2022-2023年考博英语-湖南师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第14期

2022-2023年考博英语-湖南师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Maya Lin was an undergraduate student at Yale when she was _ to create the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1981 because she won the public design competition for the memorial.问题1选项A.commissionedB.conditionedC.streamlinedD.aggregated【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。A选项commissioned“正式委托（谱写或制作、创作、完成）”；B选项conditioned“训练，使习惯于，使适应”；C选项streamlined“使增产节约”；D选项aggregated“总计，合计”。句意：1981年，玛雅林在耶鲁大学读本科时被_设计越南退伍军人纪念馆，因为她赢得了纪念馆的公共设计竞赛。玛雅林赢了设计比赛，可知这里指的是和设计相关事宜，A选项commissioned“正式委托（谱写或制作、创作、完成）”符合题意。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题She should have been here but shes _ flu that is going around recently.问题1选项A.gone through withB.gone down withC.come in forD.come up against【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项gone through with“将（决定的事）做了”；B选项gone down with“得病”；C选项come in for“遭到（批评），受到（指责）”；D选项come up against“面临，碰到”。句意：她本应该来的，但她_最近肆意横行的流感。这里对流感进行搭配，B选项gone down with“得病”符合题意。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题The radical transformation of Soviet society had a profound impact on womens lives. Marxists had traditionally believed that both capitalism and the middle class husband exploited women. The Russian Revolution of 1917 immediately proclaimed complete equality of rights for women. In the 1920s divorce and abortion were made easily available, and women were urged to work outside the home and liberate themselves sexually. After Stalin came to power, sexual and familial liberation was played down, and the most lasting changes for women involved work and education.These changes were truly revolutionary. Young women were constantly told that they had to be equal to men, that they could and should do everything men could do. Peasant women in Russia had long experienced the equality of backbreaking physical labor in the countryside, and they continued to enjoy that equality on collective farms. With the advent of the five-year-plans, millions of women also began to toil in factories and in heavy construction, building dams, roads and steel mills in summer heat and winter frost. Most of the opportunities open to men through education were also open to women. Determined women pursued their studies and entered the ranks of the better-paid specialists in industry and science. Medicine practically became a womans profession. By 1950, 75 percent of doctors on the Soviet Union were women.Thus Stalinist society gave women great opportunities but demanded great sacrifices as well. The vast majority of women simply had to work outside the home. Wages were so low that it was almost impossible for a family or couple to live only on the husbands earning. Moreover, the full-time working woman had a heavy burden of household tasks in her off hours, for most Soviet men in the 1930s still considered the home and the children the womans responsibility. Men continued to monopolize the best jobs. Finally, rapid change and economic hardship led to many broken families, creating further physical, emotional, and mental strains for women. In any event, the often-neglected human resource of women was ruthlessly mobilized in Stalinist society. This, too, was an aspect of the Soviet totalitarian state.1.The main idea of this passage is that women in Stalinist society（ ）.2.In this passage, to monopolize means to（ ）.3.In this passage, mobilized means（ ）.4.The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to（ ）.5.The overall organizational pattern of this passage is（ ）.6.How are the ideas within the following sentence related?“Moreover, the full-time working woman had a heavy burden of household tasks her off hours, for most Soviet men in the 1930s still considered the home and the children the womans responsibility.”7. The authors tone in this passage can best be described as（ ） .