2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解50

2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Motorcyclists should wear helmets to（ ）them from injury.问题1选项A.saveB.shieldC.shelterD.defend【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。save意为“使免于受到的损伤”；shield指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害；shelter通常指寻找安全地方躲避危害；defend指用武力或其他措施使人或物不受损害。题中是指运用头盔这种工具躲避伤害。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must _ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.问题1选项A.improveB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。improve “改善”；enhance “加强”；guarantee “保证”；gear “开动，使合适”。句意：为了在国家激烈的贸易竞争中生存，我们必须使我们生产产品的数量和种类适合市场需求。选项D符合题意。3. 翻译题Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.【答案】直到人类意识到把人口减到一半，直到能使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物，否则人们将必须接受更多的“人造食品”。4. 单选题A balance used for weighing drugs or jewels must be a（ ）instrument, but this would be quite unsuitable for weighing coal, sand or blocks of stone.问题1选项A.distinctionB.correctionC.precautionD.precision【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。distinction “区别”；correction “改正”；precaution “预防”；precision “精确的”。句意：用来称药品和珠宝的是一种精密仪器，这种仪器不合适称煤、沙或石块的重量。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题As a person who combines care with _, Marisa completed her duties with _ as well as zeal.问题1选项A.levity resignationB.enthusiasm meticulousnessC.vitality willingnessD.empathy rigor【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。levity “多变，轻浮”；resignation “辞职，放弃”；enthusiasm “热情，积极性”；meticulousness “谨小慎微”；vitality “活力，生气”；willingness “意愿，乐意”；empathy “同感，共鸣”；rigor “严厉，精确”。句意：作为一个既谨慎又积极的人，玛丽莎细致而又热情地完成了她的职责。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Science is based on experiment，on a willingness to（ ）old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.问题1选项A.encounterB.convertC.challengeD.formulate【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。encounter “偶然遇见”；convert “转换”；challenge “挑战”；formulate “规划”。句意：科学是基于实验的，愿意去挑战老教条，以开放的眼光去探求宇宙的本质。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1, 998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.Its very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize dont ask me why the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when Im trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. Its a terrible waste of brain cells.After youve been in college for a year or so, youre supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, youre going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: “Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices. If you dont come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.1.According to the author, what are closely related to college?2.According to the author, what should the college students learn in college?3.When should the college students choose a major?4.The word “flunk” in the last paragraph means_.5.What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Thinking and study.B.Shopping and music.C.Music and sex.D.Sleeping and thinking.问题2选项A.How to memorize things and to get dates.B.The things you will need and not need to know in later life.C.How to forget everything and to write poets.D.How to enhance memory and study ability.问题3选项A.The moment they go to college.B.After they have been in college for nearly two years.C.After they have been in college for a year or so.D.When they become a senior.问题4选项A.floatB.failC.ridiculeD.dupe问题5选项A.The Myth of CollegeB.What Can You Learn in CollegeC.How to Enjoy Your College LifeD.The Importance of College【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex.”，可知作者提出年轻人唯一认真考虑的事情是吵闹的音乐和性。所以这两件事与大学密切相关。选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“you learn two kinds of things in college”，第三段第一句， “Things you need to know later in life (two hours).”，以及第四段第一句，“Things you will not need to know in later life (1, 998 hours).”，可知大学生需要做学习的两件事就是：需要知道的事和不需要知道的事。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据第七段第一句，“After youve been in college for a year or so, youre supposed to choose a major”，可知，上大学一年左后，应该选一个专业。选项C符合题意。 4.语义题。“come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistryyour professor will flunk you.”，列举了两件类似事情，根据前一句的failure可知，如果你不能在教科书里写出碳氢结合形成橡树，你的教授同样会让你不及格，所以flunk也是失败的意思。选项B符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段作者介绍了大学里密不可分的事情是音乐和性，第二三四段介绍了在大学中你必须学到了两件事，所以B和C选项是文章内容的一部分，不够全面，选项B、C可排除。选项D中大学的重要性文章没有提及，可排除。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题（ ）there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.问题1选项A.Over nightB.At duskC.In the dead of nightD.Fortnight【答案】C【解析】词组短语辨析。