2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1

2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The ability to recognize faces is so important in humans that the brain appears to have an area solely devoted to the task: the fusiform gyrus.Brain imaging studies consistently （1）that this region of the temporal lobe becomes active when（2） look at faces. Skeptics have countered, however, that these studies show only a（3）, but not proof, that activity in this area is essential for face（4）. Now, thanks to the willingness of an intrepid（5） , a new study provides the first cause-and -effect（6） that neurons in this area help humans recognize faces-and only（7） ，not other body parts or objects.An unusual（8） between researchers and an epilepsy patient led to the（9） .Ron Blackwell, an engineer in Santa Clara, California,（10）Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, in 2011 seeking better treatment（11）his epilepsy. He had suffered seizures since he was a teenager, and at age 47, his（12）was becoming less effective. Stanford neurologist Josef Parvizi（13）some tests to locate the source of the seizures-and also suggested that it might be（14）to eliminate the seizures by surgically destroying a tiny（15）of brain tissue where they occurred.Parvizi used electrodes （16） on Blackwells scalp to trace the seizures to the temporal lobe, about an inch（17） Blackwells right ear. Then, surgeons placed more electrodes on the（18） of Blackwells brain, near the suspect point of origin in the temporal（19） . Parvizi stimulated each electrode in turn with a mild current, trying（20）Blackwells seizure symptoms under safe conditions. “If we get those symptoms, we know that we are tickling the seizure node，” he explains.问题1选项A.investigateB.revealC.findD.found问题2选项A.researchersB.peopleC.humanD.objects问题3选项A.corrosionB.counterfeitC.correctionD.objects问题4选项A.recognitionB.realizationC.imaginationD.description问题5选项A.counterpartB.fellowC.suffererD.partner问题6选项A.evidenceB.sourceC.witD.facture问题7选项A.facetsB.facesC.facialD.facile问题8选项A.collaborationB.deliberationC.matchingD.gathering问题9选项A.imaginationB.conclusionC.combinationD.discovery问题10选项A.drove toB.held upC.came toD.made way for问题11选项A.forB.forthC.aboutD.with问题12选项A.treatmentB.medicationC.perceptionD.operation问题13选项A.pointedB.managedC.suppliedD.suggested问题14选项A.clearB.worthyC.possibleD.certain问题15选项A.areaB.segmentC.fragmentD.par问题16选项A.installedB.settledC.placedD.distilled问题17选项A.aroundB.aboveC.beneathD.across问题18选项A.surfaceB.surficialC.surferD.surfeit问题19选项A.scalpB.sectionC.lobeD.leaf问题20选项A.to irrigateB.to triggerC.to barrelD.to flick【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:A第12题:B第13题:D第14题:C第15题:A第16题:C第17题:B第18题:A第19题:C第20题:B【解析】（1）考查动词词义辨析。investigate 调查，研究；reveal 揭露，透露；find发现。这里指“通过脑成像研究的发现”，所以C项符合题意。 答案C。（2）考查名词词义辨析。此处意为：当人们看着人脸时，颞叶的这一区域会变得活跃。people这里泛指所有人，故答案为B。（3）考查名词词义辨析。corrosion腐蚀；counterfeit伪造品；correction改正；objects物体。 由后文的“but not proof没有证据”可知C项正确。答案C。（4）考查名词词义辨析。recognition 识别，承认；realization实现，领悟；imagination想象力；description描述。文章开头就指出“面孔识别能力非常重要”，故A项正确。答案A。（5）考查名词词义辨析。intrepid勇敢的，无畏的，由于癫痫是一种病，综合上下文，可以知道这里是选择患者。Counterpart配对物；fellow同事；sufferer患者，受害者；partner伙伴，合伙人。答案C。（6）考查名词词义辨析。evidence证据；source来源；wit智慧；facture制作，发票。通过上下文语境可知，前面还没有有力的证据可以说明两者之间的关系，后面已经找到这种因果证据，所以，可知答案选择A。（7）考查形近词辨析。facets面状；face脸，表面；facial面部的；facile温和的。神经元只能区别脸部，后面not other bodyparts or objects.可知答案为B。（8）考查名词词义辨析。collaboration合作，勾结；deliberation审议，考虑；matching相配的；gathering聚集。由between.and可知这里考查的是两者之间的合作, 答案A 。（9）考查名词词义辨析。imagination想象；conclusion结论；combination结合；discovery发现。