考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题含答案28

考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题There are Americans who visit France and come back saying “the French are so rude. ”I feel differently. I think Americans perceive French behavior “rude” because it doesnt follow American rules. You cant assume that everyone in France should speak English. You cant approach a French stranger with a big American hello and “how are you” and expect them to respond in kind. However, if you look them in the eye, give a slight nod with a gentle hello, they will respond favorably.Most French people I meet are subtle and dignified. They are not loud, and they are reserved in their expressions. We like to say words like “great”, “magnificent”, or “marvelous ”The French will say “pas mal” (not bad) even if they win the lottery! And you will be wrong if you think Europeans dont have their own negative idea of Americans. Most young Europeans Ive met view Americans as “fake” and loud, since we do tend to have big hellos and smiles for strangers and ask “how are you” and walk away before a response. We should make a conscious effort to show the French that we can adjust to our surroundings, and that we dont expect to enter a foreign country and have everything be just as we wish it to be.I wasnt able to completely forget my American roots during my stay. I was still the one getting strange looks wearing my sandals in the cold (with socks of course). I was still the one with the loudest laugh. And I could never quite get my voice to that level which is “loud enough for the waiter to hear but not nearby diners” I will always feel a bit like an awkward teenager as I stumble my way around Europe. I was very lucky in that my French friends insisted my American idiosyncrasies (习性) were charming and deserving of acceptance.So look at the French in a new light. They have a rich culture, a rich past. I can attest to the fact that if you are kind and polite, you will gain friends, and perhaps even improve foreign relations!1. According to the passage, what makes Americans think that the French are rude?2.Compared with Americans, the French tend to（ ）when they give compliments.3.Which of the flowing does the author probably agree?4.The main purpose of the passage can be best put as to（ ）.问题1选项A.The way French people greet strangers in public is impolite and unkind.B.The way French people behave differs from what Americans are used to.C.Few French hold a friendly or favorable attitude toward English speakers.D.Few French respond to strangers gentle and kind greetings favorably.问题2选项A.speak at a loud and dignified voiceB.avoid using negative expressionsC.choose subtle and moderate expressionsD.be generous and somewhat exaggerating问题3选项A.One should stick to his own culture when he communicates with foreigners.B.One should fully adapt to the cultural norms of a foreign country he lives in.C.One can keep some rules of his native culture when living in a foreign county.D.One can easily make friends with foreigners by learning their idiosyncrasies问题4选项A.explain a cultural concept by comparing two peoples behaviorsB.tell a true story based on the authors own experience in a foreign countryC.prove a popular view on a nation by use of logical reasoningD.refute a national stereotype with evidence from the authors own experience【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文第一段“I think Americans perceive French behavior rude because it doesnt follow American rules.”我认为美国人认为法国人的行为“粗鲁”，因为它不遵守美国的规则。A选项“法国人与陌生人在公众场合打招呼的方式是不礼貌和不友好的”，B选项“法国人与美国人的行为方式所习惯的不同”，C选项“很少有法国人对说英语的人持友好或有利的态度”。D选项“很少有法国人会亲切地问候陌生人”。因此，B选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段首句“Most French people I meet are subtle and dignified.”A选项“大声而庄重的说话”，B选项“避免使用消极的表达”，C选项“选择微妙和适度的表达”。D选项“慷慨一点，夸张一点”。因此，C选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位到原文中的“I wasnt able to completely forget my American roots during my stay. I was still the one getting strange looks wearing my sandals in the cold (with socks of course).” 在逗留期间，我没能完全忘记我的美国根。我仍然是那个在寒冷的天气里穿着凉鞋(当然是袜子)，被别人奇怪地看着的人。对应C选项“一个人在异国他乡生活时，可以保持一些本国文化的规则”。A选项“当一个人与外国人交流时，他应该坚持自己的文化”。“We should make a conscious effort to show the French that we can adjust to our surroundings, and that we dont expect to enter a foreign country and have everything be just as we wish it to be.”我们应该有意识地向法国人表明，我们能够适应我们的环境，我们不希望进入一个外国，一切都像我们希望的那样。可得知A选项错误。B选项“一个人应该完全适应他所生活的外国的文化规范”，完全适应过于绝对。D选项“通过了解外国人的性格特点，我们可以很容易地和他们交朋友”。原文没有提到。因此，C选项符合题意。4.作者意图题。