2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第14期

2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tend to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or antidiscipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the antidiscipline.The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the core “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life.In general, biochemists judged cytologists to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis.Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the hew discipline of molecular biologybiochemistiy that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modem cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its antidiscipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics.This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistiy Joseph Futon, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.”1.Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?2.The passage states that in the late nineteenth century cytologists deduced the（ ）.3.According to the passage, cytologists in the late nineteenth century were critical of the cell research of biochemists because cytologists believed that（ ）.4.Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?问题1选项A.Antithetical scientific disciplines can both stimulate and hinder one anothers research in complex ways.B.Antithetical scientific disciplines often interact with one another in ways that can be highly useful.C.As disciplines such as cytology and biochemistry advance, their interaction necessarily leads to a synthesis of their approaches.D.Cell research in the late nineteenth century was plagued by disagreements between cytologists and biochemists.问题2选项A.maps of chromosomesB.sequence of the movement of chromosomes during cell divisionC.spatial relationship of molecules within the cellD.role of enzymes in biological processes问题3选项A.the methods of biochemistry could not adequately discover and explain the structures of living cellsB.the methods of biochemistry were inadequate to account for all of the chemical reactions that occurred in cytological preparationsC.biochemists were not interested in the nature of protoplasmD.biochemists were too ignorant of cytology to understand the basic processes of the cell问题4选项A.An account of a process is given, and then the reason for its occurrence is stated.B.A set of examples is provided and then a conclusion is drawn from them.C.A general proposition is stated, and then an example is given.D.A statement of principles is made, and then a rationale for them is debated.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文首段先提出对立的思维和论文对学科的发展很重要，接着以细胞和生物化的关系对生物学发展的影响为论据进行论述，最后得出结论说明竞争观点的共同研究对学科发展的重要性，所以B选项对立的科学学科经常以非常有用的方式相互作用正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文 “They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures.另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。”分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知B选项染色体在细胞分裂过程中运动的序列正确。同时可知15题答案为A。3.细节事实题。根据原文：They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous. Network like, granular, or foam like. Their interest lay in core “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. 另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。同时，他们也远离了当时关于原生质(细胞内活物质的复合体)是否均匀的激烈争论。网状、粒状或泡沫状。他们的兴趣在于原生质化学性质的核心基本问题，特别是新形成的生命酶理论。” 分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知A选项生物化学方法不能充分发现和解释活细胞的结构正确。4.析推理判断题。本文釆取提出观点引用论据说一一得出结论的结构， 文中列举细胞学家和生化学家的实例对提出的观点进行阐述，所以C选项给出了一个命题，并给出了一个实例正确。2. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth Centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistant and reliable geological or archaeological and climatological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives from would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. Modem solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar-activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1.The author focuses primarily on（ ）.2.Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity is accurate?3.According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the argument in favor of the first model would be strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outline the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physicists问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.To both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.To one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena, whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the Earth.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the founder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.问题4选项A.Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distain past occurred in cycles having very long periodicities.B.At the present time the global level of thunderstorm activity increases and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.C.In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.D.Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar-activity cycles displayed the same periodicities as do present-day solar-activity cycles.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。A 选项“指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对 其各自的地质依据进行评价”， B选项 “简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并 且就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”， C选项 “讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”，D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化 的方法进行指责”，根据文章大意可以推断出C选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years.” “简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变”可知在第一种模式中，太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的 “In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time.” “在这种模式中，与太阳磁场相关的太阳机制变化更快，因此，太阳活动周期的特点也会在很长一段时间后有所变化”可知在第二种模式中太阳活动的周期也是和太阳磁场相关的，但是太阳活动周期是会有所变化的。所以A选项在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动被认为是太阳的一个长期特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。和C选项在一个模型中，太阳磁场被认为是导致太阳活动的一个因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。表错误，D选项文章中没有体现，所以B选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的“The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it.” “太阳活动极小期的真实性还有待考证，特别是中国当时肉眼观察到的太阳活动的记录又与其相矛盾”确定A选项他们认为,蒙德极小期的数据是建立不正确的。