通过上下文的语境可知答案为D 。（10）考查动词词组辨析。drove to 驱车前往；held up举起；came to前来；made way for给 让路 此处句意为：布莱克威尔只身来到斯坦福大学参加治疗。只有C项符合语义。答案C。（11）考查介词词义辨析。for “为，为了；给”，符合题意，答案A。（12）考查名词词义辨析。treatment “治疗，疗法；medication “药物；药物治疗”，分析上下文可知这里是指药物治疗，所以后面布莱克威尔才来到斯坦福做外科手术。答案B。（13）考查动词词义辨析。Point指向；supply供应；manage管理；suggest表明。由also suggested可以推出此处答案为suggest，答案D。（14）考查形容词词义辨析。Clear清晰的；worthy值得的；possible可能的；certain肯定的。帕维茨认为是非常可能的，这里只是他的推测，并不是很确定。故答案C。（15）考查名词词义辨析。area 区域，范围；segment 段，部分；fragment 碎片，片断；par 标准，票面价值。 由上下文可知答案为A。（16）考查动词词义辨析。Install安装；settle解决，安排；place放置，任命；distill提取，蒸馏。由“placed more electrodes on加更多电极在上”可知C项符合题意。答案C。（17）考查介词词义辨析。医生将电极放置在布莱克威尔的右耳上一英寸的地方，B项符合句意。答案B。（18）考查形近词词义辨析。surface表面，表层；surficial地表的；地面的；surfer 冲浪运动员，surfeit 过度；饮食过度； 这里是指将电极放置在大脑的表皮层。答案A。（19）考查名词词义辨析。Scalp头皮，战利品；section地区；lobe（脑、肺等的）叶，耳垂；leaf叶子。temporal lobe表示颞叶，故答案为C。（20）考查动词词义辨析。trigger引发，触发；irrigate灌溉，冲洗；barrel把 装入桶内；flick 轻弹，轻轻拂去。由句意“在安全的条件下尝试了40次去触发布莱克威尔的癫痫症状。”可知答案为B。2. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.尽管美国的制造业就业岗位长期流失，但由于在飞机和高科技设备等高价值的研发 和生产等方面能力卓越，美国的制造业方面仍处于世界领先地位。与此同时，中国的主 要产品还是低成本的服装和消费类电子产品。在产品价值方面美国的产品占世界制造业 总产值的20%以上，大约是中国的两倍。中国的人口众多，国民人均产值仅为美国的 1/7；在居民生活水平方面，中美两国的差距就更大了，中国家庭产品的平均消费只有美 国的1/14。【答案】Despite a long history of lost manufacturing jobs, the U.S. leads the world in manufacturing because of its ability to develop and produce high-value products like airplanes and high-tech equipment. Meanwhile, Chinas main products are low-cost clothing and consumer electronics. In terms of value, the United States produces more than 20 percent of the worlds manufacturing output, about twice as much as China. China has a large population and its per capita GDP is only 1/7 of that of the United States. In terms of living standards, the gap between China and the United States is even wider, with the average household product consumption in China being only one-14th of that in the United States.3. 单选题Although she gives badly（ ）titles to her musical compositions, they incorporate unusual combinations of materials including Gregorian chant, Asian scale patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.问题1选项A.exoticB.eccentricC.imaginativeD.conventional【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exotic异国的，外来的eccentric古怪的，反常的；imaginative虚构的，富于想象的；conventional符合习俗的，日常的。 句意：尽管她糟糕地给她的音乐作品赋以寻常的（传统的）题目，但是这些作品却体现出对一些材料的不寻常整合，比如罗马教的圣歌、亚洲的音阶风格节奏、 古怪的声响和鸟鸣。由although 及unusual可知 空格处所填单词应与unusual相反，故答案为D。4. 单选题Soil naturally contains harmless amounts of lead, along with other metals. Because of pollution, however, the amounts are higher the closer you get to cities and towns. But experts say this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures.David Johnson is a chemistry professor in the State University of New Yorks College of Environmental Science and Forestry. He explains that lead can enter the ground from leaded paint and leaded fuel and from industry.And once lead gets into the soil, it stays a long time. It remains an environmental threat especially to children. Lead can harm mental and physical development even in babies before they are born.If a test finds that soil has too much lead, you might be advised to remove the soil or cover it with sod grass. Different countries have different levels that they consider acceptable.Carl Rosen of the University of Minnesota Extension notes that concerns about lead have increased now that more people are planting gardens. But Professor Rosen says plants generally do not absorb much lead. He says there is likely more risk from lead dust on plants or from playing