2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第2期

2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funds has been devoted to the study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence that this technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon lm been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials can have ever higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more that 100 to make them practical for commercial uses. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear m the final device Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This difficulty can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they only short-range order rather that the ling-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion only I microns of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of 100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 cents per square foot.Although many scientists wore aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to（ ）.3.The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for（ ）.4.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.discussing the importance of solar energyB.explaining the functioning of solar cellsC.presenting a history of research on energy sourcesD.describing a possible solution to the problem of the cost of photovoltaic cells问题2选项A.explain why silicon solar cells have been the center of researchB.demonstrate the superiority of amorphous materials over crystalline silicon.C.minimize the importance of recent improvements in silicon solar cellsD.contrast crystalline silicon with polycrystalline and ribbon silicon问题3选项A.discontinuing the space programB.increased funding for research on amorphous materialsC.further study of the history of silicon crystalsD.increased reliance on solar energy问题4选项A.critical and discouragedB.biased and unprofessionalC.analytical and optimisticD.hesitating and inconclusive【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。作者在开头指出，太阳能非常重要，进一步指出，太阳能电池显然是太阳能技术的重要组成部分，其成本高的问题尚未解决。作者接下来讨论对太阳能电池的研究以及生产硅电池遇到的困难。在第三段，作者指出，有一种解决问题的办法，那就是非结晶材料。所以全文的主要目的是把非结晶材料作为一种有可能解决太阳能电池成本高的问题，D选项描述了光伏电池成本问题的一种可能解决方案正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文 “Recently，there have been some imaginative attempts make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells. 最近，有一些富有想象力的尝试使多晶硅和带状硅的成本低于高质量的单晶；但到目前为止，这些成本明显较低的材料的效率一直低得令人无法接受。此外，这些材料之所以更便宜，只是因为晶体半导体中引入了无序，无序降低了晶体太阳能电池的效率”可知引入结晶半导体的无序会降低晶体硅太阳能电池的效率，C选项尽量减少近期硅太阳能电池改进的重要性正确。3.推理判断题。尽管作者没有明确提倡为非结晶材料提供更多的研究基金，但全文隐含了这一论点。在第一段中The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single crystal solar cells研究经费的大部分用于研究单晶太阳能电池”。根据第三段主题句可知，非结晶材料可以成为硅电池的替代品。因此可以推知，应増加对非结晶材料的研究基金。4.观点态度题。从文章可知，文中采用了大量的数据，有整数也有百分比；并且因为最后一段最后的内容表明作者的乐观的态度。本文通篇以事实描述的口吻向读者展示关于利用非晶材料节约太阳能发电节约成本的问题，并不带有主观色彩，而末尾对非结晶材料的使用又抱有希望，所以C选项分析的和乐观的正确。2. 