2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解26

2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one sourcecrude oil found below the earths surface as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the earths surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earths interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but those are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residue fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.1.Which of the following is NOT true?2.Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because （ ）.3.Which of the following is true?4.How is crude oil brought to the surface?5.Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oil?问题1选项A.Crude oil is found below land and water.B.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.C.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.D.A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.问题2选项A.the petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearanceB.complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structureC.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positionsD.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation问题3选项A.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.B.Heating and condensation produce the various products.C.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.D.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the various products.问题4选项A.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.B.Pressure and pumping.C.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.D.Expansion and contraction of the earths surface.问题5选项A.Distillate oil.B.Gasoline.C.Lubrication oilD.Kerosene.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。A: 原油在陆地和水下被发现,B:原油经常被发现于地球表面下几百英尺,第一段指出: crude oil found below the earths surface as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the earths surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earths interior (被发现于地球表面和广泛水域下的原油，从地球表面下几百英尺到深入地球内部2.5万英尺),因此A项符合原意,B项过于绝对。由第一段中“ Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface.栗源压力迫使原油渗出表面。”知C项是对原文的同义转述。D:各种石油产品从原油中被获取,由最后一段“The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors(各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来)”可知D项正确。2.细节事实题。第三段指出: The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule (碳和氢的结合构成了数千计的化合物，而这种构成的可能是因为这两种原子在烷烃分子中的不同位置和结合方式),由此可知C项“这两种原子可以在分子中处于多种位置”正确。3.细节事实题。最后一段指出: The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors (各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来),由此可知B项“加热和冷凝产生了各种产品”正确。4.细节事实题。第一段指出:Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface (泵源压力迫使原油渗出表面),故选B项“压力和泵送”。5.判断推理题。由关键词light oil定位至第三段: These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil (这些产品就被称之为轻油，例如汽油、煤油和馏出油)。故选C。2. 单选题Well visit Europe next year（ ）we have enough money.问题1选项A.lestB.providedC.unlessD.until【答案】B【解析】副词辨析题。A选项lest“唯恐，以免”；B选项provided“倘若，假如”；C选项unless“除非”；D选项until“直到.”。句意：如果我们有足够的钱，明年我们就去欧洲。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题Generally, prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods can hold （ ）bacteria in foods to a safe level.问题1选项A.a number ofB.the number ofC.an amount ofD.a quantity of【答案】B【解析】句意:一般来说，迅速冷却并经过适当的冷藏，食物中的细菌量会被控制在安全范围内。考查短语辨析。a number of若干，许多; the number of 的数量; an amount of 总量”通常与不可数、无生命的名词连用；a quantity of 一些。故B符合句意。4. 单选题If any of these symptoms （ ）while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor immediately.问题1选项A.establishB.representC.performD.occur【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。establish“建立;创立”；represent “代表；表现”；perform“表演；执行：完成”；occur “发生”。句意：如果用药期间出现上述症状，请立刻咨询医生。选项D符合题意。5. 翻译题A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.The air we breathe is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet without it we could not survive more than a few minutes. For the most part, the same air is available to everyone, and everyone needs it. Some people use the air to sustain them while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. Others breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life for themselves.Opportunity is the same way. It is everywhere. Opportunity is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet opportunity alone is not enough to create success. Opportunity must be seized and acted upon in order to have value. So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a “ground floor opportunity, as if the opportunity will do all the work. Thats impossible. Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed. It takes more than just breathing in the fresh air of opportunity, however. You must make use of that opportunity. Thats not up to the opportunity. Thats up to you. It doesnt matter what “floor” the opportunity is on. What matters is what you do with it.B. Translate the following passage into English.如果失败了你会怎么做？很多人可能会选择放弃。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。在通往成功的路上，你必须坚持你的方向。它就像一盏灯，在黑暗中为你指路，帮助你度过难关。否则，你很容易就会迷失方向或犹豫不前。方向意味着目标，人生如果没有目标，将一事无成。你可以试着把你的目标写在纸上，并制定实现目标的计划。这样，你就会懂得如何合理安排时间，如何正确地支配时间。而且你还要有这 样的信念：只要你一直坚持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。【答案】A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.【参考译文】我们所呼吸的空气触手可及，以至于我们将其视为理所当然。