in the soil than from the plant itself.Still, some plants do absorb more than others. Experts say good choices for the garden include tomatoes, peppers, beans and okra. Among the plants that can absorb more contaminants, they say, are root crops, leafy vegetables and herbs. If you grow carrots, for example, you might want to peel them. Dirt may be harder to remove from some crops than from others. But all produce should be washed.Gardens should be planted away from roads and structures, especially old building. Home gardeners should plant away from the foundation of their house. And lead amounts can be especially high near industrial areas and waste dumps.Soil should also be tested for its PH level, a measure of the acid and alkaline balance. Experts say the ability to take up lead is reduced when the PH level is above six and a half. Adding organic material such as compost to soil can also make lead less available to plants.Some people attempt a process called phytoremediation. They try to remove lead from soil by growing certain plants that collect it. But Professor Rosen says the process is complex and may not work.1.All of the following is true about lead in soil EXCEPT （ ）.2.According to the passage, there is an increased concern about the lead because（ ）.3.Which of the following plants may contain the lowest amount of lead?4.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to inform on （ ）.问题1选项A.the amount of lead in soil is higher in cities than in the countryB.soil naturally contains leadC.food should not be planted in soil which contains a high amount of leadD.the process of phytoremediation may not be able to remove lead from soil问题2选项A.the number of people who plant gardens is increasingB.knowledge about the harm of lead is increasingC.the amount of lead in soil is increasingD.the amount of lead absorbed by plants is increasing before问题3选项A.EggplantsB.CabbageC.PotatoesD.Carrot问题4选项A.how lead gets into soilB.how to deal with too much lead in soil in the gardenC.how to make your garden free of leadD.how to test the amount of lead in the garden【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。关于lead铅的描述在文章出现多次。A选项“城市土壤中的铅含量比农村高”对应文章第一段第二句“Because of pollution, however, the amounts are higher the closer you get to cities and towns. 然而，由于污染，你离城镇越近，污染的数量就越高”；B选项“土壤天然含铅”对应第一段第一句“Soil naturally contains harmless amounts of lead土壤中天然含有无害量的铅”；D选项“植物修复的过程可能无法从土壤中去除铅”对应文章最后一段最后一句“But Professor Rosen says the process is complex and may not work但罗森教授表示，这个过程（植物修复）很复杂，可能行不通”。C选项“不应在含铅量高的土壤中种植食物”与原文不符合，第一段最后说到“But experts say this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures但专家表示，如果采取安全措施，这（土壤中含有金属）并不会妨碍园丁种植食物” 。2.事实细节题。题干关键在于“an increased concern about lead对铅的担忧日益增加”，原因在第五段中“concerns about lead have increased now that more people are planting gardens随着越来越多的人开始种植花园，人们对铅的担忧也与日俱增”。A选项“种植花园的人数在增加”符合题意。3.判断推理题。铅含量最低的植物就是文中说到的最不吸收铅的植物，第六段说到“good choices for the garden include tomatoes, peppers, beans and okra. Among the plants that can absorb more contaminants, they say, are root crops, leafy vegetables and herbs菜园里的好选择包括西红柿、辣椒、豆子和秋葵。他们说，能吸收更多污染物的植物包括块根类作物、多叶蔬菜和草本植物”，对比选项可知A选项“茄子”不属于块根类作物，也不是蔬菜和草本植物，因此A选项正确。4.主旨大意题。文章第一段最后一句说到“this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures如果采取一些安全措施，这种情况（土壤含金属）不应该阻止种植者去种食物”，下面几段都在重点讲应对土壤中出现更高含量有害金属的方法，因此本文主旨与B选项“如何应对菜园土壤中铅含量过高的问题”相关。5. 