2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解48

2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The little man was _ one meter fifty high.问题1选项A.almost more thanB.hardly more thanC.nearly more thanD.as much as【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项almost more than“几乎超过”；B选项hardly more than“不足；仅仅”；C选项nearly more than“差不多超过”；D选项as much as“几乎；多达；至多”。句意：这个矮小的男人身高_一米五十。本句表达“矮小的男人身高不足一米五”因此B选项正确。2. 单选题Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.问题1选项A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项pursuing“继续；从事；追赶（在一段时间内做某事或试图达到某事）；纠缠”；B选项chasing“追逐（为了抓住某人或者某物而追赶某人或者某物）；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂”；C选项reaching“到达；伸出”；D选项winning“获胜；赢得；（通过努力）获得”。句意：世界各地的几十个科学小组一直在_一种实用而经济的方法来利用阳光来分解水分子。本句表达“科学小组一直从事于一种实用而经济的方法”，因此A选项正确。3. 单选题The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that _ Shanghai is well on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.问题1选项A.imperceptiblyB.conceivablyC.deceivablyD.imaginatively【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项imperceptibly“极微地；微细地；察觉不到地”；B选项conceivably“可以想象的是，可以想得到的是；可能的是；可以理解的是”；C选项deceivably没有该单词；D选项imaginatively“想象上地”。句意：特别奥林匹克运动会的成功举办表明，_，上海正在成为世界上最国际化的大都市之一。本句表示“可以想象”。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题I was not _ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.问题1选项A.convictedB.assuredC.convincedD.concerned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convicted“证明有罪；宣告有罪”；B选项assured“保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”；C选项convinced“说服；使确信，使信服”；D选项concerned“影响；牵扯（某人）；关系到；涉及；使担心”。句意：他的许多论点不能使我_，所以最后我们同意各持己见。本句表达“它的论点不能使我信服”，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题The _ landlord refused to return the security deposit claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.问题1选项A.unscrupulousB.resplendentC.divineD.deceased【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项unscrupulous“肆无忌惮的；寡廉鲜耻的；不讲道德的”；B选项resplendent“光辉的；华丽的”；C选项divine“神圣的；非凡的；天赐的；极好的”；D选项deceased“已故的”。句意：_房东拒绝退还押金，谎称房客损坏了公寓。本句表达“不讲道德的房东”。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题Many people have the _ about the blind and deaf.问题1选项A.misconceptionsB.frustrationC.confessionD.acknowledgement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项misconceptions“迷思概念；错误的想法”；B选项frustration“挫折”；C选项confession“忏悔；告解；供认；表白”；D选项acknowledgement“承认；确认；感谢”。句意：许多人对盲人和聋人有_。本句表达“对盲人和聋人有误解”，因此A选项正确。7. 翻译题1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (5 marks) As we knelt on the cold ground and worked the soil, gently introducing the plants and bulbs to their new home, we alternately chattered and giggled and remembered quietly. We planted the flowers in a heart shape, sketched out in the snow by Matsumarasan (松村女士). I tried to imagine what it must feel like to be her. To be kneeling on the ground that you once called home, now empty and exposed. What it must feel like to look at your home town and see most of it destroyed. Only memories remain. 【答案】我们跪在冰冷的土地上，翻动着土壤，边将植物和球茎慢慢地放到它们的新家里，边聊着，笑着，静静地回忆着。我们按着松村女士在雪里大概画出的形状，把花种成了心的形状。我尝试着去想象她会有什么感觉。想象着跪在那片曾经称之为家园，而现在却已荒芜暴露的土地上；想象看着自己的家园大部分已经被被毁，是一种什么感觉。仅剩下回忆。8. 单选题II. Legal HistoryBefore the upheavals of the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the peoples of Europe were organized politically in a loose, complex, and overlapping structure of (1) local units, (2) lordship units, (3) tribal (clan) units, (4) large territorial units such as duchies or principalities, which might include a number of tribes (clans), and (5) kingdoms, of which the Frankish kingdom, from the year 800, was called an umpire. The kingdoms were conceived not as territorial units but primarily as the community of the Christian people under a king (emperor), who was considered to be Christs deputy and supreme head of the church as well as of the nobility, the clans, and the army. The church itself was not conceived as a political unit but primarily as a spiritual community led ultimately by the king or emperor and intermediately by bishops, of whom the Bishop of Rome was