2022年考博英语-山西大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解38

2022年考博英语-山西大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned. This is because in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the countrys trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.1.According to the USDA, food deserts（ ）.2.Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to（ ）.3.The author seems to think that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million（ ）.4.The scholars in paragraph 3 believe that the USDA definition of a food desert is（ ）.5.Renton is mentioned in the passage to（ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to urban povertyB.are the direct cause of overweightC.tend to be found in poor rural areasD.refer to the places with a food shortage问题2选项A.address the growing weight problemB.ensure food safety across the nationC.increase access to healthier foodD.change the American way of living问题3选项A.isnt based on latest informationB.doesnt make much differenceC.represents a real progressD.is at least a good beginning问题4选项A.outdatedB.creativeC.justifiableD.problematic问题5选项A.tell us to put food deserts in perspectiveB.point out the solutions to food desertsC.raise public awareness about food desertsD.highlight the problems of food deserts【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第三句food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay（食物沙漠已经成为城市衰败的象征），可知食物沙漠与城市贫困直接相关，故A选项“与城市贫困直接相关”正确。B选项“是超重的直接原因”：根据第一段最后一句overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables（从未吃过有机蔬菜的超重顾客），可知文章没有提到超重和食物沙漠的因果关系。C选项“往往出现在贫困的农村地区”和D选项“指食物短缺的地方”：根据第一段第二句low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food（低收入家庭很少或根本无法获得健康新鲜的食物）文章没有提到农村，也不是食物短缺。因此A选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第一句Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017.（因此，米歇尔奥巴马(Michelle Obama)去年宣布了一项4亿美元的健康食品融资计划，目标是到2017年在全国范围内消除食品沙漠。），可知其目的是让更多人吃到健康食品，故C选项“提高健康食品的份量”正确。A选项“解决日益增长的体重问题”不是目的。B选项“确保全国食品安全”文章没有提到食品安全。D选项“改变美国人的生活方式”涉及很多方面，不能仅仅通过某个方面的措施改变。因此C选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned.（虽然从表面上看，这可能意味着该倡议有了一个出色的开端，但令人遗憾的是，它实际上并没有多买一根香蕉或避免喝苏打水。），也许意味着有一个很好的开始，代表作者不持乐观态度，与D选项“至少是一个好的开始”的乐观态度不符，D选项错误；但遗憾的是，这并没有让人多买什么东西，作者认为这没多大作用，故B选项“没多大区别”正确，C选项“这代表真正的进步”错误。A选项“不是基于最新的信息”：文章没有提到数据是否是最新或是很早以前的。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage（一些学者甚至说许多食物沙漠不过是幻想），可知有学者不认同食物沙漠这个词的出现，故D选项“有问题的”正确，C选项“有道理的”错误。A选项“过时的”和B选项“创造性的”和本题无关。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句和第三句The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert（该镇位于美国农业部的食品沙漠中心） Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.（然而，这里有一个卖有机水果和蔬菜的路边摊，一家摆满营养丰富的谷物的健康食品店，以及一家研究人员发现的吸引大批来自沙漠之外的消费者的超市。），结合文章开头美国农业部提出食物沙漠的定义，第三段作者提到自己认同的有学者提出食物沙漠是幻想的观点，可知作者认为食物沙漠这个现象不是大问题，不需要太过于重视，故C选项“提高公众对食物沙漠的认识”和D选项“强调食物沙漠的问题”错误；并且目的是让大家正确看待食物沙漠，故A选项“告诉我们要正确看待食物沙漠”正确。B选项“指出食物沙漠的解决方案”文章没有提到。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It has changed the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation cant be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held concepts about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers all these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrows achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more important, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.1.A characteristic of the information age is that（ ）.2.One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that（ ）.3.By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means that（ ）.4.The future will probably belong to those who（ ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingC.people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factoriesD.most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry问题2选项A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificantB.peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold trueC.most people have to take part-time jobsD.people have to change their jobs from time to time问题3选项A.