考研考博-考博英语-首都师范大学模拟考试题含答案29

考研考博-考博英语-首都师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题There are 2 short passages in this part. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English.Passage ACustom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pure eyes. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind certain stereotypes. John Dewey has said that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of the mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk.Passage B教育的主要目标之一就是给未来的公民准备好他们在成人社会占有一席之地所需要的一切。当今的成人社会由男人和女人组成，所以男女分开的学校怎么可能为他们的 将来做好恰当的准备呢？男女同校的教育给孩子提供的完全是现实社会的真实缩影。男 孩女孩都有机会互相了解，有机会学着从小在一起生活。在这里，他们可以在学习能力、 体育运动成绩和许多课外活动方面进行相互比较，这些都是学校生活的一部分。【答案】风俗一般不被认为是什么重要的课题。我们认为我们大脑的内部活动特别值得研究。但对于传统风俗，我们却觉得那不过是最平常的行为而已。但事实恰恰相反。全世界的风俗习惯是很多具体行为的集合，这些具体行为不管有多不正常，也比任何个体行为令人惊讶。这只是问题的次要方面。最重要的是，风俗习惯在人们的经验及信仰上扮演的重要角色以及它所体现的多样性。没有人能以纯净的眼睛看待世界。即使在哲学探索中，他也没有彻底抛弃成见。约翰杜威曾经说过，风俗对于个体行为的塑造之于个体对风俗的影响，正如一个人的母语词汇与他的咿呀学语一样。A major goal of education is to prepare everything they need for future citizens to their place in adult society. Todays adult community is composed of men and women, so, how can schools separate men and women to make appropriate preparations for their future? What co-educational education provided to children is completely true microcosm of the real world. They have the opportunity to have mutual understanding and learn to live together. Here, they can compare with each other in learning abilities, sports performance and many extra-curricular activities and all of these are parts of school life.2. 单选题I would never have （ ）a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.问题1选项A.sought forB.accounted forC.turned upD.resorted to【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。seek for“寻求，追求”；account for“对做出解释”；turn up “出现，发生”；resort to “依靠，求助于，诉诸”。句意：如果我没到如此绝望的地步，我是不会诉诸法律的。根据前后句意可知D项符合，答案D3. 翻译题许多事情不与朋友分享，就无法自得其乐，而读书则可以。独坐家中，却得以周游世界，了解千万事端的缘由。活在当世，却可以与千万年前的先人对话。读书增长阅历； 哪怕是万里之外、相隔千年，也能感受到他人对人生的感悟。其乐融融，唯有读书能赋予。未能从读书中享受到乐趣的人，乃贫乏之人：从读书中享受最大乐趣的人，是获得最大幸福的人。【答案】There are many things from which you would not entertain yourself if you dont share them with your friends. However, reading is an exception. By reading, you can sit at home to travel around the world and get to know the reasons of thousands of things. As a modern man, you can converse with ancestors from millions of years ago. Reading can enrich your experiences, as you can taste others insight of life even if they lived thousands of miles away or thousands of years ago. Only reading can provide you with such pleasure. People who cannot enjoy reading are poor; People who gain the greatest fun from reading are the happiest.4. 单选题The final document was, of course, supposed to mend the damage （ ）upon the world by the war.问题1选项A.imposedB.impressedC.compelledD.compressed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。 impose“把 强加于”； impress“给予印象”； compel“强迫，迫使”；compress “压缩”。句意：当然，最终的文件应该去修复战争强加给世界的损害。impose upon“强加给” 为固定搭配。答案A5. 单选题Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive airplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and body guards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported for, like Royalty pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearance in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice can not be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary famous stars enjoying fame, wealth adulation on an unprecedented scale. By todays standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the film of the past ever did. The competition for the title “Top of the Pop” is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal!It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Dont the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency-often more than large industrial concerns-and the taxman can only be grateful for their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards?Its all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed; they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. Thats the essence of private enterprise.1.What is the authors attitude toward top stars high income?2.It can be inferred from the passage that （ ）.3.Which of the following is true according to the text?4.According to the author, one who dreams of being a star should be aware that（ ）.问题1选项A.ApprovalB.Disapproved.C.ronicalD.Indifferent.问题2选项A.there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top of the PopsB.people are blind in idolizing starsC.successful pop stars give great entertainmentD.pops stars usually try to avoid paying tax问题3选项A.Pop stars get high-income repayment but are taxed less.B.Great contribution made by pop stars is limited to entertainment industry.C.Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.D.Pop stars shouldnt enjoy the life of royalty.问题4选项A.first he should look for a steady job with a pensionB.at last many people can climb to the very topC.great efforts will surely be rewarded with complete successD.the essence of private enterprise is huge risks probably bringing high rewards【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由最后一段“But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed; they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. 但他也知道，成功的回报确实很高；这是对所涉及的巨大风险的补偿，如果他实现了这些目标，这些回报也是应得的。”可知作者认同这种观点即高风险与高回报是并存的。答案A第2题:推理判断题。由第二段最后一句“The competition for the title Top of the Pop is fierce流行音乐之巅的竞争非常激烈”，可知A项正确，答案A。第3题:细节事实题。由第四段“People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. 发表嫉妒言论的人应该记住，最著名的明星只是冰山一角。”可知C项正确，答案C。第4题:推理判断题。由文章末尾“He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed; they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. Thats the essence of private enterprise. 