2022-2023年考博英语-陕西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第18期

2022-2023年考博英语-陕西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The human voice often sounds （）on the phone.问题1选项A.twistedB.irregularC.deformedD.distorted【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项twisted adj.扭曲的；B选项irregular adj.不规则的，无整齐的；C选项 deformed adj.丑陋的，畸形的；D选项distorted adj.歪曲的，失真的，受到曲解的。根据human voice可知，D项符合搭配。句意：人声在电话里听起来总是有些失真。2. 单选题In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. There is a direct relationship, US congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death.Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat.” Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population,” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this sat allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension.” In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress.“It is not your enemy,” says Dr. Laragh. “Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.”1. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed（）.2. From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that（）.3. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that（）.4. The phrase “vocal. exponent” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to（）.5. What is the main message of this text?问题1选项A.exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor healthB.cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disordersC.correlates highly with some diseasesD.is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease问题2选项A.a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some peopleB.the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with ones blood pressureC.the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patientD.an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone问题3选项A.people should not be afraid of taking excessive saltB.doctors should not advise people to avoid saltC.an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in diseaseD.excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population问题4选项A.eloquent doctorB.articulate opponentC.loud speakerD.strong advocate问题5选项A.The salt scare is not justified.B.The cause of hypertension is now understood.C.The moderate use of salt is recommended.D.Salt consumption is to be promoted.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“There is a direct relationship,” US congressman Neal Smith noted, “between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death.”可知：一些医生和政客认为钠的摄入量和身体健康有直接关系，并会引发多种疾病，甚至早逝。说明他们认为食盐的摄入量与某些疾病的发生息息相关，因此，C项正确。2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段Dustans mostrecent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt, was reintroduced.Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previouslevel when salt was reintroduced.可知：在Dustan研究中，当摄取极低的少盐饮食或者恢复食用食盐时，血压正常的人不会有什么改变。然而，在高血压人群中，少盐饮食中一半的人确实出现血压下降，而再次恢复食盐的摄入时，血压会返回到之前的水平。因此，A项“低盐饮食可能适合某些人”表述正确。B项和D项错误。文章并没有谈及“减少食盐摄入量可能治愈高血压”，故C项错误。3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“So arecommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense”可知：医生不应该建议人们不吃盐，因此，B选项符合题意，为正确答案。4.词汇题。根据原文倒数第二段but even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Dr. admits that.可知：就连“低盐论”最主要的支持者，Arthur博士都承认盐的摄入量是否与髙血压有关。所以最恰当的理解应该是强烈支持者。因此，D项为正确答案。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讨论了食盐摄入量与人体健康的关系。通过人们对于盐的恐慌引出相关话题，最后表明“除非医生告知你有与摄取盐分相关的健康问题，否则，没有理由不摄取食盐”。由此可知，食盐恐慌是不合理的，A项为正确答案。3. 单选题Such euphemisms may be stylistically permissible if they are kept within .问题1选项A.boundariesB.rangesC.bordersD.limits【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项boundaries n.界限，分界线，边界；B选项ranges n.里程，范围；C选项borders n.边界，边缘地区；D选项limits n.范围，限制，领土。句意：这样的委婉用法在文体结构上是可以的，但前提是要在有限范围内使用。