单选题The explosion of a star is an awesome event. The most violent of these cataclysms, which produce supernovae, probably destroys a star completely. Within our galaxy of roughly 100 billion stars the last supernova was observed in 1604. Much smaller explosions, however, occur quite frequently, giving rise to what astronomers call novae and dwarf novae. On the order of 25 novae occur in our galaxy every year, but only two or three are near enough to be observed. About 100 dwarf novae are known altogether. If the exploding star is in a nearby part of the galaxy, it may create a “new star” that was not previously visible to the naked eye. The last new star of this sort that could be observed clearly from the Northern Hemisphere appeared in 1946. In these smaller explosions the star loses only a minute fraction of its mass and survives to explode again.Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supernovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle. I shall describe recent investigations that have provided important new information about these two classes of exploding star. The picture that emerges is quite astonishing. It appears that every dwarf novaand perhaps every novais a member of a pair of stars. The two stars are so close together that they revolve around a point that lies barely outside the surface of the larger star. As a result the period of rotation is usually only a few hours and their velocities range upward to within a two-hundredth the speed of light.Astronomers use the term “cataclysmic variable” to embrace the three general classes of exploding star: dwarf novae, novae, and supemovae. A cataclysmic variable is defined as a star that suddenly and unpredictably increases in brightness by a factor of at least 10. Dwarf novae are stars that increase in brightness by a factor of 10 too 100 within a period of several hours and decline to their former brightness in two or three days. In this period they emit some 1038 to 1039 ergs of energy. At maximum brilliance a dwarf nova shines about as intensely as our sun; previously it had been only about a hundredth as bright. The number of outbursts ranges anywhere from 3 to 30 a year, but for any star the intervals have a fairly constant value. Moreover, the maximum brightness from outburst to outburst is the same within a factor of two for a given star. The dwarf novae are often referred to, after their prototypes, as U Geminorum or SS Cygni stars. (The stars of each constellation are designated by letters or numbers.) A subgroup of dwarf novae, called Z Camelopardalis stars, do not always descend to minimum brightness between outbursts but may stay at some intermediate level for several months.1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is （ ）.2.The reason why dwarf novae explode is（ ）.3.It is likely that in the paragraph that follows this passage the author will discuss （ ）.4.It can be seen from the last paragraph of the passage that Z Camelopardalis stars are（ ）.5.Astronomers are acquainted with approximately （ ）.问题1选项A.Cataclysmic VariablesB.Exploding StarsC.Miracles in the SkiesD.Our Expanding Universe问题2选项A.that they emit tremendous amounts of energyB.a cataclysmic variableC.that they are twin starsD.not known问题3选项A.the characteristics of the explosion of a novaB.supernovaeC.our sun as a dwarf novaD.how the twin stars revolve问题4选项A.supemovaeB.at minimum brilliance for several monthsC.belonging to its subgroup of a dwarf novae familyD.at maximum brilliance for a longer time than other stars问题5选项A.100 dwarf novaeB.35 novaeC.10 novaeD.3 to 30 novae a year【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段“Much smaller explosions, however, occur quite frequently, giving rise to what astronomers call novae and dwarf novae.”