by tradition the most important.Within this general classification, there were very wide differences from locality to locality, lordship unit to lordship unit, tribal unit to tribal unit, and so on. The economy of Europe before the 11th century was largely local and agrarian. There was very little intercommunication; apart from monks and some others of the clergy and a small number of merchants, and except for military campaigns, only the higher nobility and kings travelled. There were practically no permanent representatives of the central authorities in the localities. Efforts to place them were generally frustrated. Not only power but also culture was widely dispersed. The customs of one place might differ substantially from the customs of another place fifty miles away.Nevertheless, the political organization of the peoples of Europe in the period from 6th to the 11th centuries reveals a common pattern of development.The smallest local political units were generally called villae ( “villages” or “vills” ); these were grouped into centenarii ( “hundreds” ), which were grouped, in turn, into comitatus ( “counties” ). These local units first came into being when the wandering tribes from western Asia, having swallowed up what was left of the Roman Empire in the West, finally settled down in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries.The second type of unit, lordship units, came into being soon thereafter. Their number increased as settlers “commended themselves” to leading personages among them and promised to render services in tern for food and clothing as well as for protection against enemies.55. Which of the following description of a kingdom before the 11th century is NOT correct?56. The ones who did not travel before the 11th century were _.57. The reason that the efforts to place permanent representatives of the central authorities in the localities were generally frustrated was that _.58. The political units from 6th to 11th centuries originated in _.问题1选项A.The Frankish kingdom was called an umpire from 800 A.DB.A kingdom was led by a king or emperor, who was considered to be the supreme head of the territoryC.The kingdoms were conceived primarily as the community of the Christian peopleD.A kingdom was one of the several structures of European peoples political organizations问题2选项A.monks and priestsB.kings and other upper-class peopleC.peasants who wanted to sell their own productsD.merchants问题3选项A.the power and culture were widely dispersedB.the people did not understand each otherC.there was no common pattern of developmentD.the customs of different places differed substantially问题4选项A.the leftovers of the Roman Empire in the WestB.the lordship unitsC.the leading personages among the settlersD.the tribes from western Asia【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】55. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段The kingdoms were conceived not as territorial units but primarily as the community of the Christian people under a king (emperor), who was considered to be Christs deputy and supreme head of the church as well as of the nobility, the clans, and the army.（王国不是作为领土单位，而是主要作为基督教人民在国王（皇帝）领导下的社区，国王被认为是基督的副手和教会以及贵族、氏族和军队的最高领袖）可知王国并不是领土单位，国王也不是领土的最高元首，B选项“一个王国是由国王或皇帝领导的，他被认为是领土的最高元首”错误，同时可知C选项“这些王国最初被认为是基督教人民的社区”符合原文；第一段(5) kingdoms, of which the Frankish kingdom, from the year 800, was called an umpire.（5王国，其中法兰克王国从800年起被称为裁判）可知A选项“法兰克王国从公元800年起被称为裁判”符合原文；第一段the peoples of Europe were organized politically in a loose, complex, and overlapping structure ofand (5) kingdoms（欧洲人民在政治上是以松散、复杂和重叠的结构组织起来的5王国）可知D选项“王国是欧洲人民政治组织的几个结构之一”符合原文。因此B选项符合题意。56. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段apart from monks and some others of the clergy and a small number of merchants, and except for military campaigns, only the higher nobility and kings travelled.（除了僧侣和其他一些神职人员以及少数商人之外，除了军事行动之外，只有贵族和国王出游）可知选C选项“农民想卖自己的产品”，原文中农民不会出游；A选项“僧侣和牧师”；B选项“国王和其他上层阶级的人”以及D选项“商人”在原文中都会出游，不符合题意。因此C选项正确。57. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Within this general classification, there were very wide differences from locality to locality, lordship unit to lordship unit, tribal unit to tribal unit, and so onEfforts to place them were generally frustrated. Not only power but also culture was widely dispersed. The customs of one place might differ substantially from the customs of another place fifty miles away.（在这一总体分类中，各地、领主单位与领主单位、部落单位与部落单位等都有很大的差异安置它们的努力普遍受挫。不仅权力如此，文化也被广泛分散。一个地方的风俗习惯可能与五十英里外另一个地方的风俗习惯有很大的不同）可知权利和文化分散的原因都是每个地方的风俗都有很大的差异，选D选项“不同地方的风俗有很大的不同”，同时可知A选项“权力和文化被广泛分散”并不是常驻代表的努力普遍受挫的原因，权利和文化被分散的根本原因也是每个地方的风俗都有很大的差异；B选项“人们彼此不理解”以及C选项“没有共同的发展模式”原文未提及。因此D选项正确。58. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第四段These local units first came into being when the wandering tribes from western Asia, having swallowed up what was left of the Roman Empire in the West, finally settled down in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries.（这些地方单位最初是在来自西亚的流浪部落吞没了罗马帝国在西方留下的东西，最终在4、5和6世纪定居下来时形成的）可知选A选项“罗马帝国在西方的残余”，B选项“贵族单位”和C选项“殖民者中的主要人物”原文未提及，D选项“来自西亚的部落”不符合原文所说的来自西亚的流浪部落。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题IV. Criminal LawTwo recent events have brought more attention to this problem. One involves the decision not to charge NBC anchor David Gregory with weapons law violations bearing a potential year-long sentence for brandishing a 30-round magazine (弹夹) (illegal in D.C.), despite the prosecutors statement that the on-air violation was clear; the other involves prosecutors rather enthusiastic efforts to prosecute Reddit (一个社会化新闻网站) founder Aaron Swartz for downloading academic journal articles from a closed database, prosecutorial efforts so enthusiastic that Swartz committed suicide in the face of a potential 50-year sentence.Both cases have aroused criticism, and in Swartzs case even legislation designed to ensure that violating websites terms cannot be prosecuted as a crime. But the problem is much broader. Given the vast web of legislation and regulation that exists today, virtually any American is at risk of prosecution should a prosecutor decide that they are, in Robert Jacksons (原美国司法部长，后 任最高法院法官) words, a person “he should get.”As Tim Wu recounted in 2007, a popular game in the U.S. Attorneys office in the Southern District of New York was to name a famous person Mother Teresa (特蕾莎修女诺贝尔和平奖获得者), or John Lennon (约翰列侬披头士乐队成员) and decide how they could be prosecuted: “It would then be up to the junior prosecutors to figure out a plausible crime for which to indict him or her. The crimes were not usually rape, murder, or other crimes youd see on a TV show but rather the incredibly broad yet obscure crimes that populate the U.S. Code like a kind of jurisprudential minefield: Crimes like false statements (a felony, up to five years), obstructing the mails (five years), or false pretenses on the high seas (also five years). The trick and the skill lay in finding the more obscure offenses that fit the character of the celebrity and carried the toughest sentences. The, result, however, was inevitable: prison time.”With so many more federal laws and regulations than were present in Jacksons day, the task for prosecutors of first choosing the man or woman and then pinning the crime on him or her has become much easier.The upshot of comment is that the proliferation of federal criminal statutes and regulations has reached the point that virtually every citizen, knowingly or not (usually not) is potentially at risk for prosecution. That is undoubtedly true, and the consequences are drastic and troubling.63. With the two examples in the 1st paragraph, the author wants to show that _.64. What is the problem the author thinks referred to in the 2nd paragraph?65. The game described by Tim Wu in the 3rd paragraph is _.66. The above paragraphs show that the author is _ with the situation in the US.问题1选项A.brandishing magazine is not as serious as downloading thousands of academic articles.B.prosecutors have large discretion in prosecuting people.C.prosecutors in different places have different standard of prosecution.D.Aaron Swartz committed suicide because he did not want to be in the prison.