2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第19期

2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题（ ） in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.问题1选项A.Judged the bestB.Judging the bestC.To be judged the bestD.Having judged the best【答案】A【解析】语法题。动词judge和句子主语the three students是逻辑动宾关系，后面有完整的主谓宾，所以使用表示被动意义的过去分词。排除B，D选项。由于judge表示的动作在主句动词award之前，因此可以排除选项C，所以A选项正确。2. 单选题The reception given to Kimuras radical theory of molecular evolution shows that when（ ）fights orthodoxy to a draw, then novelty has seized a good chunk of space from convention问题1选项A.imitationB.reactionC.dogmatismD.invention【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意对于Kimura激进的分子演化理论的介绍表明了当创新和正统斗争到一个结论，创新就从传统中得到了大块的空间。通过观察分析题目的结构可知orthodoxy对应的是题目最后一部分中的convention,都是表示“传统”，而空白处对应的是题目最后一部分中的 novelty,都表示“创新”，四个选项中只有选项invention能表示“创新”，所以D选项正确。3. 单选题Naturals energy efficiency often（ ）human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency （ ）the fireflys system.问题1选项A.engenders; manipulatesB.reflects; simulatesC.outstrips; rivalsD.inhibits; matches【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。首先看第一个空， engender “产生，引起 （某种感觉或情况）”；reflect “反映，反射（声、光、热等）”；outstrip “超过，胜过”；inhibit “禁止，抑制”，根据句意第一个空应该填“outstrip”；再看第二个空， manipulate “（暗中）控制，（熟练地）操作”；reflect “表明，显示”；rival “堪比某人/某物竞争，比得上某人/某物”；match “相配，与不相上下”；根据句意自然界的能量效率常常超过人类的技术：尽管莹火虫所发出的光亮极为强烈，但其热量却微乎其微。人类也是在近期才研制出能量效率能与萤火虫的发光体系相媲美的化学发光系统。 最适合填入第二个空的是“rival”，C选项正确。4. 单选题The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funds has been devoted to the study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence that this technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon lm been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials can have ever higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more that 100 to make them practical for commercial uses. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear m the final device Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This difficulty can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they only short-range order rather that the ling-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion only I microns of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of 100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 cents per square foot.Although many scientists wore aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to（ ）.3.The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for（ ）.4.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.discussing the importance of solar energyB.explaining the functioning of solar cellsC.presenting a history of research on energy sourcesD.describing a possible solution to the problem of the cost of photovoltaic cells问题2选项A.explain why silicon solar cells have been the center of researchB.demonstrate the superiority of amorphous materials over crystalline silicon.C.minimize the importance of recent improvements in silicon solar cellsD.contrast crystalline silicon with polycrystalline and ribbon silicon问题3选项A.discontinuing the space programB.increased funding for research on amorphous materialsC.further study of the history of silicon crystalsD.increased reliance on solar energy问题4选项A.critical and discouragedB.biased and unprofessionalC.analytical and optimisticD.hesitating and inconclusive【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。作者在开头指出，太阳能非常重要，进一步指出，太阳能电池显然是太阳能技术的重要组成部分，其成本高的问题尚未解决。作者接下来讨论对太阳能电池的研究以及生产硅电池遇到的困难。在第三段，作者指出，有一种解决问题的办法，那就是非结晶材料。所以全文的主要目的是把非结晶材料作为一种有可能解决太阳能电池成本高的问题，D选项描述了光伏电池成本问题的一种可能解决方案正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文 “Recently，there have been some imaginative attempts make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells. 最近，有一些富有想象力的尝试使多晶硅和带状硅的成本低于高质量的单晶；但到目前为止，这些成本明显较低的材料的效率一直低得令人无法接受。此外，这些材料之所以更便宜，只是因为晶体半导体中引入了无序，无序降低了晶体太阳能电池的效率”可知引入结晶半导体的无序会降低晶体硅太阳能电池的效率，C选项尽量减少近期硅太阳能电池改进的重要性正确。