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technologyB.future achievements in technology will bring about unbelievable changesC.the importance of high technology has been overlookedD.computer science will play a leading role in the future information service问题4选项A.possess and know how to make use of informationB.give full play to their brain potential are involved in the service industriesC.involve themselves in the service industriesD.cast their mind ahead instead of looking back问题5选项A.Computers and the knowledge societyB.Service Industries in the Modern SocietyC.Features and meanings of the New EraD.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第六句Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise.（如今，美国、欧洲和日本的大部分工作（其中许多国家三分之二或更多）都在服务行业，而且这一数字还在上升。），可知服务行业提供大部分工作机会，故D选项“服务行业提供大部分工作机会”正确。A选项“服务业越来越依赖女性劳动力”：根据第一段倒数第二句，越来越多女性参加工作，但不等于服务业越来越依赖女性。B选项“制造业稳步增长”和C选项“人们发现在工厂工作越来越难以谋生”：根据第一段第五句，制造产品的人比例急剧下降，没有提到制造业薪水问题。因此D选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第一段第十句it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself（它也形成一个基本的新的思考工作本身的性质的方式。）和最后一句Long-held concepts about jobs and careersall these are being challenged（长期以来人们对工作和职业的观念所有这些都受到了挑战），可见人们对工作和职业的思考方式完全转变成另一种新的，故B选项“人们关于工作的传统观念不再成立”正确。A选项“雇员和雇主之间的差异已经变得微不足道”：根据第一段最后一句，雇员和雇主之间的关系受到挑战，没有提到差异微不足道。C选项“大多数人不得不做兼职工作”：根据第一段最后一句，兼职工作更多，不等于大多数人不得不做兼职工作。D选项“人们不得不时不时地换工作”：文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。3.综合归纳题。第二段第一句We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解）和最后一句It will be the way you do your job（这将是你工作的方式），可知作者通过举计算机和其他发明的例子让读者知道未来技术的发展方向和对工作的影响，旨在表达要对技术的进步做出相应的反应，故A选项“人们应该能够对技术的进步做出迅速反应”正确。其余选项虽然作者有提到，但是不是核心意思。因此A选项正确。4.综合归纳题。在第二段中，作者提到We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie aheadlooking ahead 20 yearscast your mind ahead 10 years（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解展望未来20年以10年后的角度思考），可见作者反复强调现在就要把目光放在未来，故D选项“思考未来，而非看向过去”正确。A选项“掌握并懂得如何利用信息”：运用信息解决问题的能力是一方面，不是核心。B选项“充分发挥大脑潜能的人都从事服务业”和C选项“投身服务业”：服务业在近年来发展迅速，但文章没有重点讲在未来如何。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句A new era is upon us （一个新的时代正向我们走来）和后文强调随着时代发展人们社会生活的变化，可知本文主要讲新时代的特征和意义，故C选项“新时代的特征和意义”正确。A选项“计算机与知识社会”，B选项“现代社会的服务业”和D选项“信息技术的快速发展”都不能完整概括文章主旨。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Cardinal MEZZOFANTI of Bologna was a secular saint who was said to speak 72 languages. Or 50. No one was certain of the true figure, but it was a lot. Visitors flocked from all comers of Europe to test him and came away stunned. Two condemned prisoners were due to be executed, but no one knew their language to hear their confession. Mezzofanti learned it in a night, heard their sins the next morning and saved them from hell.Or so the legend goes. In “Babel No More”, Michael Erard has written the first serious book about the people who master vast numbers of languagesor claim to. A journalist with some linguistics training, Mr. Erard is not a hyperpolyglot himself (he speaks some Spanish and Chinese), but he approaches his topic with both wonder and a healthy dash of scepticism.To find out whether anyone could really learn so many languages, Mr. Erard set out to find Modern Mezzofantis. The people he meets are certainly interesting. One man with a mental age of nine has a vast memory for foreign words and the use of grammatical endings, but he cannot seem to break free of English word order. Ken Hals, who was a linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and died in 2001, was said to have learned 50 languages. Professional linguists sill swear by his talent. But he insisted he spoke only three (English, Spanish and Warlpirifrom Australias Northern Territory) and could merely “talk” in others. Mr. Erard says that