题目问的是这篇文章的主要目的最好的解释是什么，定位到文章的首段“There are Americans who visit France and come back saying the French are so rude. I feel differently. ”有些美国人到法国旅游回来后说:“法国人太粗鲁了。”我感觉不一样。后文也是用自己的亲身经历来反驳这些美国人的观点。A选项“通过比较两个人的行为来解释一个文化概念”，B选项“根据作者自己在国外的经历讲一个真实的故事”，C选项“用逻辑推理证明一个国家的流行观点”，D选项“用作者自己的经验来反驳国家的刻板印象”。因此，D选项符合题意。3. 单选题We object to the idea that it is military force that should be（ ）in settling international disputes.问题1选项A.applied toB.resorted toC.fallen back onD.restrained from【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项applied to“向申请”；B选项resorted to“依靠、求助于”；C选项fallen back on“没有其他办法时救助”；D选项restrained from“克制”。句意：我们反对用军事力量来解决国际争端的观点。本句表示依靠军事力量，因此B选项正确。4. 单选题The role of a professional（ ）is to help two parties solve conflict or appease dispute through skillful use of language.问题1选项A.senatorB.supervisorC.negotiatorD.mediator【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项senator“参议员”，B选项supervisor“监督人，指导者”，C选项negotiator“谈判人，协商者”，D选项mediator“调停者”，句意：专业谈判者的作用是通过熟练运用语言来帮助双方解决冲突或平息争端。因此，C选项符合句意。5. 翻译题Modern science, particularly physics, is being forced, under pressure of its own advances, to acknowledge that the truths it offers are true not in an absolute but in a poetic sense, that its laws are contingent, that its facts are a kind of metaphor. Of course, art and science are fundamentally different in their methods, and in their ends. The doing of science involves a level of rigor unattainable to art. A scientific hypothesis can be proven or, perhaps more importantly, disproven but a poem, a picture, or a piece of music, cannot. Yet in their origins art and science are remarkably similar.【答案】现代科学，尤其是物理学，在自身进步的压力下，被迫承认它所提供的真理不是绝对的，而是诗意的，它的规律是偶然的，它的事实是一种隐喻。当然，艺术和科学在方法上、在目的上是根本不同的。科学所涉及的严格程度是艺术所无法企及的。一个科学假设可以被证明或者，也许更重要的是，被否定但一首诗、一幅画或一首音乐却不能。然而，艺术和科学在其起源上是非常相似的。6. 单选题If we find the genes that control the human body clock，we can perhaps slow them down and extend human life（ ）a little.问题1选项A.expectationB.terminalC.expectancyD.range【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项expectation“希望，期望”，B选项terminal“航空站，终点站”，C选项expectancy“期待，期望”，D选项range“范围，变化”，句意：如果我们能找到控制人体生物钟的基因，我们或许就能放慢它们的速度，并稍微延长人类的寿命。因此，D选项符合句意。7. 单选题Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, North American entrepreneurs even without technological improvements had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts town, whereas previously journeymen would have made the ensure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss” and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary stream engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.1. What is the passage mainly about?2.The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how（ ）.3.All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820s and 1830s EXCEPT（ ）.4.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT（ ）5.The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery?问题1选项A.The difficulties of industrialization in North AmericaB.The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centersC.The rapid speed of industrialization in North AmericaD.Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods问题2选项A.entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork systemB.entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase outputC.rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”D.changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes问题3选项A.an increase in the workers dependence on entrepreneursB.an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakersC.a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of productionD.a decrease in the price of shoes问题4选项A.It involved stages of production.B.It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.C.It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.D.It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.问题5选项A.It became easier for factory owners to find workers and customers.B.Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.C.The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.D.Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第二段中had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.（扩大了外部工作系统的范围，通过将材料分发给连续的工人，每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤，从而提高了生产效率。）介绍了流水线的生产方式，第三段中entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods.（企业家们创造了一种更重要的新组织现代工厂，它使用动力驱动的机器和装配线技术生产出大量优质产品。）介绍了动力驱动的现代化工厂，这些都是改进的生产组织方式。所以D选项“改进的商品生产组织方式”符合题意。A选项“北美工业化的困难”，文章说的是北美工业化的不断进步，而不是困难之处，所以A错误。B选项“制造业变化对城市中心增长的影响”和C选项“北美工业化的快速发展”，文中均没有提及，所以B，C错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段开头说The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient.（令人印象深刻的产量增长主要源于工人的生产方式北美企业家扩大了外部工作系统的范围。），后面又介绍了“shoe industry”，即第二段提到制鞋业是作为外部工作系统的例子。所以A选项“企业家通过使用扩展的外部工作系统来增加产量”正确。B选项“企业家利用技术改进提高产量”，文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说明制鞋业产量的提高不是因为技术改进，所以B错误。C选项“农村工人对鞋老板的反应”，文中没有提到工人对鞋老板的态度，所以C错误。D选项“外部工作系统的改变提高了鞋子的质量”，文中只说了产量的提高，没有说到质量的方面，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），也就是说雇主的权力加大，工人的工作越来越依赖于雇主，所以A选项“工人对企业家的依赖增加”符合题意。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor（剥夺了工人对劳动速度和条件的控制），说明工人对劳动速度的控制减弱，所以C选项“工人控制生产速度的能力下降”符合题意。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段最后一句it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.（它还大幅提高了鞋子的产量，同时降低了它们的价格。），说明鞋子的价格下降了，所以D选项“鞋价的下降”符合题意。而文章中没有提到工人工资的问题，所以B选项“付给熟练工的工资提高”不符合题意。4.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句had broadened the scope of the outwork system each performed a single step of the production process（扩大了外部工作系统的范围每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤），说明外部工作系统涉及到生产的各个阶段，所以A选项“涉及到生产的各个阶段”正确。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第一句Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories.（1790年后工业化进入美国，北美企业家通过重组工作和建造工厂提高了生产力。），说明1790年后新的外部工作系统使得生产效率比以往提高了，所以B选项“比1790年以前使用的系统效率更高”正确。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说明外部工作系统不一定需要技术进步，所以D选项“并不一定涉及技术进步”正确。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），说明这种外部工作系统让雇主权力更大了，选项与原文表述的意思相反，所以C选项“使得许多雇主的权力不如以前”错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.（这项新技术使他们在美国最大的城市建立起工厂，并充分利用密集的廉价劳动力、良好的交通网络和需求急切的顾客。），廉价劳动力说明工厂主能招到更多工人，需求急切的顾客说明有更多的消费者，这些都是工厂机器改进的结果。所以A选项“工厂主更容易找到工人和顾客”正确。B选项“生产厂家不得不雇用更多的高技能工人”，工厂机器改进可以让厂家招到更多廉价的工人，并不需要雇用技术水平高的工人，所以B错误。C选项“工厂运行所需的用电量减少了”和D选项“工厂可以同时操作一台以上的发动机”，文中均没有提及，所以C，D错误。8. 单选题Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasnt always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget what our economy depends on is forgetting is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. Its a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.1. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that（ ）2.The word “bummer” (Line 4. paragraph 5) most probably means something（ ）.3.In the authors opinion, advertising（ ）.4.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes（ ）5.Which of the following is true of the text?问题1选项A.poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B.art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.C.artist have changed their focus of interest.D.poets today are less skeptical of happiness.问题2选项A.unpleasantB.religiousC.entertainingD.commercial问题3选项A.emerges in the wake of the anti-happy partB.creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itselfC.replace the church as a major source of informationD.is a cause of disappointment for the general public问题4选项A.happiness more often than not ends in sadness.B.the anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.C.misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.D.the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.问题5选项A.Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.B.Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.C.People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.D.Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：作者以诗人华兹华斯和波德莱尔为例，意在说明什么？根据关键词“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到第二段最后一句But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.（但是在19世纪的某个时候，越来越多的艺术家开始认为幸福是平淡的、虚假的，或者更糟糕的是，令人厌烦的，这点可以从威廉华兹华斯的水仙花到波德莱尔把鲜花描述为邪恶的转变之中看出。）本段前面的内容还提及“最早的艺术形式，如绘画和音乐，是最适合表达快乐的”，前后形成对比构成了转折关系，作者是想表达艺术家们改变了他们的关注点，过去的艺术形式是表达幸福和快乐，现在是虚假的幸福。所以选项C正确。2.词义推断题。题目问的是：下面哪一个词与“bummer”意思相近？根据题干信息定位到第五段最后两句In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.（在西方的大众传媒和教育普及之前，最强大的传播媒介就是教堂，它提醒信徒，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。考虑到这一切，他们并不需要自己的艺术也成为一个失败者。）关键词在于“too”，由此可推测“bummer”的意思与上一句有关联，表示的是消极负面的意义，所以选项A与之意思最为接近。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为广告是怎样的？根据第六段的倒数第二句And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.（而且，由于这些信息都有一个目的引诱我们打开钱包它们使幸福的概念看起来并不可靠。）由此可知，B选项“制造幸福的幻觉，而不是幸福本身”正确。4.判断推理题。题目问的是：我们可以从最后一段了解到，作者相信什么？根据本段的最后一句Its a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.（这指的是反幸福的艺术是一个比丁香香烟更苦涩的信息，但不知怎的，却是一股新鲜空气。）由此可知，B选项与原文表述一致，所以正确。5.判断推理题。题目问的是：下列哪一个选项是正确的？A选项：大众媒体倾向于报道灾难和死亡；B选项：艺术提供了期望和现实之间的平衡；C选项：人们对道德的现实感到失望；D选项：宗教曾起到提醒痛苦的作用。选项A、B、C在原文均没有信息提及，只有D选项在原文最后一段提及，所以选项D正确。9. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3. 就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expression of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gi