3.推理判断题。尽管作者没有明确提倡为非结晶材料提供更多的研究基金，但全文隐含了这一论点。在第一段中The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single crystal solar cells研究经费的大部分用于研究单晶太阳能电池”。根据第三段主题句可知，非结晶材料可以成为硅电池的替代品。因此可以推知，应増加对非结晶材料的研究基金。4.观点态度题。从文章可知，文中采用了大量的数据，有整数也有百分比；并且因为最后一段最后的内容表明作者的乐观的态度。本文通篇以事实描述的口吻向读者展示关于利用非晶材料节约太阳能发电节约成本的问题，并不带有主观色彩，而末尾对非结晶材料的使用又抱有希望，所以C选项分析的和乐观的正确。5. 单选题The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographs fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography way identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves -anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art. Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity - in short, an art.1.The author is mainly concerned with（ ）.2.Which of the following adjectives best describes the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism as the author represents it in Line 13?3.Why does the author introduce Abstract Expressionist painter?4.How did the nineteenth-century defenders of photography stress the photography?问题1选项A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining how photography emerged as a fine artC.explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches问题2选项A.ObjectiveB.MechanicalC.SuperficialD.Paradoxical.问题3选项A.He wants to provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modem art.B.He wants to set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters.C.He wants to provide a contrast to Pop artist and others.D.He wants to provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art.问题4选项A.They stressed photography was a means of making people happy.B.It was art for recording the world.C.It was a device for observing the world impartially.D.It was an art comparable to painting.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。A选项 “界定现代主义者对艺术的态度”； B选项解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的”； C选项“说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察。”；D选项 “界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们的艺术所具有的各种观点，并判定每种观点的价值”，根据文章大意可知最能概括文章中作者的主要思想的是D选项。2.根据文章第二段最后一句“It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism; the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.” “ 这说明他们就是把现代主义胜利所强加的艺术概念视为合理的，其合理程度是：艺术越强，对艺术的传统目的破坏得越大。”确定D选项 “矛盾的”正确，3.推理判断题。A选项 “他想列举哪些像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统上被接受的现代艺术目的的艺术家的例子”， B选项 “他想在抽象表现主义画家和 古典现代主义画家之间找出相似点”， C选项 “他想在流行艺术家和其它艺术家之间做一个对比”， D选项 “他想解释为什么严肃摄影，像其它当代视觉形式一样不是艺术， 而且也不应当充当艺术”。根据文章第三段第二句 “For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting” “例如，这些认为通过拍照可以摆脱绘画所表现的艺术的矫饰的摄影家，使我们想起了那些抽象表现主义画家设想通过集中于绘画的物理行为而摆脱古典现代主义绘画所表现的严肃的思想。”，确定A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.” “针对摄影是一种没有灵魂的、对现实机械性复制的指责， 摄影工作者声称摄影不是复制品，而是一种特殊的观察方式，是对平庸视觉的叛逆， 和绘画一样有艺术价值。”可知19世纪摄影的支持者通过指出摄影是一种艺术并且和绘画一样有艺术价值来对摄影进行维护，所以D选项 “摄影是一种艺术，可以和绘画相媲美”符合题意。6. 单选题Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite,（1） absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different（2）Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes;（3） the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing（4） must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product（5） money may not measure its true cost（6） society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the（7） of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a（8） Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the（9） of an opportunity to produce something else. In（10） how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the（11）of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.In a market（12） the price of a good and the quantity（13） depends on the cost of making it, and the cost,（14） , is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism（15） this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other（16） used up in producing them. But the price of these（17）, in turn, depends on what they can produce（18） -if the leather can used to produce handbags that are（19） highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up（20）.