over night “过夜”；at dusk “傍晚；黄昏时刻”；in the dead of night “夜深人静之时”；fortnight “两星期”。句意：夜深人静时，除了有几辆车偶尔经过外，没有几个行人。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The criminal was told he would be（ ）from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.问题1选项A.immuneB.immigrantC.imminentD.infallible【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。immune “免疫的”； immigrant “移民的”；imminent “即将来临的”；infallible “绝对可靠的”。句意：如果这个罪犯能说出有关谋杀犯的事，他可以免受惩罚。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases （1） the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant （2） of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a （3） bill that will propose making payments to witnesses （4） and will strictly control the amount of （5）that can be given to a case （6） a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he （7 ） with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not （8） sufficient control. （9） of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a （10）of media protest when he said the（11）of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges （12） to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which （ 13） the European convention on Human Rights legally （14） in Britain, laid down that everybody was （15 ） to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands （ 16） our British judges,” he said. Witness payments became an （17 ） after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were （18） to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised. （19 ） witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to （20 ）guilty verdicts.问题1选项A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such as问题2选项A.tighteningB.intensifyingC.focusingD.fastening问题3选项A.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draft问题4选项A.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improper问题5选项A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity问题6选项A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as问题7选项A.sidedB.sharedC.compliedD.agreed问题8选项A.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicate问题9选项A.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.Exposure问题10选项A.stormB.rageC.flareD.flash问题11选项A.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstration问题12选项A.better thanB.other thanC.rather thanD.sooner than问题13选项A.changesB.makesC.setsD.turns问题14选项A.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingD.sustaining问题15选项A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified问题16选项A.withB.toC.fromD.by问题17选项A.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issue问题18选项A.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.told问题19选项A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that问题20选项A.assureB.confideC.ensureD.guarantee【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:A第11题:B第12题:C第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C第16题:A第17题:D第18题:C第19题:D第20题:C【解析】（1）语法知识。as to “至于，关于”； for instance “例如”； in particular “尤其”； such as “例如”。句意：政府禁止收买证人，诸如罗斯玛丽韦斯特的审判这一类重大案件。根据句意和结构，选项D符合题意。（2）固定搭配。tightening “绷紧”； intensifying “加剧”； focusing “聚焦”； fastening “扣紧”。句意：对法律控制的加紧。tightening controls “加紧控制”。选项A符合题意。（3）近义词辨析。sketch “草图，素描”；rough “粗糙的，粗鲁的”；preliminary “初步的，预备的”；draft “草案，草稿”。句意：大法官将会提出一个法律草案。选项D符合题意。（4）形容词词义辨析。illogical “不合逻辑的”；illegal“不合法的”；improbable “未必会的，不太可能的”；improper “不适当的”。句意：使向证人付款成为非法行为。选项B符合题意。（5）名词词义辨析。publicity “宣扬，公开”； penalty “罚款”； popularity “普及”； peculiarity “特性”。句意：严格控制案件的公开程度。选项A符合题意。（6）介词词义辨析。根据文章意思，在审判开始前，严格控制案件的宣传度。选项C符合题意。（7）固定搭配。side “同意，支持”； share “分享”； comply “遵守”；agree “同意”。agree 和with 搭配。句意：Lord Irvine说他同意委员会的报告。选项D符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。present “呈递，提出”；offer有“主动提出，提供”；manifest “表明，征服”；indicate “指示，暗示”。句意：自我调节没能提供足够的管控。选项B符合题意。（9）名词词义辨析。release “释放”； publication “发表，公开”；printing “打印”； exposure “曝光”。句意：两周后信发表了。选项B符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。storm“政治、市场方面的动荡”；rage “愤怒”； flare “火光闪耀”；flash “突然闪现”。句意：Lord Irvine 掀起了一场媒体反抗风暴。选项A符合题意。（11）名词词义辨析。translation “翻译”；interpretation “ 解释，阐明”；exhibition “展览”，demonstration “表明，论证”。句意：包含于欧洲立法中的隐私权将由审判长解释。选项B符合题意。（12）词组辨析。better than “比更好”；other than “不同于；除了”； rather than “而不是”；sooner than “比更快”。句意：包含于欧洲立法中的隐私权将由议会解释而不是议会。选项C符合题意。（13）动词词义辨析。changes “改变”； makes “使”；sets “放置”； turns “转变”。句意：使欧洲人权公约在英国是具有合法约束力的。make后接双重宾语的用法。选项B符合题意。（14）形容词词义辨析。Binding “有约束力的”；convincing“令人信服的”；restraining“抑制的”；sustaining“维持的”。句意：使欧洲人权公约在英国具有合法约束力。选项A符合题意。（15）动词词义辨析。authorize“认可，批准”；credit “归因于”；entitle “使有权利”；qualify “使具有资格”。be entitled to “有权利”。句意：每个人都有隐私权。选项C符合题意。（16）固定搭配。be in safe hands with “因而安然无恙”。句意：新闻自由交由法官负责将会很安全。