指出星体的爆炸及其产生的其他不同的星体矮新星、新星和超新星。文章随后介绍了天体物理学家对这些爆炸星体的观察结果， 并且天体物理学家将这三类爆炸的星体统称为激变形变光星，最后文章对其中的矮新星进行了详细的介绍。所以答案为B。2.细节事实题。定位第二段中 “Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supernovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle天体物理学家都相当满意，他们可以解释超新星的爆炸。新星和矮新星更像是一个谜。”可知D项正确。3.判断推理题。题干问“在这篇文章之后的段落中作者将会探讨？”定位到最后一段，“Astronomers use the term “cataclysmic variable” to embrace the three general classes of exploding star: dwarf novae, novae, and supernovae. ”天文学家使用“灾变变量”一词来概括爆炸恒星的三大类:矮新星、新星和超新星。”再结合前文中的“Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supenovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle天体物理学家对他们能解释超新星的爆炸相当满意。新星和矮新星更像是一个谜。”既然物理学家对超新星的爆炸相当满意，可推知接下来可能会继续探讨有关超新星的问题。4.细节事实题。定位到最后一段中 “A subgroup of dwarf novae, called Z Camelopardalis stars, do not always descend to minimum brightness between outbursts but may stay at some intermediate level for several months. 矮新星的子群，称为Z鹿豹座恒星, 其亮度不总是在爆发的间隙下降至最低，但或许在几个月的时间里保持中等水平。可知C项“属于矮新星科的一个亚群”正确。5.细节事实题。由第一段中 “About 100 dwarf novae are known altogether. 已知的矮新星总共有大约100颗”可知A项正确。6. 单选题Their minds and bodies work faster than most （ ）races, making them seem restless or hyperactive.问题1选项A.sapientB.cleverC.smartD.brave【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。sapient 聪明的，有智慧的；clever机灵的；smart敏捷的；brave勇敢的。句意：他们的心智与身体比大部分智人种类运作的还快，使他们显得有些性急或亢奋。只有A项符合句意。Sapient race指“智人种类“7. 单选题The attorney was an intelligent debater; he （ ）the cross-questioning of the Supreme Court Judge on the case issue inquiry.问题1选项A.relishedB.estimatedC.interruptedD.dreaded【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。relished 玩赏，品味；estimated 评估，判断； interrupted 中止，打断；dreaded 恐惧，担心。句意：律师是一个非常有智慧的辩论者。他打断了最高法院法官关于案件调查的盘问。C项符合句意。8. 单选题Often be before computer, the eye is a bit （ ）urticant a bit better with the sort of eye-drop, stimulation is small.问题1选项A.acheB.feverC.acerbityD.sore【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。ache 疼痛； fever发烧；acerbity酸，涩；sore 溃疡，痛处。句意：经常在电脑前，眼睛有点痒，有点涩，用那种眼药水比较好，刺激小。C项符合句意。9. 写作题Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Cultural Difference and Integration according to the idea given below in Chinese.不同文化是各民族社会生活存在和发展的外在表现形式，其差异性表现有适应于其文化个性发展的环境、条件和进程，但是国际化的发展使得文化的融合和整合成为必然的趋势，在这一潮流中文化的融合和民族文化的传承和个性发扬似乎是矛盾的存 在，谈谈你的看法和主张。【答案】范文：Cultural Difference and Integration10. 单选题Whereas historians once maintained that science is （ ）other enterprises, they have come to realize that science is actually intertwined with the values, social assumptions, and intellectual traditions of a particular historical period.问题1选项A.dependent onB.tantamount toC.ancillary toD.distinct from【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。dependent on依赖于；ancillary to从属的，附属的。tantamount to等的，相当于。distinct from与 不同。句意：历史学家曾经坚持科学是不同于其他事业的，然而，他们开始认识到科学是和价值观、社会假设，以及一个特定历史时期的智慧传统联系在一起的。由后文中的is actually intertwined with可知空格处与这个意思相反，故答案D。11. 单选题Although Johnsons and Smiths initial fascination with the fortunes of those jockeying for power in the law firm （ ）after a few months, the two paid sufficient attention to determine who their lunch partners should be.问题1选项A.revivedB.persistedC.intensifiedD.flagged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。revive “复兴；苏醒”；persist “坚持”； intensify “增强，变激烈”；flag “减 退”。 句意：几个月后，尽管Johnson 和Smith对律师事务所中那些运用手段图谋权力的人的最初着迷减退了，但是这两个人对于确定谁应该是他们的午餐伙伴的问题上非常重视。由Although和initial fascination可知空格处所填单词应与initial fascination形成对比，故D项“减退”正确。12. 单选题Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one anotherthe scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific pract