问题1选项A.composingB.imposingC.exposingD.disposing问题2选项A.usesB.waysC.areasD.forms问题3选项A.sinceB.unlessC.asD.if问题4选项A.plantB.firmC.processD.procedure问题5选项A.in regard toB.in terms ofC.in view ofD.in relation to问题6选项A.toB.inC.onD.of问题7选项A.chargeB.expenseC.priceD.value问题8选项A.productB.purposeC.resultD.rule问题9选项A.diminishingB.abandoningC.discardingD.substituting问题10选项A.decidingB.assessingC.predictingD.projecting问题11选项A.wantsB.desiresC.premisesD.facilities问题12选项A.stateB.systemC.conditionD.economy问题13选项A.presentedB.deliveredC.suppliedD.forwarded问题14选项A.accordinglyB.ultimatelyC.consequentlyD.practically问题15选项A.formulatesB.regulatesC.enhancesD.enforces问题16选项A.componentsB.substancesC.elementsD.materials问题17选项A.outputsB.inputsC.goodsD.articles问题18选项A.anywayB.somehowC.somewhereD.elsewhere问题19选项A.appraisedB.appealedC.approvedD.approached问题20选项A.passionatelyB.unanimouslyC.spontaneouslyD.correspondingly【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:A第7题:D第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A第11题:A第12题:D第13题:C第14题:B第15题:D第16题:C第17题:B第18题:D第19题:A第20题:D【解析】（1）动词辨析题。由所给出的选项可知，此处需要现在分词作伴随状语，相当于次要谓语，说明“地球表面有限”与“绝对资源短缺”的关系。据此判断，B选项imposing “强加”表明这种“绝对短缺”是一种自然状况，是我们无法改变的，用在此处最恰当。 A选项composing “构成”，C选项exposing “暴露，揭示”，D选项disposing “安排，处理”，四个词的词根相同，词义不同，属于干扰选项。（2）介词辨析题。从与介词in的搭配上看，四个选项皆可用，但据其下文看，涉及的都是资源的应用问题，故A选项uses“用法，用途”正确；B选项ways “方法；C 选项areas “领域”；D选项forms “形式”，均不合题意。（3）连词辨析题。上句说明了“相对资源短缺”的一个意义。此句则解释它的另一意义“投入资源的数量是有限的，它用于制造某种产品上的数量增加，必然导致在其他应用上的减少”。所以D选项if “如果”表示条件，正确。A选项“由于，既然”;B选项“如果不，除非”；C选项“因为”均不合句意逻辑。（4）名词辨析题。由上题的分析可知，C选项“过程”正确，manufacturing process意指“制造或生产某物的过程”。A选项“工厂”;B选项“公司”;D选项“程序”。（5）介词短语辨析题。根据句意判断，B选项“按照，就而言”，介词短语in terms of money修饰the cost of a product意为“一种产品的货币成本”。A选项“至于”，C选项“由于”，D选项“关系到”，均不符合语境。（6）介词用法辨析题。the cost of sth.意为“的费用或成本”，the cost to sb./sth.意为“所付出的费用或代价”。句意“一种产品的货币成本不能表明社会付出的实际代价”确定A选项正确。（7）名词辨析题。此空处于表语位置，应与其主语the true cost相呼应，所以D选项“价值，（公平的）代价”正确。A选项“要价，收费”；B选项“花费，开支”；C 选项“价格”，皆不适用。（8）名词辨析题。将各选项分别代入句中，A选项as a product“作为一种产 品”；B选项as a purpose “作为一种用途”；C选项as a result “作为一种结果，因此”；D项 as a rule“通常”，根据句意“比如，制造一架超音速喷气式飞机的实际成本， 就是因此而不能建造许多学校和冰箱的代价。”确定C选项正确。（9）动词辨析题。此题的前一句指出每项生产活动都消耗掉一部分社会可用资源，这意味着什么呢？根据句意它意味着放弃创造其他东西的机会。确定 B 选项abandoning “放弃”符合句意；A选项“减少”，C选项“丢弃”， D选项“取代”均不合句意。（10）动词辨析题。根据上一句的论断，此句提出建议，句意：在决定如何最有效地利用资源来满足社区的时，必须考虑到这一机会。所以A选项deciding “对作出抉择，觉得”正确。（11）动词辨析题。动词satisfy常与needs, demand, wants等词连用，句意：在决定如何最有效地利用资源来满足社区的需要时，必须考虑到这一机会。所以A “需要（之物）”正确；B “愿望，C “前提，D “设施”，均不合句意。（12）名词辨析题。market economy“市场经济”是常用搭配，而economy 又有“就经济体制而言的国家”，经济制度”之意，因而A选项“国家”，B选项“制度”均可排除；C “状况”不合句意， D选项正确。（13）动词辨析题。此空所需的分词修饰the quantity “数量”，句意：在市场经济中，一种商品的价格和供应量取决于制造它的成本，所以C 选项“供应（生产）”恰当，正确。A选项“提交”，B选项“运送，交付”，D选项“发送”，不合句意。（14）副词辨析题。句意：在市场经济中，一种商品的价格和供应量取决于制造它的成本，而成本最终是不制造其他商品的成本。此处的the cost不同于上句末的the cost of making it,而是指其后果造成的代价，B选项“最终，终极”正确。A选项 “因此”，C选项“因此，所以”，D选项“实际上”，均不合句意。（15）动词辨析题。此段第1句阐明了在市场经济体制下商品的制造成本与社会成本之间的连带关系。由此可见，这种关系是市场机制的突出特点。D选项“加强， 强调”正确，A选项“制定，用公式表示”，B选项“控制，调整”，C选项“提高，增加”， 均不合句意。（16）名词辨析题。由other可知，此处所需之词不仅指制做皮鞋所需的各种材料，还应包括投入的人工、时间等。句意：市场机制强化了这种关系。比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、燃料和生产过程中使用的其他元素的价格。C选项“成分，要素”最具概括性，符合句意。A选项“构成部分，部件”，B选项“物质”，D选项“材料”，太片面，不合句意。（17）名词辨析题。与上题类似，此处同样需要一个能概括各种要素的词，句意：但这些投入的价格，反过来又取决于它们能生产。B选项 “投入”正确。A选项“产出”，C选项“商品”，D选项“物品”，不合句意。（18）副词辨析题。根据句意但反过来，这些投入的价格又取决于它们在其他地方能生产什么判断，D选项“在别处”，意指生产其他商品，符合句意。破折号后的句子对此做了具体说明。A选项“无论如何”，B选项“以某种方式”，C选项“在某处”，不合句意。（19）动词辨析题。由后面主句中的will be bid up “会被抬高”判断，此处 用A选项“评价”符合句意如果皮革能用于生产消费者高度评价的手袋，。B选项“有吸引力”，非及物动词不可用被动语态，排除；C 选项“赞成”，D选项“处理，对付”，不合句意。（20）副词辨析题。根据if从句的句意如果这些皮革能用来生产消费者高度评价的手袋，那么皮革的价格将相应地上涨。，D选项“相应地”正确；A选项“热诚地”，B选项“一致地”，C选项“自发地”，不合句意。7. 单选题Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Suns rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated pe