2022-2023年考博英语-南京艺术学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）第18期

2022-2023年考博英语-南京艺术学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposed his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appeal to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but make it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed and the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after then we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, We would not have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk， the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary, prerequisite to Wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1.What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded history has taught us（ ）.3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（ ）.4.“He was none the wiser” means（ ）.5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（ ）.问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides Violence as a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anythingB.nothingC.the bloodshed means nothingD.everything问题3选项A.cant get a hearingB.are looked down uponC.are persecutedD.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement问题4选项A.he was not at all wise in listeningB.He was not at all wiser than nothing beforeC.He gains nothing after listeningD.He makes no sense of the argument问题5选项A.law enforcementB.knowledgeC.nonviolenceD.mopping up the violent【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章最适合的标题是”。文章提到有些国家的人倾向于用暴力解决问题，这种行为甚至被认为是理所当然的（In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned），接着又提到暴力解决不了问题，只会让问题更尖锐（We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but make it more acute），因此，选项B“暴力不能解决任何种族纠纷”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的“有记录的历史教会我们”。文章第一段提到“人类有记载的那些关于暴力的历史完全没有教我们任何东西”（The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing），因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“可以推断真正理智的人”。文章第二段第一二句提到“真正理智的人会发现自己的方法越来越难以被倾听。他们被自己的同类鄙视，不信任、甚至迫害，因为他们宣扬的是让他人愤怒的事情”（The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement），选项D“在支持执法上遇到困难”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“He was none the wiser意味着”。文章第三段提到“听了一场冗长的辩论后，法官抱怨说，听了这番话，他还是一窍不通”（After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser），因此选项C“倾听后他什么都没得到”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者看来，消除种族歧视问题的最好办法是”。文章第二段最后一句话提到“只要我们在法律框架内努力，真正的与长久的解决办法将有可能”（Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law），选项A符合题意。2. 单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duly to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work though their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Summer Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs all Internet start-lip in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1.What is implied in the first sentence?2.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（ ）.3.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of（ ）.4.In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5.The text intends to express the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.doctors arc helpless against fatal diseasesC.some treatments are too aggressiveD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flexiblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第一句话暗含着”。文章第一段第一句提到“据说，死亡在英国是迫在眉睫，在加拿大是不可避免，而在加利福尼亚是可以选择的”（It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional），第二三句提到“很少有人怀疑美国人的寿命在上个世纪已经几乎翻倍。坏死的髋骨可以更换”（Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced），由此可以看出美国人对自己的医疗技术非常有信心，选项C“美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者使用癌症患者的例子去表明”。文章第一段倒数第三句话提到“由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们要求尽可能为我们做任何治疗，尽管这些治疗毫无用处”（Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless），然后提到癌症治疗，由此可以推测作者认为这种做法使得医疗资源被浪费了，选项A符合题意。3.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对理查德拉姆的评论的态度是”。理查德拉姆认为“老人和虚弱的病人应该坦然面对死亡，为他人让路”。文章第三段提到“我不会那么极端”（I would not go that far），即在某些程度上不认同理查德的观点；最后一段提到“但是社会在延长人的寿命的追求上是有极限的”（Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit），所以在这个意义上作者同意理查德的看法，因此选项B“保留意见”符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“与美国相比，日本和瑞典正资助自己的医疗”。文章最后一段提到“在医疗上的花费远远低于我们的日本和瑞典人，获得比我们更长，更健康。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求无效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在提高人们生活质量的普通医疗方面花钱太少”（people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives），由此可推测，日本与瑞典在医疗上的花费更合理。选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章试图阐述”。文章第一段提到“但是，即使是一个伟大的医疗保健系统也无法治愈死亡，而我们未能正视这一现实。死亡是正常的，即使在理想的条件下，基因也会解体和灭亡”（But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions），因此选项C符合题意。3. 单选题In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain School District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement. “Were worried about our teachers and principals, and we really dont want to lose them because of this,” one parent said. “If we can help ease their financial burden, we will.Teachers are grateful, but know it may be years before the district is solvent（有偿付能力的）They feel really good about the parent support, but they realize its impossible for them to solve this problem.The 22.000-studcnt district discovered the shortage last month, “Its extraordinary. Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level,” said State Treasurer Mike Coffman.Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing up a $9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll（工资单）to be met for 2,700 teachers and staff in time for the holidays.District officials also took$ 1.7 million from student-activity accounts in its 38 schools.At Coffmans request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the districts finances. Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools.In Frederick, students parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.Some $36,000 has been raised in donations from Safeway. A Chevrolet dealership donated $10,000 and forgave the districts $10,750 bill for renting the driver educating cars. IBM contributed 4,500 packs of paper.“We employ thousands of people in this community,” said Mitch Carson, a hospital chief executive, who helped raise funds. “We have children in the school, and we see how they could be affected.”At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles, district information and an email forum（论坛）.