考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题含答案21

考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题One of the most alarming things about the crisis in the global financial system is that the warning signs have been out there for some time, yet no one heeded them. Exactly 10 years ago, a hedge fund called Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) failed to convince investors that it could repay its debts, thereby bringing the world to the brink of a similar “liquidity crisis” to the one we now see. Disaster was averted then only because regulators managed to put together a multi-billion-dollar bailout package.LTCMs collapse was particularly notable because its founders had set great store by their use of statistical models designed to keep tabs on the risks inherent in their investments. Its fall should have been a wake-up call to banks and their regulatory supervisors that the models were not working as well as hoped-in particular that they were ignoring the risks of extreme events and the connections that send such events reverberating around the financial system. Instead, they carried on using them?Now that disaster has struck again, some financial risk modelers-the quants who have wielded so much influence over modem banking-are saying they know where the gaps in their knowledge are and are promising to fill them. Should we trust them?Their track record does not inspire confidence. Statistical models have proved almost useless at predicting the killer risks for individual banks, and worse than useless when it comes to risks to the financial system as a whole. The models encouraged bankers to think they were playing a high-stakes card game, when what they were actually doing was more akin to lining up a row of dominoes.How could so many smart people have gotten it so wrong? One reason is that their faith in their models predictive power led them to ignore what was happening in the real world. Finance offers enormous scope for dissembling: almost any failure can be explained away by a judicious choice of language and data. When investors do not behave like the self-interested homo economics that economists suppose them to be, they are described as being irrationally exuberant or blinded by panic. An alternative view-that investors are reacting logically in the face of uncertainty-is rarely considered. Similarly, extreme events are described as happening only once in a century-even though there is insufficient data on which to base such an assessment.The quants models might successfully predict the movement of markets most of the time, but the bankers who rely on them have failed to realize that the occasions on which the markets deviate from normality are much more important than those when they comply. The events of the past year have driven this home in a spectacular fashion: by some estimates, the banking industry has lost more money in the current crisis than it has made in its entire history.1.What happened a decade ago in the financial world（ ）.2.The statistical models used by LTCM（ ）.3.What does the author think is the major cause of the current financial crisis?4.It can be inferred from the passage that risk control of the financial market（ ）.问题1选项A.was a predictor of todays situationB.has, as a matter of fact, repeated itselfC.resulted from investors ignorance of potential dangerD.showed the necessity of government intervention问题2选项A.had an influence on the entire financial sectorB.only dealt with risks within the scope of the fundC.were applied to different financial operationsD.had inherent flaws known to their users问题3选项A.The decision-makers were not aware of the risk of extreme events.B.Designers of the mechanisms to prevent financial disasters were self-absorbed.C.Relying on the statistical models, bankers were bold in their business operations.D.Risk managers failed to see the weakness in the system in time.问题4选项A.should be focused on unexpected changesB.has been supervised by those who are optimisticC.becomes effective only with banks compliance with general market rulesD.is inadequate if it is only designed for what may happen in a hundred years【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问十年前在金融界发生的事情怎样？