单选题The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can（1）the joy of discovering for yourself something that is really important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information you（2）accidentally or a sudden（3）, fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal（4）are the payoff in education. A teacher may（5）you to learning and even encourage you in it, but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. Thats（6）to you.A research paper,（7）in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor;（8）you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a （9）where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and individual process, and an（10）learning process. It provides a structure（11）which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. The research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to（12）a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others（13）you can do. Writing a research paper is（14）than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills（15）to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovery, and an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly（16）experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting.（17）the very idea of having to work（18）is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with（19）, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome.（20）consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach and you will find great pleasure in it.问题1选项A.exterminateB.disparageC.overwhelmD.exceed问题2选项A.confront withB.conform toC.come acrossD.concentrate on问题3选项A.insightB.achievementC.outcomeD.thought问题4选项A.behaviorsB.encountersC.segregationsD.opportunities问题5选项A.directB.helpC.pushD.move问题6选项A.offB.upC.downD.on问题7选项A.relatedB.loungedC.assignedD.relayed问题8选项A.leadsB.jotsC.jetsD.litters问题9选项A.situationB.interfaceC.fieldD.process问题10选项A.excellentB.idealC.abnormalD.accomplished问题11选项A.withoutB.withinC.uponD.by问题12选项A.devoteB.adoptC.adaptD.suit问题13选项A.becauseB.thatC.whichD.what问题14选项A.none otherB.ratherC.moreD.other问题15选项A.applicableB.suitableC.flexibleD.alternative问题16选项A.inspiringB.satisfyingC.rewardingD.stimulating问题17选项A.To the otherB.To anotherC.To the othersD.To others问题18选项A.accordinglyB.hardlyC.independentlyD.precisely问题19选项A.cautionB.anxietyC.difficultyD.passion问题20选项A.FurthermoreB.ThereforeC.InsteadD.In return【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:C第8题:A第9题:D第10题:B第11题:B第12题:D第13题:D第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:C第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。A选项exterminate“消灭；根除”；B选项disparage“蔑视；毁谤”；C选项overwhelm“淹没；压倒”；D选项exceed “超过；胜过”。空格前“The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal.最激动人心的教育也是最个人的。”空格后 “discovering for yourself something that is really important to you 自己发现一些对自己确实重要的事情”，所以空格这里指代“自己发现对自己而言确实重要的一些事情带来的喜悦超过任何事情。”，D选项的“超过”符合文意，正确。（2）词组辨析。A选项confront with “使面临”；B选项conform to “ 符合；遵照”； C选项come across“偶遇；无意中发现”；D选项concentrate on “集中精力于；全神贯注于”。空格前“ an idea or a bit of information 一个想法或一些信息”,所以空格的对应是C选项“偶遇，无意中发现”。（3）名词词义辨析。A选项insight “洞察力；洞悉；顿悟”；B选项achievement “成就；完成；达到”；C选项outcome “结果，结局”；D选项thought “思想；思考；想法；关心”。空格后“ fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem拼凑信息或解决问题”是空格处填写内容带来的结果，所以空格这里应该是“突然的顿悟”，A选项正确。（4）逻辑关系。A选项behavior “行为，举止；态度；反应”；B选项encounter “相见；意外或偶然的相遇；遭遇”;C选项segregation“隔离，分离；种族隔离”；D选项opportunity “时机，机会”。