true hyperpolyglottery begins at about 11 languages, and that while legends abound, tried and tested exemplars are few.At the end of his story, however, Erard finds a surprise in Mezzofantis archive: flashcards. Stacks of them, in Georgian, Hungarian, Arabic, Algonquin and nine other tongues. The worlds most celebrated hyperpolyglot relied on the same tools given to first-year language learners today. The conclusion? Hyperpolyglots may begin with talent but they arent geniuses. They simply enjoy tasks that are drudgery to normal people. The talent and enjoyment drive a virtuous cycle that pushes them to feats others simply shake their heads at.1.The word “hyperpolyglot” (para. 2) refers to the one who（ ）.2.By “a healthy dash of skepticism”, the author demonstrates Mr. Erards（ ）.3.Mr. Erards efforts to find the Modern Mezzofantis（ ）.4.What is the emphasis in the last paragraph?5.The passage is most likely a part of（ ）.问题1选项A.enjoys learning languagesB.receives strict language trainingC.speaks many languagesD.excels in language tests问题2选项A.biased opinionB.objective attitudeC.strong motivationD.extreme curiosity问题3选项A.are not very fruitfulB.will not end in vainC.seem to pay offD.are highly appreciated问题4选项A.There is no shortcut in language learning.B.We all have the potential to be a good language learner.C.Some people are more gifted to learn languages.D.Good language learners have special learning techniques.问题5选项A.a research paperB.a science fictionC.a news reportD.a book review【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句A journalist with some linguistics training, Mr. Erard is not a hyperpolyglot himself (he speaks some Spanish and Chinese)，（埃拉尔是一名记者，接受过一些语言学训练，但他自己并不是（ ），他会说一点西班牙语和汉语），会说一点西班牙语和汉语用来补充解释前面的 hyperpolyglot，和C选项“会说多种语言”对应，hyperpolyglot是“语言狂人”，故C选项正确。A选项“喜欢学语言”文章没有提到。B选项“接受严格的语言训练”：Erard学过一些，说不上严格。D选项“擅长语言测试”，文章没有讲语言测试。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段最后一句Mr. Erard says that true hyperpolyglottery begins at about 11 languages, and that while legends abound, tried and tested exemplars are few.（埃拉尔说，真正的语言狂人大约从会11种语言开始，虽然传说比比皆是，但经过验证的例子却很少。），可知实际上语言狂人没有大家所知的那么多，所以Erard的怀疑是客观的，故B选项“客观的态度”正确，A选项“有偏见的观点”错误。C选项“强烈的动机”和D选项“极度的好奇心”和事例无关。因此B选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句To find out whether anyone could really learn so many languages, Mr. Erard set out to find Modern Mezzofantis. （为了弄清楚是否真的有人能学会这么多语言，埃拉尔开始寻找现代的Mezzofantis。），和第三段最后一句tried and tested exemplars are few（通过验证的例子很少），表明Erard的调查目的起码有些成效，故C选项“似乎有回报”正确。A选项“都不是很有成效”：在这过程中Erard遇到很多有趣的人，做了一些测试，得到一些结果。B选项“不会徒然结束”：没有提到后续相关事情。D选项“高度赞赏”：文中没有对调查结果的评价。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段最后两句They simply enjoy tasks that are drudgery to normal people. The talent and enjoyment drive a virtuous cycle that pushes them to feats others simply shake their heads at.（他们只是喜欢那些对普通人来说是苦差事的工作。天赋和乐趣驱动着一个良性循环，推动他们去完成别人根本不屑的壮举。），天赋和乐趣推动掌握多种语言的人持续不断的学习，也就是对普通人来说是苦差事又不屑的壮举，故A选项“语言学习没有捷径”正确。B选项“我们都有潜力成为一个好的语言学习者”和C选项“有些人在学习语言方面更有天赋”：有的人一开始或许是有天赋，但有天赋还不够，而持续学习不是普通人会做的。D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”：根据最后一段第三句The worlds most celebrated hyperpolyglot relied on the same tools given to first-year language learners today.（世界上最著名的语言狂人使用的工具和今天给一年级语言学习者是一样的。），可知D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”错误。因此A选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据文章通过多个例子证明自己的观点，可知本文是议论体裁，故A选项“研究论文”正确。B选项“科幻小说”：没有幻想和科技的成分。C选项“新闻报道”：讲述事例不够客观。D选项“书评”：没有详细评价和介绍书。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题This study involves monitoring the sleep（ ）of 100 mentally healthy people aged 45 to 80.问题1选项A.ordersB.rulesC.patternsD.characters【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项orders“顺序；命令”；B选项rules“规则”；C选项patterns“模式”；D选项characters“特征”。句意：这项研究包括监测100名45岁至80岁精神健康的人的睡眠（ ）。根据语境，睡眠和characters“特征”搭配比较合理。