问题2选项A.Lack of legislation for violating websites terms.B.Any American is at risk of prosecution.C.Too many legislation and regulation that exist today.D.Prosecutors discretion to charge individuals with crime amplified by huge number of laws.问题3选项A.used in some places to train junior prosecutorsB.finding out what crime Mother Teresa could commitC.finding out what crime John Lennon could commitD.ordinary crimes do not fit either Mother Teresa or John Lennon问题4选项A.satisfiedB.at a lossC.worriedD.concerned【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C【解析】63. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。第一段提到两个例子，第一是主播大卫格雷戈里在直播中有非法举动，但是检察官决定不起诉他，第二个例子是Reddit创始人艾伦斯沃茨，他从一个封闭的数据库中下载学术期刊文章，检察官决定起诉他，艾伦斯沃茨在面临可能50年监禁的情况下自杀了，结合第二段所提到的内容virtually any American is at risk of prosecution should a prosecutor decide that they are（事实上，只要检察官认定，任何美国人都有被起诉的风险）可知第一段所举的两个例子是想表明检察官在起诉人时有很大的权利，很自由，选B选项“检察官在起诉人时有很大的自由裁量权”；A选项“炫耀杂志并不像下载成千上万的学术文章那么严肃”和C选项“不同地方的检察官有不同的起诉标准”原文未提及；D选项“艾伦斯沃茨自杀了，因为他不想待在监狱里”虽然原文提及，但是只是一个例子中的一个方面，并不能概括作者举两个例子的意图。因此B选项正确。64. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Given the vast web of legislation and regulation that exists today, virtually any American is at risk of prosecution should a prosecutor decide that they are（鉴于目前存在的庞大的法律法规网络，如果检察官认定，几乎任何美国人都有被起诉的风险）可知作者在这里想表明的问题是检察官在起诉人时有很大的权利，很自由，选D选项“检察官对被大量法律放大的犯罪指控个人的自由裁量权”，同时可知A选项“缺乏违反网站条款的法律”错误，原文提到了“存在的庞大的法律法规网络”，A选项和原文相悖；B选项“任何美国人都有被起诉的风险”以及C选项“现在有太多的立法和法规”并不是第二段提出的主要问题，第二段主要想强调检察官的权利。因此D选项正确。65. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“Tim Wu”定位到原文第三段As Tim Wu recounted in 2007, a popular game in the U.S. Attorneys office in the Southern District of New York was to name a famous person Mother Teresa, or John Lennon and decide how they could be prosecuted: “It would then be up to the junior prosecutors to figure out a plausible crime for which to indict him or her. The crimes were not usually rape, murder, or other crimes youd see on a TV show but rather the incredibly broad yet obscure crimes that populate the U.S. Code like a kind of jurisprudential minefield”（正如蒂姆吴2007年所述，在纽约南区的美国检察官办公室里，一个流行的游戏是给一个名人起名特雷莎修女，或者约翰列侬并决定如何起诉他们：“然后由初级检察官找出一个合理的罪名来起诉他或她。这些罪行通常不是强奸、谋杀或你在电视节目中看到的其他罪行，而是充斥在美国法典中的令人难以置信的广泛而模糊的罪行，就像一个法学雷区）可知这个小游戏是决定如何用不寻常的罪行起诉名人，选D选项“普通犯罪不适合特蕾莎修女或约翰列侬”；A选项“在一些地方用来培训初级检察官”原文未提及；B选项“找出特蕾莎修女可能犯下的罪行”和C选项“找出约翰列侬可能犯下的罪行”以偏概全，排除。因此D选项正确。66. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段最后一句and the consequences are drastic and troubling.（其后果是剧烈的和令人不安的）可知作者对于美国该情况是十分担心的，选C选项“担心”；A选项“满意”，B选项“亏本”以及D选项“有关”都不符合原文作者的态度。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题She gave him back the money shed stolen for the sake of her _问题1选项A.conscientiousB.consciousnessC.consciousD.conscience【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项conscientious“认真的；尽责的；本着良心的；小心谨慎的”；B选项consciousness“意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉”；C选项conscious“意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；D选项conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：为了她的_，她把偷来的钱还给了他。本句表达“为了她的良心（为了问心无愧）”。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题To _ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.问题1选项A.ensureB.guaranteeC.assureD.fulfill【答案】C【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项ensure“保证，确保（侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果）；使安全”；B选项guarantee“保证；担保（指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证）”；C选项assure“保证；担保（侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感）；使确信；弄清楚”；D选项fulfill“履行；实现；满足；使结束”。句意：为了_反对暴政的自由，我们的先辈制定了这些规则。本句侧重表达“确保达到反对暴政的自由这一目的”。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题The party was excellent, and Id like to thank all the _.问题1选项A.concerning peopleB.people concerningC.people concernedD.concerned people【答案】C【解析】考查定语。concerned是分词形容词，其意为“有关的”（involved）；concerning是由分词转换而成的介词，其意为“关于”（relating to），结合句意：这个聚会太棒了，我要感谢所有_人。可知本句表达“有关的人”，排除A选项和B选项，concerned通常作后置定语，放在修饰的词之后。