空格前“Such personal如此个人的”指代的是上文提及的“偶遇的一个想法或一些信息与突然顿悟”，而这些全都是“意外的相遇”，B选项符合，正确。（5）动词词义辨析。A选项direct “引导；命令；导演（电影等）；指挥”；B选项help “帮助；促进”；C选项push “推动，对施加压力，逼迫”；D选项move “移动；感动”。由空格前“teacher老师”与空格后“你去学习，甚至鼓励你，但没有老师可以使兴奋或快乐发生。”可知A选项的“引导”符合语境，正确。（6）固定搭配。由空格前 “ but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen 但没有老师可以使兴奋或快乐发生。”所以空格后应该是这取决于你。B选项be up to sb. “取决于”是固定搭配。（7）动词词义辨析。A选项relate “叙述；使有联系”；B选项lounge“闲逛；懒洋洋地躺卧；闲混”；C选项assign “分配；指派；布置（作业等）”；D选项relay “转播；使接替；分程传递”。空格前“A research paper一篇研究论文”，空格后“in a course在课程中”，所以空格这里指代“布置，分配”，C选项正确。（8）动词词义辨析。A选项lead “领导；致使；引导；指挥”；B选项jot “略记；摘要记载下来”;C选项jet“射出”;D选项litter乱丢;把弄得乱七八糟”。由空格前一篇研究论文，在一个课程中指定，可能在不同的阶段由老师检查和空格后“.你越过教室，超出文本类”可知A选项的“引导”符合文意，正确。（9）逻辑关系。A选项situation “情况；形势；处境；位置”；B选项interface “界面；接口”；C选项field “领域；牧场；旷野；战场”；D选项process “过程；方法，步骤；程序”。这句话主句部分是A research paper, lead you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a . where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times.一篇研究论文，带你走出课堂，走出课文，走进在其中，发现和学习的乐趣可以来到你的身边很多次。由空格后 “an active and individual process 一个积极和个人的过程”中process的对应确定上文指的是“研究论文的写作带你进入一个过程，在其中”，所以D选项“过程”符合语境，正确。（10）形容词词义辨析。A选项excellent “卓越的；极好的；杰出的”；B选项ideal “理想的；完美的;想象的”；C选项abnormal “反常的，不规则的”；D选项accomplished “完成的；熟练的；有学问的”。空格前“an active and individual process 一个积极和个人的过程”，空格后“learning process学习过程”，中间由连词and连接表并列，所以B选项“理想的”符合语境，正确。（11）介词词义辨析。A选项without “没有；缺乏；在外面”；B选项within “在之内”; C选项upon “根据；接近；在之上”；D选项by “通过；被;依据；在之前”。空格前“a structure一个体系”，空格后是一个which引导的定语从句，“你能在体系内得到激动人 心的发现等”，B选项“在之内”符合语境，正确。（12）逻辑关系。A选项devote “致力于；奉献”；B选项adopt “采取；接受；收养”；没有 adopt sth. to sth.的搭配；C选项adapt “使适应”，改编”，与to连用adapt to sth适应某事；D选项suit “相配；使适应，常与to连用”，suit sth. to sth. “使某事与某事相配”。由空格前 “研究论文也给了你一个个性化学校作业的机会，”空格后.一份适合自己兴趣和能力的工作，D选项使句意变成“让作业与你的兴趣和能力相配”，符合文意，正确。（13）语法题。A选项because“因为”；B选项that “那个”；C选项which“哪/那一个;哪/那一些”；D选项what “什么；多么;多少”。空格后“you can do 你能做”中的do缺少宾语，所以D选项“什么”使句意变成“向别人展示你能做什么”正确。（14）逻辑关系。A选项none other than “恰是”；B选项rather than “而不是”；C选项more than “多于；超出”；D选项other than “除了；不同于”。由空格后 “It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing它是一个在寻找、理解和综合方面的经历”可知空格句这里指代“写研究报告不仅是课堂练习”，C选项正确。（15）形容词词义辨析。A选项applicable “可适用的；可应用的；合适的”；B选项suitable “适当的；相配的”；C选项flexible “灵活的；柔韧的;易弯曲的”；D选项alternative “供选择的；选择性的；交替的”。空格所在句句意它是一种探索、理解和综合的经验，是许多学术和非学术任务技能的.基础。由关键词“academic and nonacademic tasks 学术和非学术任务”可知“可应用的”符合题意，正确。（16）逻辑关系。A选项inspiring “鼓舞人心的；灌输的;启发灵感的”;B选项satisfying “令人满意的；令人满足的”；C选项rewarding“有益的；有报酬的”；D选项stimulating“刺激的； 有刺激性的”。空格所在句句意从最充分的意义上说，这是一个发现，也是一种教育。所以，写一篇好的研究论文既是有用的，也是一次彻底的体验!由and并列连接连个形容词修饰experience，前一个是“useful有用的”所以B选项“令人满意的”符合语境，正确。（17）逻辑关系。本段句首是“to some对一些人来说”，所以空格所在是固定搭配，“对其它人来说to others”，D选项正确。（18）逻辑关系。A选项accordingly “因此;相应地”；B选项hardly “几乎不，简直不；刚刚”; C选项independently “独立地；自立地”；D选项precisely “精确地；恰恰”。空格所在句句意对一些人来说，不得不写指定的页数(通常比以往任何时候都多)的想法令人不安。对其他人来说，不得不写本身就是一种威胁。由空格前“write an assigned number of pages写指定数量的论文”和常识“研究论文一般自己独自写”可知“独立地”符合语境，所以C选项正确。（19）名词词义辨析。A选项caution “小心，谨慎；警告”；B选项anxiety “焦虑；渴望”；C选项difficulty“困难，困境”;D选项passion “激情;热爱”。由空格前关键词“disconcerting令人不安的”和threatening威胁的可知“焦虑”符合语境，B选项正确。（20）逻辑关系。A选项furthermore “此外;而且”；B选项therefore “ 因此；所以”；C选项instead “代替；反而”；D选项in return “作为回报；作为交换”。空格前“nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome没有人应该将研究论文看成是需要去克服的一个障碍。”