然而，倘若没有空气，我们只能存活几分钟。大多数情况下，每个人都能呼吸到同样的空气，也都需要空气。有的人一边坐着自怨自艾，一边又呼吸空气来维持生命。另一些人却呼吸空气，并利用空气提供的能量为自己创造美好的生活。机遇也是如此。它无处不在。机遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我们将其当作理所当然。然而，只有机遇不足以创造成功。为了让机遇有价值，必须抓住机遇并采取行动。很多人都急于抓住“先机”，好像抓住机遇就会一劳永逸，这是不可能的。正如你需要空气来呼吸一样，你也需要获得成功的机遇。然而，成功不仅仅是呼吸到机遇的新鲜空气。你必须利用所获得的机遇。对机遇的利用不取决于机遇，而取决于你。机遇处于什么“阶段”不重要，最重要的是你如何利用它。B. Translate the following passage into English.【参考译文】What would you do if you failed? Many people may choose to give up. However, the reliable way to success is to adhere to your direction and goal. On the way to success, you must keep your direction. It is just like a lamp, guiding you in darkness and helping you pull though. Otherwise, you will easily get lost or hang back. Direction means goals. Nothing can be done without a goal in your life. You can try to write down your goals and make some plans to achieve them. In this way, you will know how to arrange and use your time properly. Furthermore, you should have a belief that you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.6. 单选题A healthy trading system requires that countries be both eager exporters and importers. If nations dont spend what they earn abroador if weak economies make them weak importers-then the trading system will collapse. That is todays problem.Where will future trade expansion come from? Europe seems a doubtful candidate. With feeble economic growth, it won t buy a lot more exports. Latin America is in a similar position. Many big countries (Argentina, Brazil) are so burdened by debt that their growth is hobbled and they strive for export surpluses-earning precious dollars-to repay their international loans. As for Africa, its so poor that it hardly matters in global trade.Well, what about Asia? It ought to save the global trading system, but it may do just the opposite. These countries are ferocious exporters; they seem to strive for permanent trade surpluses and hoard their excess export earnings. Consider whats happened to their foreign exchange reserves. Since 1996, the foreign exchange reserves of some major Asian countries have jumped from about $500 billion to more than $1.3 trillion. These funds are typically left in safe investments, such as U.S. Treasury securities. A lot of attention has focused on China, but the problem is larger than China alone.As a result, the trading system lacks circularity. The justification for free trade is that everyone ultimately benefits. Countries do what they do best. Poor countries sell inexpensive labor-intensive goods to wealthy countries and buy sophisticated knowledge-intensive goods. Living standards in all countries rise. Some workers and industries may temporarily lose, but most consumers benefit and most workers are ultimately re-employed in trade-competitive industries. Trade doesnt permanently destroy jobs; spending is circular.If too many countries hoard, the logic of free trade collapses. Trade can become an economic depressant and job destroyer. Too many sellers chase too few buyers. Countries compete for bigger shares of stagnant markets and try to shift unemployment abroad. A great, if silent, struggle has begun. For decades, expanding trade promoted global progress. It reduced poverty and spread prosperity. But if the trading system cant solve its basic problem-over-reliance on the US market-it could foster political division and economic vulnerability for all. Trading patterns must become more balanced and sustainable. 1.Some big Latin America countries are（ ）.2.Which of the following statements about certain regional economy is TRUE?3.According to the author, the free trade system will collapse when（ ）.4.The author strongly advocates that a sustainable free trade system（ ）.5.The last paragraph mainly deals with（ ）.问题1选项A.exporting more for enough foreign currency to pay their debtB.exporting surpluses as to reserve enough precious US dollarsC.using US dollars to pay all their international and domestic debtsD.using exporting as an effective way for their economic prosperity问题2选项A.Europe may help the future world trade expansion.B.Latin Americas debt would hinder its export capacityC.Asia may enhance trade expansion but not spending muchD.Africa finds it hard to emerge in world-trade expansion问题3选项A.trade became economic depressant and job destroyerB.countries tried to shift their unemployment to other nationsC.world trade over relied on the vulnerable U.S. marketD.too many countries are not importing much from other countries问题4选项A.should be changed through international collaborationsB.will definitely become an economic depressant worldwideC.requires a circularity of both importing and exportingD.should encourage buying more from trade-competitive industries问题5选项A.economic balance and sustainabilityB.economic collapse and potential crisisC.trade competition against U.S. marketD.worldwide economic achievement today【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第二段Latin America is in a similar position. Many big countries (Argentina, Brazil) are so burdened by debt that their growth is hobbled, and they strive for export surpluses-earning precious dollarsto repay their international loans.可知，拉丁美洲也处于类似的境地。许多大国(比如阿根廷，巴西)都背负着沉重的债务，经济增长举步维艰，他们努力争取出口盈余赚取宝贵的美元以偿还国际贷款。