问题1选项A.had economic opportunities that had never been available beforeB.had difficulty balancing their work and family responsibilitiesC.had new opportunities but also many hardships.D.moved quickly into the highest levels of government问题2选项A.holdB.earnC.leaveD.pay问题3选项A.punishedB.paidC.foughtD.used问题4选项A.compare different systems of governmentB.tell an interesting storyC.amuse the readerD.provide information问题5选项A.definitionB.example/illustrationC.chronological orderD.comparison/contrast问题6选项A.cause/effectB.division/classificationC.summaryD.sequence/process问题7选项A.disapprovingB.emotionalC.objectiveD.sympathetic【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C第6题:A第7题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文第三段第一句为本文主旨句。“Thus Stalinist society gave women great opportunities but demanded great sacrifices as well.”斯大林主义社会给了女性巨大的机会，但也要求她们做出巨大的牺牲。选项C符合原文主旨。2.词汇题。根据关键词“monopolize”定位到第三段倒数第三句“Men continued to monopolize the best jobs.”原文指男性继续垄断着最好的工作。选项A“拥有”最能替代原文中的“monopolize”，所以正确。3.词汇题。根据关键词“monopolize”定位到第三段倒数第二句“ In any event, the often-neglected human resource of women was ruthlessly mobilized in Stalinist society.”无论如何，经常被忽视的女性人力资源在斯大林社会被无情地使用。能与“human resource”搭配使用且符合原文意思的只有选项D。4.主旨大意题。根据原文可知，本文并没有比较不同的政府体制，所以选项A错误；本文也不是在讲述有趣的故事和娱乐读者，所以选项B和C均错误；只有选项D提供信息正确。5.细节事实题。根据原文可知，文中出现了很多时间的关键词，并详细讲述了当时的情况，所以本文主要是按照时间顺序来写的。选项C正确。6.推理判断题。句意：此外，全职工作的妇女在业余时间有沉重的家务负担，因为在20世纪30年代，大多数苏联男人仍然认为家庭和孩子是妇女的责任。这句话前后构成因果关系，根据关键词“for”也可知选项A正确。cause/effect“因果关系 ”；division/classification“分类”，summary“总结”，sequence/process “过程”。所以选项A正确。7.观点态度类。结合文章内容可知，作者是在陈述事实，并未带有个人主义色彩的词出现，所以作者的态度是客观公正的，选项C正确。4. 单选题Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by staring the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price that is a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder in the hope of buying goods al at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale lakes place privately afterwards among the dealers.1. A candle used to bum al at auction sales _.2. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _.3. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because _.4. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _.5. A “knock out” is arranged _.问题1选项A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made问题2选项A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale问题3选项A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers问题4选项A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested问题5选项A.to keep the price in the auction room lowB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to increase the auctioneers profitD.to help the auctioneer【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（在18世纪和19世纪的英国，商品通常是“借着蜡烛”出售的：拍卖师点燃一支短蜡烛，然后在蜡烛点着的时候出价。），由此可知点蜡烛是为了限制出价时间，所以D选项“限制提出报价的时间”正确。A选项“因为拍卖在晚上进行”和B选项“作为人群聚集的信号”以及C选项“让拍卖师保持温暖”文章都没有提及，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he notices the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.（如果广告不能给出全部细节，则会打印商品目录，每一组要一起出售的商品通常会给出一个编号，称为“批次”。拍卖人不必从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），由此可知商品目录是为了告诉潜在买家商品拍卖的顺序，所以C选项“拍卖商品的顺序”正确。A选项“货物的当前市场价值”和D选项“拍卖会免费入场”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“待出售货物的详细信息”对应第四段第一句“拍卖通常是事先发布广告，详细说明要出售的物品以及买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品”，由此可知待出售商品的详细信息并不出现在目录上，而是出现在广告上，属于张冠李戴。因此C选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段第三句The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.（拍卖师不需要从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），结合第四段第一句An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers.（拍卖通常会事先做广告，详细说明待售物品的详细情况，以及潜在买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品。），由此可知拍卖中很重要的是让对拍品感兴趣的人看到拍品及其信息，而拍卖人会等到拍品的潜在买家在场时进行拍卖，所以B选项“根据经验他知道哪些人想要买哪些东西”正确。A选项“有时想迷惑买家”，C选项“想让某些人等着”和D选项“想减少买家的数量”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段最后一句The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.（拍卖师的服务是按商品售价的百分比支付的。因此，拍卖商在尽可能提高出价方面有着直接的利益。），所以A选项“他们自己能赚更多”正确。B选项“商人们高兴”；C选项“拍卖会会更有名”和D选项“吸引顾客”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章倒数第二句Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices.（然而，即使是最好的拍卖师也发现很难阻止“拍卖勾结”，即商人事先非法协商不互相竞争，而是商定其中一人竞拍，以此用极低的价格购买商品。），由此可知拍卖勾结是为了低价买入商品，A选项“为了保持拍卖品的低价格”正确。B选项“只允许一个商人获利”对应文章最后一句If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale lakes place privately afterwards among the dealers.（如果这样的“拍卖勾结”成功了，真正的拍卖江湖之后会私下进行。），由此可知在拍卖厅的拍卖结束以后，他们还会再次进行拍卖，拍卖勾结不是为了让特定的一个人获利，属于曲解原文。C选项“提高拍卖商的利润”和D选项“帮助拍卖师”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题_ the way, we set of on foot into the dark night.