符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据第三段中 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years.” “简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变”确定D 选项“数亿年前太阳活动的周期性特征和如今太阳活动的周期性相同”是对第一种模式的支持。3. 单选题Give the previously expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches, the senators attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is（ ）.问题1选项A.laudableB.sincereC.authenticD.futile【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项laudable “值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere “真诚的，真挚的”； C选项authentic “真正的，真实的”；D选项futile “无用的，无效的”。根据句意她在先前的演讲中已经表现出兴趣和勃勃雄心，这位参议员试图说服公众相信她对竞选连任不感兴趣的做法是毫无用处的。D选项正确。4. 翻译题As higher education has expanded, it has become increasingly obvious that not all universities and not all degrees are equal: and now that students are paying for their education they are beginning to behave more like consumers. At some universities they are demanding more for their money-more hours of tuition, harder assignments. Many also seem likely to choose courses with the largest possible future earnings potential.In the past a university degree in Britain promised a bigger income premium than in most other OECD countries.Now that its scarcity value has gone, says Anna Vlenoles of London Universitys Institute of Education, initial average returns to degrees are very small. But those who study “hard” subjects such as accountancy, law, medicine, engineering or math continue to enjoy a premium. That may start a swing back to those subjects. A similar invisible hand may also work in the market for vocational qualifications. Until now, most of these have attracted little in the way of extra pay, and some have actively put off potential employers: the Institute for Fiscal Studies, a think-tank, calculates that low-level vocational qualifications actually inflict a pay cut of 5-20% on their holders, who are labeled as dummies.As the financial value of some university degrees sinks towards zero, training as a plumber or an engineer will look more attractive. And such jobs cannot easily be transferred abroad. Britain unlike Germanv, has never had a coherent system of vocational education, despite all the talk about the importance of skills and human capital. Critics say that new paper qualifications have raised young peoples hopes, but have not led either to university or to a job. That is particularly true among some of Britains ethnic minorities.【答案】随着高等教育的扩招，越来越明显的是，并不是所有的大学，或所有的学位都是等同的：由于学生要为他们所接受的教育付费，他们开始变得更像顾客了。过去，英国的大学学位比其他大多数经济合作与发展组织国家的学位能获得更多的薪金收入。而现在，它的稀缺价值不复存在，伦敦大学教育学院的安娜维格诺尔说，像最初的那种学位平均回报己经很小了。随着一些大学学位的经济价值几乎归零，作为管道工或工程师的职业培训看起来会更有吸引力。与德国不同，英国从来就没有形成系统的职业教育体系，尽管大家都在谈论技能和人力资本的重要性。5. 翻译题For over a decade Royal Dutch Shell, along with its Japanese partners, Mitsui arid Mitsubishi. Has been struggling to coax oil and gas out of the frozen seas off Sakhalin Island, in Russians far cast. Over the years the scheme has run into environmental protests, its projected cost has doubled to $20 billion and its completion date has receded.But it is now nearly finished. With oil and gas prices high and a flood of revenue imminent it is an odd time for the three owners to reduce their shareholding. Yet that is exactly what they offered to do this week, by selling a majority stake in the project to Gazprom, Russias state-owned gas giant.Gazproms masters in the Kremlin have made no bones of their desire to keep big energy projects in the family, so to speak. Russian officials had been making life difficult for the Sakhalin project by threatening dire consequences for minor environmental lapses. The shareholders, perhaps mindful of the fate of Yukos, a big Russian oil firm bankrupted by over-zealous tax inspectors, presumably concluded that Gazprom was making them, an offer they could not refuse.When it comes to energy, Vladimir Putins Russia seems prone to loutish behavior-despite constant claims that Russia is a reliable partner. In addition to mugging Yukos, it has often intimidated its neighbors with threats to cut off their oil or gas supplies. Earlier this year, when Lithuania (立陶宛)had the temerity to sell an oil refinery to a Polish firm instead of Russian one, the pipeline that supplies the refinery with Russian oil suddenly succumbed to a mysterious technical fault.Last winter Gazprom appeared to blackmail Ukraines new pro-Western government by cutting off the countrys gas amid a dispute over prices. The episode sent a chill throughout Europe, which relies on Gazprom for about a quarter of its gas. Japan, the fixture recipient of most of the gas from Sakhalin, will now also find itself at Gazproms mercy.Russias government, of course, is not the only to try to grab a bigger share of the takings as oil and gas prices go up. Britain recently raised taxes on production from the North Sea. And Russia has a strong incentive to rewrite the rules, since it agreed to generous terms for projects like Sakhalin back in the 1990s, when it had no money to develop its resources itself and was desperate to attract foreign investment. But its brutish behavior will probably backfire. The next time the oil price falls or money runs short, it might end up having to offer even more munificent terms to lure the oilmen back. Russia risks scaring off investors of all stripes, as well as potential customers for its oil and gas.Moreover, Russia still needs the expertise of foreign firms. Gazprom and its start-controlled counterpart in the oil business, Rosneft, are hopeless at increasing their output-except by buying up other fh-m assets on the cheap. So the Russian states insistence on developing its oil and gas by itself is not just bad news for the shareholders of Shell, Mitsubishi and Mitsui. It is also bad news for ordinary Russians, who will not see as much oil wealth as they otherwise might.What explains these self-defeating tactics? Mainly Mr. Putins belief that energy is a weapon with which to restore the lost greatness of the Soviet Union. No longer need Russia in the West cap-in-hand for money, as it did in Boris Yeltsins day. Now it can stand tall once more, not least in the neighboring ex-Soviet countries that many in Moscow have never reconciled themselves to losing.Whenever these places seem to look to the west, still