根据第一段第一句“One of the most alarming things about the crisis in the global financial system is that the warning signs have been out there for some time, yet no one heeded them. 全球金融体系危机最令人担忧的事情之一是，警告信号已经出现了一段时间，但没有人注意到它们。”和第三段第一句“Now that disaster has struck again现在灾难又来了”。确定A选项“是今天情况的预兆”正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问LTCM使用的数据模型怎么了？根据第二段中“LTCMs collapse was particularly notable because its founders had set great store by their use of statistical models designed to keep tabs on the risks inherent in their investments. LTCM的倒闭尤其引人注目，因为它的创始人非常重视使用统计模型来跟踪他们投资中所固有的风险。”可知他们注重于自己的投资中固有的风险，所以B选项“只处理基金范围内的风险”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问作者认为导致当前经济危机的主要原因是什么？根据倒数第二段第二句 “One reason is that their faith in their models predictive power led them to ignore what was happening in the real world.原因之一是，他们对模型预测能力的信心导致他们忽视了现实世界中发生的事情。”可知他们过于信赖这个模型导致这一后果，所以C选项“因为依赖统计模型，银行家在他们的商业运作中很大胆”正确。4.推理判断题。题目提问从文章中可以推断出，金融市场的风险控制怎样？根据文章最后一段中 “The quants models might successfully predict the movement of markets most of the time, but the bankers who rely on them have failed to realize that the occasions on which the markets deviate from normality are much more important than those when they comply. 定量分析师的模型可能在大多数情况下都能成功预测市场的走势，但依赖模型的银行家们却没有意识到，市场偏离常态的情况要比市场顺应常态的情况重要得多。”确定C选项“只有在银行服从一般市场规则的情况下才有效”正确。2. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the（1）pace of modem life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters（2） the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is（3） matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the（4） to the rule. Perhaps the situation（5） a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign,（6） it may get completely（7） .Road politeness is not only good manners, but good（8） too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to（9） the temptation to revenge when（10）to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards（11） the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in（12） to an act of politeness helps to（13） an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too（14） today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.（15） , misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes（16） to allow a car to emerge（17） aside street at some hazard to following traffic,（18） a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra（19） into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop（20）.Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.问题1选项A.hastyB.promptC.urgentD.quick问题2选项A.onB.aboveC.behindD.by问题3选项A.the otherB.all otherC.anotherD.other问题4选项A.exclusionB.exceptionC.modificationD.access问题5选项A.calls forB.calls outC.calls uponD.calls up问题6选项A.moreoverB.whileC.otherwiseD.till问题7选项A.out of handB.in handC.at handD.offhand问题8选项A.doubtB.reasonC.disciplineD.sense问题9选项A.resistB.persistC.consistD.insist问题10选项A.subjectB.being subjectedC.subjectedD.is subjected问题11选项A.dismissingB.relievingC.releasingD.removing问题12选项A.appealB.approachC.reflectionD.response问题13选项A.createB.produceC.proceedD.raise问题14选项A.commonB.rareC.extraordinaryD.unique问题15选项A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.Thus问题16选项A.politelyB.carefullyC.vigorouslyD.violently问题17选项A.atB.onC.toD.from问题18选项A.thoughB.whenC.whereD.which问题19选项A.crossingB.crossC.being crossedD.to cross问题20选项A.on timeB.in timeC.at a timeD.at times【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:C第11题:B第12题:D第13题:A第14题:B第15题:C第16题:D第17题:D第18题:B第19题:A第20题:B【解析】（1）形容词词义辨析题。A选项hasty表示的是“匆忙的，草率的”；B选项中prompt表示“立即的，及时的”；C选项中urgent表示“紧急的，紧迫的”；D选项quick表示“快的，迅速的”，此处为“快速的现代生活”中“快速的” 一词的考查。所以D选项符合题意。（2）介词用法辨析。此处为考查与wheel的搭配问题。wheel作名词表示“车轮，轮子”意思时，有搭配为“on wheels”表示“某物装上了轮子”，当wheel作名词表示“（汽车等的）方向盘”时，有搭配“behind the wheel”表示“手握方向盘，在驾驶”， 这里表示在驾驶所以C选项正确。（3）代词用法辨析。the other表示“两者中的另一个”；all other表示“所有其他的”；another表示“三者或三者以上的另一个”；other表示“其他的”，用于两者之间。此句话要表达的意思是“如果油箱里有良好的汽油是非常好的一件事，但驾驶员脾气不好却是另外一回事”。C选项正确。（4）名词词义辨析。根据前半句“或许你可以忍受那些爱抢路的、蛮横无礼的司机，但是今天行为良好的驾驶员对于规则来说却是例外。” A选项中exclusion表示 “排斥，排除”，其后应跟介词of或者from; B选项exception表示“例外”，其后可跟介词to; C选项modification表示“修改，改进”；D选项access表示“进入，使用权， 通路”。根据题意和空格后的介词to可知B选项表示是一个特例正确。