他知道多年的集中努力可能会得到完全的回报。但他也知道，成功的回报确实很高；这是对所涉及的巨大风险的补偿，如果他实现了这些目标，他肯定是应得的。这就是个人事业的本质。”可知作者认为个人事业的高风险和高回报并存，这是梦想成为明星的人该注意的地方。故D项正确。6. 单选题Many proverbs （ ）in ancient Greece and Rome and medieval Europe, spreading from country to country in Latin texts.问题1选项A.designatedB.descendedC.originatedD.created【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。 designated 指明，指派； descend遗传下来，来自；originated 起源，来源，发生；create 创造，创作。句意：许多来源于古希腊、罗马和中世纪的欧洲的格言，以拉丁文字的形式在国家之间传递着。起源于originate in，只有C项符合句意，答案C。7. 单选题The wealth of a country should be measured （ ）the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can provide.问题1选项A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard toD.by means of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。in line with “与一致”；in terms of “根据，按照”；in regard to “关于，对于”； by means of “凭借”。句意：一个国家的富有程度，应根据国家能提供的商品以及国民的健康和幸福来衡量。由be measured可知B项符合句意。答案B8. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist, trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employee-ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee rather than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1.It is implied that fifty years ago（ ）.2.According to the passage, with the development of modern industry,（ ）.3.According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is（ ）.4.From the passage it can be seen that employee-ship helps one（ ）.问题1选项A.eighty percent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborersC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased问题3选项A.less important than awareness of being a good employeeB.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsC.more important than employer-employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题4选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to solve technical problemsC.to be more specialized in his fieldD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由“when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. 50年前，“受雇”意味着当工厂工人或农场工人，而今天的雇员越来越多地是受过正规教育的中产阶级，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。”可知50年前受雇人群以工人为主，技术类人才较少。故D项正确。C项原文内容不符，AB项文中未提及。答案D第2题:细节事实题。由第段中“middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial worker has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production. 中产阶级和上层阶级雇员一直是我国劳动人口中增长最快的群体，其增长速度如此之快，以至于尽管工业生产在扩大，但工人在数量上的重要性却在下降。”可知知识分子雇员的数量增多，而工业工人的数量减少。故D项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由第二段中 And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. 越来越多的人，尤其是在大企业或政府部门，员工关系比特殊的专业知识或技能对成功更重要。可知A项“专业技能或知识没有员工关系重要”是对原文的同义转换。故A项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由第二段中“the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 你爬得越高，就越会从事行政或执行工作，就越强调在组织内工作的能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。”可知在公司内部良好的工作关系能使人们的职业生涯更成功。答案A9. 单选题One study found that job applicants who make more eye contacts are （ ）as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.问题1选项A.referredB.perceivedC.recommendedD.presumed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。referred 提到，关系到；perceived感觉，认为； recommended 推荐，劝告； presumed 以为，假定。句意：一项研究发现，眼神接触多的求职者会被视为更有警觉、独立、自信和有责任心。B项符合句意，答案B10. 单选题Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by drugs” that arent really drugs at all （ ）sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.问题1选项A.or ratherB.or rather thanC.but ratherD.but rather than【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。 no.but rather. “不是而是”固定搭配。句意：有时候能帮助缓解病人剧痛的不是真正意义上的药物，而是不含任何化学成分的糖衣片。答案C11. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who hold, it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy, While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firm. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when breakthrough technology arrives. If American workers, for example, lake much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing station than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in the united States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retaining generate costs and created bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of the technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following apply to the management of human resources in American companies?2.What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3.According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competitive advantage is （ ）.4.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.D.He is directly under the chief financial executive.问题3选项A.the introduction of new technologyB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题4选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. 获得技能被认为是个人的责任”可知D项是对该句的同义转述，答案D第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“The executive who hold, it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). 人力资源主管这个职位从不被征求主要决策的意见，也没有机会晋升为CEO。”可知在美国，人力资源主管在公司没有太多发言权。C项正确，答案C第3题:细节事实题。由第二段“While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firm. 虽然美国公司经常谈论在员工培训上的巨额开支，但事实上，他们在员工技能上的投资比日本或德国公司都要少。”以及“As a result, problems emerge when breakthrough technology arrives.结果是，当突破性技术的到来时，美国就出现了问题。”文章第二段讲了美国公司与日德公司在劳动力培训方面的差异，美国主要培训那些管理层，而日德重视员工技巧培训。第三段说到了结果，美国员工学习新技术时需要花更多时间。由此可见给员工培训技巧是非常重要的。答案B第4题:主旨大意题。本文主要通过对比美国公司与日德国公司的人力资源策略，表明如果美国公司不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D12. 单选题Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by drugs” that arent really drugs at all （ ）sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.问题1选项A.but ratherB.or rather thanC.or ratherD.but rather than【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。 no.but rather.