“Rumors about whats happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.” said a student. “We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.”1.What has happened to the Vrain School District?2.How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage?3.In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is（ ）.4.Why did Coffman request an investigation?5.Three high School students started a website in order to（ ）.问题1选项A.A huge financial problem has arisen.B.Many schools there are mismanaged.C.Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit.D.Many administrative personnel have been laid off问题2选项A.They felt somewhat helpless about it.B.They accused those responsible for it.C.They pooled their efforts to help solve it.D.They demanded a thorough investigation.问题3选项A.unavoidableB.unthinkableC.insolvableD.irreversible问题4选项A.To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem.B.To find out the extent of the consequences of the case.C.To make sure that the school principals were innocent.D.To stop the voters approving the $212 million bond issue.问题5选项A.attract greater public attention to their needsB.appeal to the public for contributions and donationsC.expose officials who neglected their dutiesD.keep people properly informed of the crisis【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“Vrain学区发生的事情是”。文章第一段提到“Vrain学区试图去解决因管理不当导致的1380万美金的预算短缺”（In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain School District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement），因此选项A“一个巨大的财政问题”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“Vrain校区的居民应对预算短缺的方式是”。文章第一段提到当地居民正在帮助老师和管理人员（residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators），选项C“帮助一起解决问题”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在财政部长迈克卡夫麦看来，教育预算短缺是”。文章第三段中“这太不寻常了。没有人想到会发生这样的事情”(Its extraordinary. Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level)，因此选项B“不能想象的”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“为什么卡夫麦要求进行调查”。文章第六段提到“他想知道是否地方官员将预算短缺隐瞒”（he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage），因此选项A“想弄清是否对财政问题进行了掩盖”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“三名高中生建立了一个网站来”。文章最后一段提到“谣言以光速扩散”“我们想知道真相，并把它公之于众”（“Rumors about whats happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.” said a student. “We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.”），选项D“让人们知道危机”符合题意。4. 翻译题Put the following Iwo passages into Chinese.Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation. It is the function of education, the function of all of the great institutions of learning in the United Stales, to provide continuity for our national life to transmit to youth the best of our culture that has been tested in the fire of history. It is equally the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our youth; to improve, through creative citizenship, our American institutions in accord with the requirements of the future. We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.Fame is very much like an animal chasing its tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it. Fame and celebrity that accompanies it, force the famous person to participate in his or her own destruction. Ironic, isnt it? Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is marketed aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc., the audience may turn away and look to confer fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.【答案】永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义，它要么就不是真理，要么就不是永恒的。它是教育的功能，是美国所有伟大学府的功能，为我们国家的生活提供延续把我们在历史的烈火中经受住考验的精华文化传给年轻人。教育同样有责任培养我们青年一代的思想和才能；通过创造性的公民身份来改善我们美国的制度，使之符合未来的要求。我们不能为我们青年创造未来，但是我们能针对未来造就我们的青年。名誉很像一只追逐自己尾巴的动物，在抓住之后除了继续追逐外，不知道还有其它什么事可做。随之而来的名望迫使名人参与到他/她自己的毁灭中。很讽刺，不是吗？那些成名的人往往是因为拥有某种才能或技能：唱歌，跳舞，绘画或者写作等。成功的表演者发展成一种风格，在市场上非常受欢迎，正因为受欢迎，表演者继续以同样的风格表演，因为这似乎是公众想要并且所欣赏的。但随着时间的推移，表演者厌倦了年复一年地用同样的方式唱同一首歌，画家厌倦了画同样的场景或者肖像或者演员不想再重复出演同样的角色。公众的需求使艺术家得以成名。如果这个艺术家试图改变他/她的写作、跳舞或者歌唱风格等，观众可能会转身把名誉给另外一个人，然后随着时间的推移再给另一个人，如此反复下去。5. 单选题During the 1992 presidential campaign a new media star emerged-Virginia Kelley, the mother of candidate Clinton, who died of breast cancer this past January. It was she who created the Clinton lore; throughout the campaign she told how 14-year-old Bill had stood up to his drunken, abusive stepfather one night to protect Virginia and his little brother. She also told with great effective how young Clinton had come back home with stars in his eyes after meeting JFK at Boys Nation in Washington. She knew then, she said, that he would go into public service. She also created her own lore-four husbands, an up-and-down nursing career, and her passion for makeup (she even wore it to bed in case she got a call from the hospital in the middle of the night). She simply won the public over with her candor and lack of pretense.Now these oft-told are told again in Leading With My Heart, by Virginia Kelley with James Morgan.Not surprisingly, the stories feel familiar here, especially since the book arrives just a few months after a batter of obituaries of Mrs. Kelley. But the book has another problem: as is often the case with co-written memoirs, it feels inauthentic. Written in a prosaic, colorless style, this doesnt sound the way we imagine Mrs. Kelley talked. There are no Southern locutions, and the grammar is impeccable. Where are the spicy stories or the occasional “damn” or “hell”？Coke-bottle glasses: Anyone approaching this celebrity book with an eye for gossip will also be disappointed. What feels fresh, though, is Mrs. Kelleys descriptions of her shock at meeting Hillary Rodham when Bill brought her home from Yale Law School. The young woman wore Coke-bottle Glasses, no makeup and had perfectly hair-nothing like the Dixie beauty queens that Clinton usually dated. She was also a blunt Yankee, and not adept at Southern blarney. “There was almost a kind of cultural tension between Mother and Hillary.” said Clinton. “I guess thats as good a way to put it as any.” replies his mother. But there was no going back: “I want you to pray for me. Pray that its I Hilary. Becau