（5）动词短语词义辨析。A选项call for表示“要求，需要”；B选项call out表示“出动，召集”；C选项call upon表示“邀请，恭请”；D选项call up表示“回忆”；根据句意也许这样的情况急需一个“善待其他司机”的活动确定A选项符合题意。（6）连词词义辨析题。A选项moreover表示“然而”；B选项while表示对比两件事情）然而或当的时候”；C选项otherwise表示“否则”；D选项till表示“直到”。 由前半句可知后半句句意为“否则情况将变得完全难以控制。” C选项正确。（7）介词短语词义辨析。A选项out of hand表示“难以控制，脱手”；B选项in hand表示“在控制中”；C选项at hand表示“接近”；D选项off hand表示“不再负责”。根据句意“否则情况将变得无法控制” ，A选项正确。（8）名词词义辨析题。A选项doubt表示“怀疑”；B选项reason表示“理由”；C选项discipline表示“学科，纪律”，D选项sense“感觉，理智”； 本句的意思是“道路礼貌不仅仅是良好行为的表现，同样也是理智的表现。” good sense表示“理智，判断力强”，所以D选项正确。（9）动词词义辨析。由上句话可知，A选项resist表示“抵抗”；B选项persist 表示“坚持；C选项consist表示“由组成”；D选项insist表示“坚持，强调”。根据句意“道路礼貌”是有积极作用的，因此能帮助司机去“抵抗”报复的诱惑。A选项正确。（10）动词的时态和语态。when subjected to uncivilized behavior 表达的意思是“遭受不文明的行为时”，这句话的主谓语和主句的主谓语一样，所以when后其实省略了 主谓语they are”, 根据句型“be subjected to sth.”确定C选项正确。（11）动词词义辨析。A选项dismissing表示“解散，不予考虑”；B选项relieving 表示“缓解”；C选项releasing表示“放松”；D选项removing表示“移开”；此句话要表达的意思为“另一方面，一点点礼貌就可以很大程度上缓解司机的情绪”，B选项正确。（12）名词词义辨析。A选项appeal表示“吸引力，呼吁”；B选项approach表示 “方法”；C选项reflection表示“沉思，回忆”；D选项response “回应”。根据上句，别人对你礼貌，你也应该“回应”别人的礼貌，D选项正确。（13）动词词义辨析。A选项create表示“创造，引起（感觉或印象）”；B选项 produce表示“生产（商品）”；C选项proceed表示“接着做，继续”；D选项raise表示“引 起（人的情绪）”。此句要表达的意思是“对别人礼貌的回应有助于创造善意的氛围”，A选项正确。（14）形容词词义辨析。上句话是说道路上的礼貌很有好处，但是此句中有一个but转折，可知此句为表达否定的意思。A选项common表达“普通的，平常的”; B选项rare表示“稀少的”；C选项extraordinary表示“不平凡的”；D选项unique表示“特殊的，独特的”。由句意“但是，今天这种道路上礼貌的意识太少了。” 可知B选项正确。（15）副词词义辨析。A选项Therefore表示“因此”；B选项Furthermore表示“而 且，此外”；C选项However表示“然而”；D选项Thus表示“因此，从而，如此”。本句话表达的意思与前文是转折的关系，所以句意为“然而，错误的礼貌也是很危险的。” C选项正确。（16）词词义辨析。此句话表示的是“典型的例子就是司机猛地停车”A选项politely表示“有礼貌地”；B选项carefully表示“小心地”；C选项vigorously表示“精力旺盛地”； D选项violently “猛烈地，激烈地”，所以D选项正确。（17）介词用法辨析。emerge from表示“出现，露出”，此句表示的一辆车从道路旁边冒出来，D选项正确。（18）连词词义辨析。though引导让步状语从句，表示转折关系；when引导时间状语从句；where引导地点状语从句；which表示“哪一个”，一般在从句中要充当某一成分。由其后的a few seconds later “几秒钟之后”，可知与时间有关系，所以B选项正确。（19）同根名词与动词辨析。此句话表示“司机挥手让孩子过斑马线”。zebra crossing表示“斑马线”，此时crossing用作名词，A选项正确。（20）副词短语辨析。A选项on time表示“按时，准时”；B选项in time表示“及 时”；C选项表示“每次，一次”；D选项at times表示“有时，偶尔”。此句话的意思为“司机挥手让孩子过斑马线，进入迎面有车辆行驶的车道，而这些车辆又不能及时停下来。”所以B选项正确。3. 单选题Some people view life as a(n)（ ）conflict between the forces of good and evil.问题1选项A.externalB.internalC.maternalD.eternal【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析题。根据句意一些人把生活看作是正义力量与恶势力之间的一种外部冲突。可知是将生活看作是一种外部冲突。A选项external “外部的，外部”; B选项internal “内部的”；C选项maternal “母性的”； D选项eternal “永恒的”。A选项正确。4. 单选题Museum is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to theMuses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Platos Academy and Aristotles Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses shrine Although the Creeks already collected detached works of art, many temples-notably that of Hera at Olympia before which the Olympic flame is still lit had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant “Muses-shrine”.The inspirational-collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries -which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejeweled relics of saints and martyrs princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, which became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostrich eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems-often antique engraved ones-as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not collected either, but site-specific”，and were considered an integral part both of fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them-and most of the building were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to imitation, and so could be considered Muses-shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, The Belvedere and the Capital in Rome were the most famous of such early inspirational collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary modem works were also added to such galleriesIn the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francois was the most famous Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth: London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Mmseum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of improving” collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.1.The sentence Museum is a slippery word” in the first paragraph means that（ ）.2.Paintings and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were（ ）.3.Modem museums came into existence in order to（ ）.4.Which is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.the meaning of the word didnt change until after the 15th centuryB.the meaning of the word had changed over the yearsC.the Greeks held different concepts from the RomansD.princes and merchants added paintings to their collections问题2选项A.collected from elsewhereB.bought by churchesC.donated by peopleD.made part of the buildings问题3选项A.protect royal and church treasuresB.improve collationsC.stimulate public interestD.raise more funds问题4选项A.Collection and CollectorsB.Modem Museums and Their FunctionsC.The Evolution of MuseumsD.The Birth of Museums【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.句义推测题。根据文章大意可知文章主旨在于介绍museum一词随着时代的发展在词义方面的演变，所以题干中的“Museum is a slippery word”意指museum一词的意思随着岁月的变迁发生了改变，B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据文章第四段的第二句they were not collected either, but site-specific，and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and.” “他们不是从其他地方收集起来的而是地方性的并且和建筑物是一体的”可以排除A选项 “从其他地方收集的”并且确定D选项 “作为建筑物的一部分”正确。B选项和C选项没有在文章中提到。3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的第二句“But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous.”“ 工业革命时代社会仇视皇室和教堂的纪念物，这促使古文物收藏家们将它们放到了可以起保护作用的收藏馆，其中最有名的收藏馆就是Musee des Monuments Francais”确定A选项保护王室和教会的财富正确。4.标题归纳题。全文介绍了 museum一词意义的变化过程，以及museum一词现代意义的由来。所以C选项正确。其它三项都只是介绍museum一词的意义变化时提到的例子，不能作为全文标题。5. 单选题Despite the fact that the two council members belonged to different political parties, they（ ） the issue of how to finance the town debt.问题1选项A.agreed onB.complicatedC.attested toD.avoided【答案】A【解析】动词和词组辨析。句意尽管两位委员会成员属于不同的政党，但他们就如何为该镇的债务融资达成一致A选项 “对取得一致意见”； B选项 “使复杂化”，原型是complicate; C选项“证明，证实”； D选项 “躲开，避免”；根据关键词despite 和belonged to different political parties可以推断出填入空白处的词是要和前面的意思形成对比或转折，所以A选项正确。6. 单选题The Sydney Olympics offered me an opportunity to learn more about staging a major multi-sport event and this knowledge, I felt, would stand me in good stead as I developed the media services that would be needed for our Salt Lake City Winter Games in 2002.I also decided that working as a volunteer would give me a greater understanding of a whole range of issues, which is why I joined the ranks of those working in the front line.But little did I suspect just how much, the experience would offer me such powerful feeling and a strong sense of pride-emotions which influence the many memories that I took away with me when I left Sydney.As a woman volunteer, I am not usually keen on uniforms, but from the moment I put on my Sydney volunteers uniform I felt I was part of something important something big that could well be a once-in-a-lifetime experience. I immediately bonded with others in the same uniform and as we passed each other in the street dressed in our colorful outfits, we smiled and said “Gday” to each other and those greetings continued throughout the two weeks of the Olympics.My job was as a supervisor in the Main Press Center where I managed 800 journalists* desks, the telephones, the banks of television and other volunteers, many of whom were media students. Our shifts were eight hours long and often overnight as the Center was open 24 hours, but we generally stayed longer out of choice as the work was important and exciting. Without us the journalists would not get their articles back to their home news desks and the stories of the emotional highs and lows of the competitors would never reach the outside world.As volunteers, we all felt our work was a valuable contribution to the success of the Olympics and we reveled in the compliments we received. We worked hard and we had fun. We made new contacts and friends from all over the world and we learned new skills which we will never lose.When the Olympics finished, all the volunteers 47,000 of us 一 were invited to take part in a parade through the streets of Sydney. Many of us did this, and thousands and thousands of people came out to cheer our efforts. Being part of that experience brought tears to many eyes.The Olympics was marvelous, and the work I went to do is relevant and valuabl