空格后“consider it a goal to accomplish把它当成一个去完成的目标。”两句话句意发生了转折，所以C选项“反而”符合语境，正确。3. 单选题The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience（ ）on benches, chairs or boxes.问题1选项A.having seatedB.seatedC.seatingD.having been seated【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词通常强调动作的主动语态，而过去分词强调状态，强调被动语态或已经发生过的，根据句意促销通常在户外进行，人们坐在长凳、椅子或盒子上确定B选项的seated表示坐的状态，正确。4. 单选题Organized volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree course. Usually it is left to（1）to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduates resume,（2）now the University of Bristol has launched an award to formalize the achievements of students who（3）time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLUS aims to boost students in an increasingly（4）job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside（5）qualifications.“Our students are a pretty active bunch but we found that they didnt（6）appreciate the value of what they did（7）the lecture hall，” says Jeff Good man, director of careers and employability at the university. “Employers are much more（8）than they used to be. They used to look for（9）and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicants skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are（10）to the job.Students who sign（11）for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or（12）work, attend four workshops on employability- skill, take part in an intensive skill-related activity,（13）crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained.（14）efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who（15）best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLUS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments.The experience does not have to be（16）organized. Were not just interested in easily identifiable skills, says Goodman. “（17）one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so（18）negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives.”Goodman hopes the（19）will enable active students to fill in any gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active（20）to take up activities outside their academic area of work.问题1选项A.advisorsB.specialistC.criticsD.employers问题2选项A.whichB.butC.unlessD.since问题3选项A.divideB.devoteC.deliverD.donate问题4选项A.harmoniousB.competitiveC.resourcefulD.prosperous问题5选项A.artisticB.technicalC.academicD.interactive问题6选项A.dominantlyB.earnestlyC.necessarilyD.gracefully问题7选项A.outsideB.alongC.overD.through问题8选项A.generousB.considerateC.enlighteningD.demanding问题9选项A.originB.initialC.popularityD.potential问题10选项A.relevantB.responsiveC.reluctantD.respective问题11选项A.outB.offC.awayD.up问题12选项A.casualB.electiveC.domesticD.voluntary问题13选项A.orB.thusC.soD.and问题14选项A.OccasionalB.ExceptionalC.InformativeD.Relative问题15选项A.performB.conveyC.circulateD.formulate问题16选项A.roughlyB.randomlyC.formallyD.fortunately问题17选项A.For instanceB.In essenceC.In contrastD.Of course问题18选项A.demonstratedB.determinedC.operatedD.involved问题19选项A.deviceB.sectionC.schemeD.distraction问题20选项A.attendantsB.agentsC.membersD.peers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:D第10题:A第11题:D第12题:D第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A第16题:C第17题:A第18题:A第19题:C第20题:D【解析】（1）词义辨析。