”，符合句意。2.考查分词辨析。现在分词表示主动，报纸报道事件细节是主动的，所以用giving。3.考查关系代词。Wherever无论哪里，表地点；Whatever无论什么；However不管怎样；Whichever无论哪一个；由后一句on the spot（当场）可推断出应选地点状语wherever。4. 考查固定搭配。reason原因；cause成因；problem问题；purpose目的。由动词不