根据句意可知，D项符合题意。因此，D项是正确答案。4. 单选题_for a long time, the fields are all dried up.问题1选项A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain【答案】C【解析】考查句子结构。由句子结构可知，there be句型在此处作独立结构。A选项there be句型与后半句之间缺少连接词；B选项Having no rain逻辑关系不正确；C选项和D选项都属于独立主格结构，但使用完成时更能表现因很久未下雨而导致的结果；因此，正确答案是C项。句意：因为长时间没有下雨，地里干枯得很厉害。5. 单选题（）, Shakespeare was also a prolific writer of sonnets.问题1选项A.Noting for his playsB.Notes of his plays,C.Famous playsD.Noted for his plays【答案】D【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，逗号后是完整的句子，所以前半句中的动词需要变为非谓语形式，而note与主句主语Shakespeare之间是被动关系，因此，正确答案为D项。句意：看莎士比亚的作品可知，他也是一个多产的短诗作者。6. 单选题There is no doubt_the company has made the right decision on the sales project.问题1选项A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when【答案】B【解析】考查同位语从句。doubt后面的that为同位语从句的引导词，修饰doubt。doubt引导的主从复合句中，用否定式时后面的引导词只能是that。相反如果doubt引导肯定意义的主从复合句中，引导词要用whether。句意：毫无疑问，公司对销售项目的决定是正确的。7. 单选题In the next few years major changes will be （）in Chinas industries.问题1选项A.brought forwardB.brought upC.brought onD.brought about【答案】D【解析】考查词组搭配。A选项brought forward提前，提出；B选项brought up提出，养育；C选项 brought on导致，引起，使发展；D选项brought about导致，带来，产生。bring on是指事情己经告一段落又再次被引起，而bring about则指事情被从头引起；根据句意“在接下来的几年中，中国的工业将发生巨大的变化”，因此，因此，D项更符合题意。8. 单选题The_of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.decentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词。A选项origin“起源，来源”，指事物开始出现的始点或其来源与出处；B选项generation“一代，产生”；C选项decent“正派的，得体的”，为形容词；D选项cause“原因，起因”，指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：这个词的起源是未知的，但肯定不是来自希腊语。9. 单选题“Johns （）was irritating. He was reluctant even to buy bread”问题1选项A.jealousyB.sorenessC.luckD.parsimony【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据后半句He was reluctant even to buy bread.（他甚至连买个面包都很不情愿）可知，他是相当吝啬。A选项为“嫉妒”；B选项为“悲伤，痛苦”；C选项为“幸运”；D项“吝啬的，过度节俭”，因此，D项是正确答案。10. 单选题On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to（）the sea waves问题1选项A.simplifyB.simulateC.stimulateD.signify【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项simplify v.简化，使简易；B选项simulate v.模仿，假装，冒充；C选项stimulate v.刺激，鼓舞，激发；D选项signify v.表示，意味着。句意：在舞台上，许多舞动着的蓝丝绸模拟出了海浪的景象。根据句意，本题选择B项正确。11. 单选题I cant wait to hear about your English class问题1选项A.am eager toB.am late toC.am indifferentD.am happy to【答案】A【解析】考查短语词义辨析。题目中cant wait to do sth表示“迫不及待去做某事”；A选项为“渴望去做某事”；B选项为“迟到”; C选项为“对漠不关心”；D选项为“开心做某事”。由题意可知，我已经迫不及待要听你的英语课了。因此，正确答案是A项。12. 单选题Alex isnt very friendly; he keeps a（）between himself and other people.问题1选项A.barrierB.foundationC.frontierD.gauge【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。通过句意可知，Alex不是特别友好，他总将自己与其他人隔离开来。A选项为“障碍；分界线”；B选项为“基础”；C选项为“边界；边缘”；D选项为“尺度；测量”。因此，A项符合句意。故正确答案为A项。13. 单选题Even when textbooks are _through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.问题1选项A.commonplaceB.standardizedC.competitiveD.generalized【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项commonplace“平凡的，普通的”；B选项standardized“标准化的”；C选项competitive“竞争的，比赛的”；D选项generalized“普遍的，广泛的”。根据Even可知空格与vary greatly的意思相反，因此选B。句意：即使教科书通过学校系统标准化，教学方法也可能有很大的不同。14. 单选题Violence in American families takes many forms. One prevalent form that we often overlook is the physical punishment of children. Perhaps 93% of all parents beat their children in order to discipline them. Young children receive the most punishments, but studies reveal that about 50% of high school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment. Punishment of children varies form a light tap to brutal beating, but historically we have granted parents the right to use physical force against their children. A law passed in 1696, for example. Called for the death penalty of “sufficient understanding” over the age of 16 who cursed or struck a parent who was “stubborn and rebellious” in refusing to obey a parent. From interviews with 2134 married couples constituting a cross-section of American families, sociologists estimate parents kick, punch, or bite some 1.7 million children a year, beat 460,000 to 750,000 more, and attack 46,000 with guns or knives.Physical punishment of children that results in injuries requiring medical treatment is now generally considered to be abusive. Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the groundwork for child abuse. According to David Gil, “in most accidents of child abuse the care takers involved are normal individuals exercising their right of disciplining a child whose behavior they found in need of correction.” If one adult were to strike another, most people would regard such behavior as abusive.Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their children and make them obedient. In fact, violence whether verbal or physical sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a child unwittingly supply the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child results in a marked increase in the childs aggression. Perhaps not surprisingly, abusive parents are themselves likely to have been abused when they were children. The pattern of abuse is unwittingly translated from parent to child and thus from generation to generation.1. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?2. The italicized word “it” in line of the second paragraph refers to（）.3. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?4. The number of the children being threatened by beating is（）.5. What is the authors attitude toward physical punishment by parents?问题1选项A.Punishment was once justified in American lawB.Most of the parents have used physical punishment to discipline disobedient children in America.C.High school students rarely receive punishment from their parentsD.Child abuse is rooted in American culture.问题2选项A.physical punishmentB.the cultural approvalC.the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishmentD.injuries requiring medical treatment问题3选项A.Physical punishment is helpful for parents to correct childrens indecent behaviorB.Parents who use physical punishment to discipline their children should be punished by the law.C.A child who is severely punished will revenge the abuse on his own child in later life.D.Parents who punish children physically actually set bad example of aggression for their children.问题4选项A.at least 2,143 per year.B.at most 750,000 per year.C.over 46,000 per yearD.about 17,000,000 per year问题5选项A.disagreeingB.supportingC.understandingD.severely critical【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段“.but studies reveal that about 50% of high school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment.”可知，研究表明，大约50%的高中生声称遭受体罚或者受到体罚的威胁。因此，C项“髙中生很少遭受父母的体罚”表述错误，其它选项都可在原文中找到出处。故本题答案为C项。2.词汇题。将it定位到原文第二段Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the ground work for child abuse.中分析可知，然而大部分人没有意识到，正是因为“普通”体罚的经常使用以及它所享有的文化认可，才会为虐待孩子打下基础。根据句子结构可知，it指代的是 the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment。因此，正确答案是C项。3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their children and make them obedient. In fact, violence-whether verbal or physical sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a child unwittingly supply the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child results in a marked increase in the childs aggression.”可知，大多数父母采取体罚，是认为体罚会控制孩子的攻击行为并使孩子听话，但事实上，无论是言语还是肢体暴力，都会给孩子建立不好的榜样。那些大喊大叫或者打孩子的成年人会不自觉地为孩子提供侵略性（攻击性）的模板。研究发现，经常因为孩子的攻击性行为而体罚孩子，反而会激化孩子的攻击行为。因此可判断A项错误，D项正确。原文中并未体现B项“应该受到法律惩罚”这一观点；也未说明受过虐待的父母会在晚年会报复虐待自己的孩子，他们只是会不自觉地影响到下一代的教育方式，故排除C。因此，本题正确答案为D项。4.细节事实题。由原文第段“From interviews with 2134 married couples .beat 460,000 to 750,000 more, .”