因此，选项A “出口更多赚外币来偿还债务”符合原文，故本题正确答案为A项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第三段These countries are ferocious exporters; they seem to strive for permanent trade surpluses and hoard their excess export earnings可知，这些国家都是出口大国；他们似乎在争取永久的贸易顺差，并囤积过剩的出口收入。因此，可推测选项C “亚洲可能加强贸易扩张，但不会花太多”正确。3.推理判断题。题干询问：根据作者观点，当时，自由贸易系统会崩溃。根据原文最后一段If too many countries hoard, the logic of free trade collapses可知，如果太多国家囤积，自由贸易的逻辑就会崩溃。因此，结合上下文可推测D选项“太多国家从没有从其他国家大量进口”正确。4.推理判断题。由原文第四段As a result, the trading system lacks circularity. The justification for free trade is that everyone ultimately benefits可知，以往的交易系统缺乏循环性。自由贸易存在的正当之处就是大家最终都能受益。这说明作者认为可持续发展的自由贸易具有循环性。因此，可推测C选项 “要求进口和出口的循环”正确。故本题正确答案为C项。5.推理判断题。题干询问，最后一段主要讲的内容是什么？综合分析可知，文章最后一段主要讨论了贸易在何时会崩溃以及目前国际贸易太依赖美国市场所导致的隐含危机。因此，B选项 “经济崩溃和潜在危机”最符合题意，故本题正确答案为B选项。7. 单选题The manager spoke highly of such（ ）as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.问题1选项A.virtuesB.featuresC.propertiesD.characteristics【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。virtue “美德，优秀品质”；feature “特征，特点”；property “特性，性能，财产”；characteristic “特征，特点”。句意：经理高度赞扬了员工所体现的忠诚、勇敢和诚实的优秀品质。题干中的loyalty，courage和 truthfulness都属于“优秀的品质”，因此答案选A。8. 单选题We had no way to measure the exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was（ ）five miles.问题1选项A.preciselyB.appropriatelyC.apparentlyD.approximately【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项precisely表示“精确地，恰恰”；B选项appropriately表示“恰当地，合适地”；C选项apparently表示“显然地，表面上”；D选项approximately表示“大约，近似地”。根据句中关键信息We had no way to measure the exact distance可知，我们没有办法测量准确距离。所以后文中的距离只能是大约值，因此本题正确答案为D项。【句意】我们没有办法测量走过的准确距离，但我们认为大约是5英里。9. 单选题Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on（ ）.问题1选项A.responseB.impulseC.instinctD.consciousness【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项response“反应，回答”；B选项impulse“冲动”；C选项instinct“本能，直觉”；D选项consciousness“意识，知觉”。句意：人类的行为主要是学习的产物，而动物的行为主要依靠本能。选项C符合句意。10. 单选题A recent study, published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.The author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with really stupid behavior than with just a lack of driving experience. The basic issue he says, is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使 缓解) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest, with a novice driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.1.Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?2.According to Robert Foss, the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?4.A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers driving accidents is that（ ）.5.The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system（ ）.问题1选项A.Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after 10 p.m.B.A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.C.Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.D.A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.问题2选项A.their frequent driving at nightB.their improper way of drivingC.their lack of driving experienceD.their driving with passengers问题3选项A.Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.B.Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.C.Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.D.The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers driving accidents.问题4选项A.driving in the presence of an adult should be made a ruleB.they should be prohibited from taking on passengersC.they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m.D.the licensing system should be improved问题5选项A.is under discussionB.is about to be set upC.has been put into effectD.has been perfected【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题干要求判断四个选项中哪种情况最危险。根据原文前两段可知，青少年驾车载着超过3名乘客出行发生致命事故的概率是那些独自开车青少年的3倍，而青少年司机的死亡率在晚上10点，特别是午夜之后急剧上升。因此，B选项正确。A选项“成年人在晚上10点钟后搭载青少年”与C选项“成年人在晚上很晚时搭载3名以上青少年乘客”均不正确。D选项“青少年在午夜搭陌生人的车”在原文没有提及，可排除。2.细节事实题。题干询问Robert Foss认为青少年死亡率高的原因。根据题干定位至原文第三段第一句可知，青少年司机的死亡率高与其真正愚蠢的行为关系不大，而是因为他们缺乏驾驶经验，故本题正确答案为C。A选项“频繁在晚上驾驶”：B选项“他们不恰当的驾驶方式”；D选项“他们载乘客驾驶”均与原文不符，故排除。3.细节事实题。A选项“青少年应该花更多的时间学习驾驶”在原文并未提及，可排除；B选项“驾驶对青少年来说太复杂了所以学不会”，属于无中生有，可排除；C选项“青少年申请参加驾驶课程应当有一些限制”由第三段内容不能得出，可排除。根据原文第三段最后一句可知，根本问题是，负责发放驾照的成年人没有意识到驾驶是一项多么复杂和需要熟练度的任务。也就是说驾照发行机构应该对此事负有一定的责任。因此，只有D项与原文内容相符，故本题正确答案为D选项。4.事实细节题。根据原文倒数第二段the way to mitigate the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems可知，缓解青少年驾驶事故的方法是建立所谓的驾照分级许可制度，因此D选项“改善驾照许可制度”正确。A选项为“规定青少年要在成人陪同下驾驶”；B选项为“应该不准他们载客”：C选项为“应该禁止他们晚上10点后开车”。A、B、C三项均不符合题意，因此本题正确答案为D项。5.事实细节题。根据题干定位至原文最后一段第二句About half of the states now have some soil of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers可知，美国现在大约有一半的州已经有了分级许可制度，但只有10个州对乘客有限制。说明这种制度已经建立了，只是还不够完善。A选项“在讨论中”、B选项“即将建立”和C选项“已经被实施”都不符合，因此本题正确答案为C项。11. 单选题Nowadays, a cellphone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinite applications. Virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person cant walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cellphone. Any cellphone. Just pick it up. Dont dial. Just hold that phone to your face and start talking. Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation, making sure to tailor both the topic and content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business:“Yes, Im glad you called, because we really need to hammer out the details. Whats that? Y