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题Very few countries truly support US military _ against Iraq.问题1选项A.actsB.actionsC.behaviorD.deed【答案】B【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项acts“行为（具体、简单、短时）；假装；某种行为（或常规等）；法令；判决书；会议记录；（戏剧等的）幕；表演；演出团体”；B选项actions“行动（抽象、复杂、持续）；活动；功能；战斗；情节；（非正式）精彩活动”；C选项behavior“行为；举止（某人的行为方式，尤指对他人的行为方式）；态度；反应”；D选项deed“行动（智慧与力量达到一定境界而产生的行为，常指辉煌与成就）；功绩；证书；法契据”。句意：很少有国家真正支持美国对伊拉克的军事_。本句表达“伊拉克的军事行动（是复杂、持续的行动）”，因此B选项正确。14. 单选题The new curriculum intends to strengthen childrens practice of basic social _.问题1选项A.mannersB.politenessC.rulesD.regulations【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项manners“方式；习惯；种类；规矩；风俗”；B选项politeness“有礼貌；优雅”；C选项rules“规则（在特定情况下或玩游戏时可以做什么、必须做什么或不能做什么的陈述）；建议；统治；习惯；定律；法治；尺子；破折号”；D选项regulations“管理；规则（政府或其它权威制定的官方规定）；校准”。句意：新课程旨在加强儿童的基本社交_实践。本句表达“基本社交礼仪”，因此A选项正确。15. 单选题If you know what the trouble is, why you dont help them to _ the situation?问题1选项A.simplifyB.modifyC.verifyD.rectify【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项simplify“简化；使单纯；使简易”；B选项modify“修改，修饰；更改（略微改变某事物，尤指为了使其更适合于某一特定目的）”；C选项verify“核实；查证”；D选项rectify“改正（纠正错误的事物）；精馏；整流”。句意：如果你知道问题出在哪里，为什么不帮他们_情况。本句表达“帮助他们核实情况”，因此C选项正确。16. 单选题IX. Forensic AppraisalAs a categorical matter, the science of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) can no longer support a finding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt in triad-only (三联征) cases cases which represent a significant number of SBS prosecutions. Put simply, here change has raised the real possibility of past error.In the past, the mere presence of retinal hemorrhaging, (视网膜出血) subdural hematoma (硬膜下血肿), and cerebral edema (脑水肿) was taken to mean that a baby had been shaken hard enough to produce what were conceptualized as whiplash forces. According to the conventional understanding of SBS, the application of rotational acceleration and deceleration forces to the infants head causes the brain to rotate in the skull. Abrupt deceleration allows continuing brain rotation until bridging veins are stretched and ruptured, causing a thin layer of subdural haemorrhage on the surface of the brain. Retinal hemorrhages were thought to result from a similar causal mechanism. Most significantly, the triad of symptoms was believed to be distinctly characteristic of violent shaking.Despite its lingering presence in the popular imagination, the scientific underpinnings of SBS have crumbled over the past decade as the medical establishment has deliberately discarded a diagnosis defined by shaking. Although no single nomenclature has emerged in its place, doctors are now in widespread agreement that SBS is an unhelpful characterization, and that the presence of retinal hemorrhages and subdural hematoma cannot conclusively prove that injury was inflicted.Although it may be tempting to conclude simply that science evolves, and leave the inquiry there, the story is more complex; an object lesson in scientific overreaching and the challenge of correction.A number of forces coalesced to transform SBS from a certain diagnosis into its current state of flux. Most importantly, in the mid- to late-1990s, medical research, including the SBS literature, became subject to a heightened level of scrutiny. The new evidence-based medicine standards required doctors to derive their research from methods that are scientific and statistically rigorous. The change triggered a review of the evidence supporting a number of areas of medicine, and included a comprehensive effort to examine the science underlying SBS.The application of the evidence-based framework to the SBS literature resulted in a remarkable determination: the medical literature published prior to 1998 contained inadequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining to SBS.83. One learns from the paragraphs that SBS is _.84. The presence of the following syndromes makes the doctors believe that a baby was shaken hard, except _.85. According to the last paragraph, the following statement is NOT correct _.