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题Of all the classical composers, Tchaikovsky has been a veritable gold-mine as a（ ）source of themes for popular arrangements.问题1选项A.lucrativeB.ostensibleC.orthodoxD.tentative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题Some of the worlds most important museums are confirming what weve suspected all along but didnt dare say: selfie sticks (自拍杆) are stupid.The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) has banned the sticks from their exhibition halls to prevent damage to the artwork. If youve ever set foot in MoMA youll know what a difficult experience it can be. Not because it isnt an exceptional art institution thats given the mind-expanding exhibitions, but because of other people. The MoMA is one of the worlds busiest museumsadd selfie sticks among the crowds and youve got a recipe for disaster.The same situation can be found at many famous tourist landmarks. Like seat belts, the selfie stick problem doesnt hit home until someone gets hurt. An increasing number of sites have seen the potential hazard and put a stop to things before a “tragedy” occurs. The Australian Open has banned selfie sticks. Sports and music stadiums around London have banned the stick, as well.Yet the real issue behind the selfie stick is the selfie itself. Its somehow become socially acceptable for us to take the narcissism (自恋) of adolescence and extend it through adulthood, manifested in selfies. I admit that I do enjoy the occasional guilty pleasure of a selfie, so I cant and wont be a hypocrite about it.When it comes to traveling, though, when it comes to once-in-a-lifetime visits to sacred landmarks and world-class museums, Id hope that we could all turn the lens away from ourselves.Or simply put the camera away. Travel writer Paul Theroux once told his readers: “I never bring a camerabecause taking pictures, Ive found, makes me less observant and interferes with my memory.” How much do we rely on photo graphs to remember our vacations? Does it really matter that we have a permanent documentation of every moment of our travels?What if we entirely let go of documenting and just simply experience? I tried it for a day. It is what I imagine skydiving would be like: terrifying at first, then exciting and finally, when I got my mind to stop subconsciously framing every street scene, I became more present than Ive ever been on a trip.1.What do we learn about MoMA?2.As mentioned in the passage, selfie sticks have been banned in the following events EXCEPT （ ）.3.According to Paragraph 4, the author considers selfies as（ ）.4.Travel writer Paul Theroux is quoted to（ ）.5.In “I became more present than Ive ever been on a trip” (last paragraph), the author feeling can be summarized as（ ）.问题1选项A.MoMA is one of the most visited museums in the world.B.Not everyone appreciates the exhibitions in MoMA .C.MoMA has to be heavily guarded to protect the artwork.D.Taking pictures in MoMA can be a pleasant experience.问题2选项A.museum visitsB.music performanceC.sports competitionD.tourist sightseeing问题3选项A.a waste of timeB.a real life saverC.sometimes enjoyableD.mostly boring问题4选项A.instruct travelers on how to take quality picturesB.remind people of the beauty of natural landmarksC.persuade travelers against taking too many picturesD.encourage people to travel around the world问题5选项A.shockingB.appreciatingC.excitingD.confusing【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第四句the MoMA is one of the worlds busiest museums（现代艺术博物馆是世界上最繁忙的博物馆之一），可知A选项“现代艺术博物馆是世界上参观人数最多的博物馆之一”正确。B选项“不是每个人都喜欢现代艺术博物馆的展览”没有提到。C选项“现代艺术博物馆必须戒备森严以保护艺术品”：根据第二段第一句The Museum of Modern Art has banned the sticks from their exhibition halls to prevent damage to the artwork.（现代艺术博物馆已经禁止在他们的展厅内使用棍子，以防止损坏艺术品。），可知现代艺术博物馆采取了措施保护艺术品，但不至于戒备森严。D选项“在MoMA拍照是一种愉快的经历”：根据第二段最后一句add selfie sticks among the crowds and youve got a re