选项A符合题意。（17）名词词义辨析。impact “影响；冲突”；incident “小事件；插曲”；inference “推论，推理”；issue “问题；辩论”。句意：是否为证人付款变成了一个问题。选项D符合题意。（18）固定搭配。Be said to do sth. “据说”。句意：据说有多打达19名证人通过讲述自己的故事获得了报酬。选项C符合题意。（19）语法知识。that 做连词引导同位语从句。句意：关注点在于，证人将被鼓励在法庭上夸大自己的故事为了确保有罪判决。选项D符合题意。（20）动词词义辨析。assure “保证，担保”；confide “吐露”；ensure “确保”；guarantee“保证”，ensure guilty verdicts “确保有罪判决”。句意：证人将被鼓励在法庭上夸大自己的故事为了确保有罪判决。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题（ ）a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a. m.问题1选项A.ExceptB.BarringC.Apart fromD.On account of【答案】B【解析】介词词义解析。except “除了”；barring “倘若”；apart from “除以外”；on account of “由于”。题中a delay是一个名词，所以需填入介词。句意：倘若没有延误的话，或者应该会在上午六点半到达上海。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题Despite almost universal _ of the vital importance of womens literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.问题1选项A.confessionB.identificationC.acknowledgementD.compliment【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。confession “坦白，供认”；identification “鉴定；身份证”；acknowledgement “承认，确认”；compliment “赞美”。句意：尽管女性文化的重要性成为统一承认的事情，但是在世界的许多国家，教育仍然是许多女性的梦想。选项C符合题意。13. 单选题How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be _ to tourist spending?问题1选项A.attributedB.appliedC.contributedD.attached【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。attributed to “归因于”；applied to “应用于”；contributed to “有助于”；attached to “附属于”。句意：在度假胜地或附近，商店销售额中有多大的比例可以归因于旅游消费？选项A符合题意。14. 翻译题Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, theyll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.【答案】根据调查证据思考发现，尽管许多人在他们的生命里都想拥有科学和宗教，但是目前他们只会保留前者，而以后者为代价。15. 单选题The UN official said aid programs will be _ until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.问题1选项A.multipliedB.arrestedC.spannedD.suspended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。multiple “增加”；arrest “逮捕”；span “跨越”；suspend “推迟，延缓”。句意：这位联合国官员说救援项目将会被推迟，直到对救援人员有足够的保护为止。选项D符合题意。16. 单选题The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials （文凭）than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.” Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure （终身任期），promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”1.When a college tries to be “all things to all people”（Line 1，Para. 1） it aims to _.2.By saying that “in too many academic fields, the work has no context” （Lines 4-5, Pare. 1）the author means that the teaching in these areas_.3.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.4.American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because _.5.It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for_.问题1选项A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than productive ends问题2选项A.ignores the actual situationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students问题3选项A.a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB.students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials问题4选项A.most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD.they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching问题5选项A.putting academic work in the proper contextB.a commitment to students and effective teachingC.the practice of putting learning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推理题。根据文章第一段第四句，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context”,可知问题是给学生们提供了太多的学术领域，也就是太多的专业课程可以选择。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends.”，这种教育涉及了很多专业领域，但是没有内容，技能没有变成方法，而是成为一种目的，所以这种教育的角度是错误的。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.”，可知美国大学当前面临危机的原因是越来越迎合狭隘的事业心，没有培养学生的全球视野。选项A符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.”，可知他们认为研究和出版是最重要的事。选项D符合题意。 5.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.”，可知教学生们基本知识，产生跨学科联系，并且将知识应用于学校之外的生活是他们承诺努力的方面。根据第二段第一句，“Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching.”，可知高素质的教师和好的教学也是他们关注的方面。选项B符合题意。17. 单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _ produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】形近异义词辨析。absorption “吸收”；transition“传送，过渡，传递”；consumption “消费，消耗”；interaction “相互作用”。句意：从固体变成液体，水要吸收周围所有物体的热量，这种吸收会导致周围环境变冷。选项A符合题意。18. 单选题What makes basketball the most （ ）of sports is how these styles do not necessarily clash.问题1选项A.aspiringB.intriguingC.conspiringD.famous【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。aspiring “有抱负的”；intriguing “有趣的”；conspiring “协力的”；famous “著名的”。句意：篮球成为最有趣的运动的原因是这些风格不会冲突。选项B符合题意。19. 单选题Because Jenkins neither _ nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic_.问题1选项A.criticizes. acumenB.attacks.neutralityC.confronts.aptitudeD.dismisses.flair【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。criticize “批评，评论”；attack “攻击，抨击”；confront “面对，遭