advisors顾问，指导教授，劝告者；specialist专家；critics评论家；批评者；employers雇主；本文谈论大学生课外实践与就业的关系，根据空格后的关键部分“on a graduates resume在毕业生的简历上”可知，D选项“雇主”正确。（2）逻辑词。根据上下文的内容长期以来，有组织的志愿活动和工作经验一直是大学学位课程的重要伴侣。通常情况下，由雇主从毕业生的简历上列出的课外经历中推断出他们的潜力，现在布里斯托尔大学推出了一项奖励，以正式确定学生的成就。，以及关键词“usually通常”和“now现在之间的对比关系，确定B项“但是”表转折和对比正确。（3）固定搭配。根据上下文语境，此处表示“花费时间干什么事”，且介词to后面是名词，B选项构成搭配“devote .to.把用于，投入.”，所以B选项正确。（4）词义辨析。harmonious和谐的，和睦的；协调的；competitive 竞争的，有竞争性的，有竞争力的；resourceful资源丰富的；足智多谋的；prosperous繁荣的；兴旺的；此处句意是“Bristol PLUS旨在通过帮助学生获得工作和生活技能来增强他们在劳动市场的”，因此，根据语境可知，B项“竞争力的”正确。（5）词义辨析。artistic艺术的；风雅的；有美感的；technical工艺的，科技的；技术上的；academic学术的；学院的；interactive交互式的；相互作用的；空格处修饰名词qualifications“资格；合格证书”，而且与“work and life skills工作和生活技能”并列，所以C项构成“academic qualifications学历”符合搭配和语境。（6）词义辨析。dominantly有统治权地，支配地；earnestly认真地；诚挚地；necessarily必要地；必定地，必然地；gracefully优雅地；温文地；空格后表示“appreciate the value重视价值”，空格处的副词要修饰动词“appreciate欣赏；感激；看重”，C选项“必要地”搭配合适，正确。（7）介词辨析。根据上下文以及本句 “they didnt necessarily appreciate the value of what they did the lecture hall.大学生们没有必要地看重他们在讲堂所做的事情的价值”可知，此处填入介词表示“在之外”，即 A选项正确。（8）词义辨析。generous慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；considerate体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的；enlightening使人领悟的，有启发作用的；demanding苛刻的，要求高的；根据后面两句中关于过去和现在的状况对比可知本句句意是现在比以前的要求更高一些，D选项“要求高的；苛求的”正确。（9）词义辨析。origin起源；原点；initial词首大写字母popularity普及，流行；名气；potential潜力，潜能根据后文 “saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicants skills将其视为他们工作的一部分，以获得申请人的技能价值”可知，it是指代前文空格处的内容，D选项“潜力”符合语境。（10）词义辨析题。relevant相关的；切题的；中肯的；responsive响应的；应答的；reluctant不情愿的；勉强的；respective分别的，各自的；根据上下文的语境，此处表达的是雇主希望学生们能够解释为什么那些技能与工作是相关的，所以A选项“相关的”正确。（11）固定搭配。“sign up for选课；报名参加”符合语境和搭配，D选项正确。（12）词义辨析。casual临时的，非正式的，随便的；elective选修的，选任的；domestic国内的，家用的，家庭的；voluntary自愿的；志愿的；自发的；根据文章首句可知，此处是首句信息复现有组织的志愿活动和工作经验，所以D选项正确。（13）逻辑关系。根据关键词“crucially关键的是”以及后文句意“写一份他们所获技能的简介”可知，此处前后的逻辑关系表示并列或递进，D选项符合语境。（14）词义辨析。Occasional偶然的，临时的；Exceptional优越的；杰出的，例外的；Informative提供有用信息的；教育性的；Relative相对的；有关系的；根据后文“Outstanding Achievement Award杰出成就奖”可知，空格处修饰“efforts努力”最为合适的是B项“优越的；杰出的”。（15）词义辨析。perform执行；表现；完成；convey传达；运输；circulate使循环；使流通；formulate规划；用公式表示；此处表示“在体育方面做得很好的人”，A选项“表现，完成”正确。（16）词义辨析。roughly粗糙地；概略地；randomly随便地，任意地；formally正规地，正式地；fortunately幸运地；此处的副词修饰动词“organized组织的”，根据上下文可知，此处表示“经历不一定要正式组织的活动”，C选项“正规地，正式地；”符合。（17）固定搭配。For instance例如，比如；In essence本质上，大体上；In contrast与此相反；of course一定，当然；前一句说 “Were not just interested in easily identifiable skills.我们不是只对能够被简单确认的（学生的）技能感兴趣”，后一句谈及一个学生不仅善于应对一个麻烦的房东，而且也擅长谈判的技巧，所以后文是对前文的例子体现，A选项正确。（18）词义辨析。demonstrated演示，展示；示范；determined决定；断定； operated运转；动手术；起作用；involved包含；牵涉；使陷于；空格处与“took the lead in.在方面擅长/领头”并列，以及根据宾语“谈判技巧”可知，A选项“展示；示范；表明”符合搭配，正确。（19）词义辨析。device装置；策略；设备；section部分；部门；地区；scheme计划，规划；distraction注意力分散；消遣；根据后文“fill in any gaps填补空白”可知，空格处是指前文谈及到的一些与生活相关的内容等，所以C项“规划”符合语境。（20）词义辨析。attendants服务员；侍者；agents代理人，代理商；members成员；会员；peers同僚；同伴；空格处对应的是前文的“students学生”，所以D选项“同僚；同伴”符合语境。5. 单选题Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil, anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were（ ）for the first time, enabling experts to（ ）