可知，受到殴打威胁的孩子数量是在460,000到750,000以上。因此， B项“至多每年750,000”与原文不符，正确答案应为C项“每年超过46,000”。5.观点态度题。本文主要讲述了父母体罚孩子的普遍性。如今体罚已被视为虐待。体罚不仅给孩子树立了坏榜样，而且会加剧孩子的攻击性。在儿童时期被体罚虐待的父母在教育下一代时也很可能会虐待孩子。由此可知，整篇文章对于体罚持否定态度，排除B和C。而从文章整体来看，作者对于体罚的态度不仅是不认同更具有批判性。因此，D项“严厉地批判”更为符合作者的态度。15. 单选题He has brought forward conclusive evidence, which for further dispute.问题1选项A.makes roomB.leaves no roomC.spares no effortsD.takes no pains【答案】B【解析】考查短语搭配。A选项makes room为留出空间；B选项leaves no room没有空间；没有余地；C选项spares no efforts不遗余力；D选项takes no pains没有费力气，没有痛苦。根据前文可知，他已经列举出了确凿的证据，没有必要进一步争论。因此，正确答案为B项。16. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English.北京奥组委(The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad)官方网站讯：2007年6月23日，在八达岭长城举办的“第四届2008北京奥林匹克文化节” 开幕式上，所有观众的目光都被长城上的新标识所吸引一一在绿树环绕下，一个令所有中国人兴奋的口号映衬着的长城遒劲而古老的线体。这就是一座长67米，高18米的“同一个世界同一个梦想(One World One Dream)”北京奥运会会徽(Emblem)和北京奥运会主题口号大型景观建筑。在今后的两年多的时间里，每当人们抬头仰望长城巍峨的身姿就会知道，奥运和中国有着怎样的无法割舍的渊源。【答案】The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad Official Website News: At the opening ceremony of the Fourth 2008 Beijing Olympic Cultural Festival, held on the Badaling Great Wall on June 23, 2007, all audiences are attracted to the new logo on the Great Wall. Surrounded by green trees, this logo shows powerful and antique line of the Great Wall with an exciting slogan to all Chinese people. That is a large landscape architecture, 67 meters length and 18 meters high, of Beijing Olympic Games emblem engraving characters with “One World One Dream” and Beijing Olympic Games theme slogan. Over the next more than two years, people will learn about the deep and close relationship between Olympic Games and China whenever they look up at towering figure of the Great Wall.17. 单选题The customs inspector was _for smugglers.问题1选项A.on the guardB.on the watchC.on watchD.on alert【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项搭配不正确，应为on guard“站岗，警惕，提防”；B选项on the watch“留神，守候，注意”；C选项on watch“值班，放哨，监视”；D选项on alert“提防着，警惕着”。根据The customs inspector（海关稽查员）与smugglers（走私者）可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：海关稽查员在密切关注着走私者。18. 单选题If the world is to remain peaceful, the utmost effort must be made by nations to limit local _.问题1选项A.collisionsB.combatsC.contradictionsD.conflicts【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项collision“冲突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B选项combat“格斗，搏斗”；C选项contradiction“矛盾，冲突”，指观点上的冲突；D选项conflict“(武装)斗争，冲突”。根据If the world is to remain peaceful可知D选项符合语义。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各国必须尽最大努力限制地方冲突。19. 单选题A scientist does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available. Instead, he always checks, studies and makes experiments carefully and objectively to_them.问题1选项A.testifyB.verifyC.affirmD.assert【答案】B【解析】词义辨析 动词。A选项testify v.证明，作证，证实；B选项verify v.核实，查证；C选项affirm v.肯定，断言；D选项assert v.维护，坚持，断言。根据句意逻辑，B项正确。【试题答案】一个科学家不会接受不是基于完整论据论证的结论，事实上，他通常会检查、钻研、仔细客观地做实验，从而证实这些假设。20. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English.“孩子是上天送给成人的天使；宠物是成人送给孩子的天使。”宠物可以成为孩子很好的伙伴：他们与孩子玩耍，同时也与孩子进行着感情的交流。孩子可以对他们倾诉自己的心事，因为他们是最好的倾诉者；孩子受到父母的训斥或别人的嘲笑时，这些默默无闻的听者可以带给他们关怀和安慰；孩子生病时，宠物可以陪伴他们，给他们抚慰和鼓励帮助他们勇于面对困难，自强不息。【答案】Children are the angels of adults given by god; pets are the angels of children given by adults. Pets can be childrens good friends. They play with children, as well as exchange emotional feelings with them at the same time. Children can tell their own worries to pets for they are the best audient. When children are rebuked by parents or laughed at by others, these silent listeners can bring them care and comfort. Pets can keep children company when they are ill, giving them comfort and encouraging them to face difficulties and constantly striving to become stronger.