问题1选项A.The guide ledB.With the guide leadingC.With the guide to leadD.With the guide lead【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在向导的带领下，我们徒步走进了黑夜。A选项The guide led放进来题目构成两个独立且完整的句子，语法错误。逗号前是句子的状语部分，guide和lead是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式，B选项With the guide leading正确。C选项With the guide to lead不定式形式表目的，D选项With the guide lead过去分词形式表被动。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题John（ ）on his mistake long after the test was over.问题1选项A.consideredB.dweltC.contemplateD.figured【答案】B【解析】dwell on为固定搭配，指“细想，凝思”。句意：测试结束后很久，约翰还在想着他的错误。选项B符合句意。7. 单选题In his fifties, Dr. Brown became director of the chemical company, a position he （ ） for the rest of his life.问题1选项A.attainedB.cherishedC.expandedD.retained【答案】D【解析】attain达到, 实现；cherish珍爱；expand扩大；retain保持。句意：50岁时, Brown博士成为这家化学公司的董事, 他在这个职位上呆了一辈子。只有选项D符合语境。8. 单选题The fire started on the first floor of the hospital _ were elderly and weak.问题1选项A.many of its patientsB.many of which patientsC.many patients of whomD.many of whose patients【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。句意：大火从医院的一楼开始蔓延，在一楼有许多年老体弱的病人。横线到句尾部分是修饰first floor的定语从句，patients和first floor是所属关系，用引导词whose，D选项many of whose patients符合题意。A选项中its不是引导词，不引导从句；B选项中which不表示所属关系；C选项中whom用在先行词是人的情况。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years; middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, the oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1. It is implied that fifty years ago _.2. According to the passage, with the development of modem modern industry _.3. The word “dubious” (underlined in Para 2.) most probably means _.4. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _.5. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one _.问题1选项A.eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreasedC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers问题3选项A.valuableB.usefulC.doubtfulD.helpful问题4选项A.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsB.less important than awareness of being a good employeeC.more important than employer employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题5选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to be more specialized in his fieldC.to solve technical problemsD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills.（50年前，“被雇佣”的意思是作为工厂工人或农场工人工作，而今天的雇员越来越多地是中产阶级，接受过大量的正规教育，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。），由此可知50年前，当人们提到被雇佣时想到的是工厂或农场工人，而现在想到的是中产阶级，由此可推断出50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以D选项“知识分子作为雇员工作的百分比没有产业工人的百分比大”正确。A选项“百分之八十的美国工人受雇于工厂”和B选项“百分之二十的美国知识分子是雇员”对应文章第二句“大约一百年前，每五个在工作的美国人中只有一个被雇佣，即为别人工作。”，此处说的是一百年前，并不是五十年，且此处要表达的意思是一百年前百分之二十的美国工人受雇于工厂，所以A选项和B选项说法都不正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“知识分子在全体劳动力中的比例几乎与产业工人的比例相同”说法错误，文章第一段说到50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以C选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.（事实上，在过去的50年里，美国社会有两个特点：中产阶级和上层社会的雇员一直是我们劳动人口中增长最快的群体增长如此之快，以至于工业革命时以体力为主的工人在数量上已经失去了重要性，尽管工业生产在扩大。），由此可推断出产业工人的数量减少了，所以B选项“产业工人在总雇员人口中的比例有所下降”正确。A选项“产业工人的数量将超过知识型员工”和D选项“中产阶级雇员和产业工人一样多”与原文表述不符，属于反向干扰；C选项“雇主非常重视产业工人”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.词汇推断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段开头Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.（然而，你会发现几乎没有任何关于如何成为一名员工的内容。但是你却可以找到很多关于如何获得工作或晋升非常_的建议。），根据第一句几乎没有什么文章写道应该如何成为一名员工，却有如何获得工作或晋升的建议，所以不难推测这种建议是不可信的，因此C选项“可疑的；不可信的”正确。A选项“有价值的”；B选项“有用的”；D选项“有帮助的”都与原文所表达的意思相反，属于反向干扰，因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade（当然，更多的人失败是因为他们不知道作为一名员工的要求，而不是因为他们没有充分掌握自己的行业技能），由此可推断作者认为知道自己作为员工的要求，即做一名好员工比掌握专业知识技能更重要，所以B选项“不如意识到自己要做一名好员工那么重要”正确。A选项“与处理公共关系的能力同等重要”、C选项“比劳资关系更重要”和D选项“与组织中其他人合作的能力同样重要”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到最后一段最后两句employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skillthe higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.（对成功来说，雇佣制度比特殊的专业知识或技能更为重要你的职位越高，你进入行政或管理工作的机会就越多，你就越重视在组织内的工作能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。），由此可知雇佣制度有利于帮助一个人在他的职业生涯中取得较大成功，所以A选项“在他的事业上更成功”正确。B选项“在他的领域更专业”、C选项“解决技术问题”以及D选项“发展他的专业技能”都与文章表述不符，此处提到了雇佣制度中，知道自己作为员工的要求比任何专业知识、技术知识以及专业技能都更重要，B、C、D选项属于反向干扰。因此A选项