考研考博-考博英语-河北工业大学模拟考试题含答案41

考研考博-考博英语-河北工业大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题That part of the city has long been _ for its street violence.问题1选项A.notoriousB.responsibleC.historicalD.illegal【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. notorious声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的 B. responsible有责任的，负责的C. historical（有关）历史的，历史学的 D. illegal不合法的，非法的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词street violence（街头暴力）可知，空格处填入notorious表示“臭名昭著的”符合句子意思。因此，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】该市的这一地区长期以来因街头暴力而臭名昭著。2. 单选题Though having been living in Shanghai for 20 years, he still has a（ ）northern accent.问题1选项A.distinctiveB.distinctC.distinguishedD.distinguishing【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. distinctive独特的，特别的 B. distinct清晰的；清楚的C. distinguished卓越的，杰出的 D. distinguishing有区别的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“虽然他在上海已经住了20年了，但他仍然有_北方口音”可知，空格处表示“明显的”符合句意，因此该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A项强调某件事物的品质；C、D项不符合句意。【句意】虽然他在上海已经住了20年了，但他的北方口音仍然很重。3. 单选题His _ was telling him that something was wrong.问题1选项A.intuitionB.hypothesisC.inspirationD.sentiment【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. intuition直觉 B. hypothesis（有少量事实依据但未被证实的）假说，假设C. inspiration灵感，鼓舞 D. sentiment（基于情感的）观点，看法【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据句子意思“他的_告诉他有些事情不对劲”，结合关键信息something was wrong（某些事情有问题）可推测，空格处填入“直觉”符合句子意思。因此，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】他的直觉告诉他出了问题。4. 单选题It has been said that management is a science and that leadership is an art. Management is comprised of concrete, measurable skills: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Thumb through any management textbook and youll see specific models, formulas, procedures, or techniques for monitoring and controlling performance output. Controlling productivity through adherence to standards is the stock-in-trade of the effective manager. Its not always an easy task, and talented managers should be given the credit they deserve in helping their organizations succeed. No organization can survive for very long, let alone earn any sort of substantial profits, without sound management. But management alone is not enough in todays marketplace. It is the right balance, a combination of efficient management and leadership, that every organization is seeking.Just what is the new model of leadership for the 21st century? It revolves around five abstract qualities. Managers may possess some or all of these abilities to one degree or another, but these skills are distinct from the particular qualities that define management. To better understand how leadership and management differ, lets review the five leadership competencies.Self-mastery is the foundation upon which a leaders credibility is built and from which a leaders image will evolve. Self-mastery involves awareness, acknowledgment, and acceptance. Its about discovering the qualities that make you special and unique. Its about your own talents and abilities your personal areas of excellence. Effective leaders create opportunities to showcase their natural abilities. They uncover their potential talents by continually stretching themselves and pushing themselves to their limits. At the same time, however, the successful leader acknowledges his or her limitations. To achieve true self-mastery you must accept yourself, including your faults, totally and unconditionally.Vision is in many ways the heart and soul of leadership. While the manager must deal with issues and produce results on a day-to-day basis, a leader must focus on both the present and the future. The managers concern is today; the leader has a vision for tomorrow. But simply having a vision is not enough; you must make others believe in it, too. Put your plans for the future before the eyes and ears of the people around you. When other people begin to buy into your vision and make it their own, good things start to happenand happen quickly. Leaders turn their vision into reality by constantly letting others know whats in it for them.“Personal power” is the ability to influence and persuade others. It is not to be confused with “position power”. Position power is embedded in hierarchical, organizational structure. Personal power is earned. You do not necessarily need to have direct authority over others to display personal power. In fact, in the most successful companies, leadership exists at all levels. Develop personal power by being dependable, following through on commitments, and demonstrating concern for the welfare of others. People will recognize your personal power and look to you for direction.Empowerment completes the set of leadership skills. Although it has become a buzz word in the 90s, leaders have been aware of the concept of empowerment throughout the ages. Empowerment is the process by which a leader enables other individuals to successfully complete a certain job or task. It is a technique that allows you to delegate responsibility for tasks throughout your organization, even at the lowest levels. As a leader, it is in your interest to nurture and develop individuals who will one day take your place, so make empowerment a top priority. Empowerment involves three critical ingredients: skills, confidence, and authority. Evaluate your followers skills and provide training to improve or enhance their abilities. Instill confidence in others and raise their self-esteem by maintaining face-to-face contact and offering praise for a job well done. Furthermore, bestow authority onto other people, giving them the right to exercise their best personal judgment. True leaders are always willing to give credit to others and accept responsibility for failure, while simultaneously supporting, encouraging, and empowering their followers. If you do so, you will develop an unshakable trust bond with others in your organization, establishing your own credibility while ensuring results. No one can deny the importance of good management in a successful organization. But good management alone is no longer enough. Recognizing the difference between management and leadership, and striking the correct balance between the two, will provide substantial dividends in the long run. Management will get you through today; leadership will ensure a better tomorrow.1.The passage is mainly about（ ）.2.What is the heart and soul of leadership according to the passage?3.In paragraph 1 “stock-in-trade” means（ ）.4.According to the four leadership competencies, which of the following is not the skill of a leader?5.Form this passage, we learn that（ ）.问题1选项A.management skillsB.leadership principlesC.the qualities that define managementD.the distinction between management and leadership问题2选项A.Personal power.B.Self-mastery.C.Vision.D.Empowerment.问题3选项A.qualityB.usual tacticsC.credibilityD.responsibility问题4选项A.Dealing with daily issues and producing results.B.Recognizing the talents of others and giving them the knowledge and the tools they need to succeed.C.Nurturing and developing successors.D.Making macro-plans and ensuring results.问题5选项A.leadership is more important than managementB.a good manager must have leadership competenciesC.leading and managing involve distinctly different sets of skillsD.people with exceptional leadership qualities are usually undeveloped【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1【选项释义】1. The passage is mainly about _. 1. 这篇文章主要是关于_。A. management skills A. 管理技能B. leadership principles B. 领导原则C. the qualities that define management C. 定义管理的品质D. the distinction between management and leadership D. 管理和领导的区别【答案】D【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据原文第一段的内容，我们可以找到两个关键词management（管理）和leadership（领导），最后两句指出“在今天的市场中，单靠管理是不够的。这是每个组织都在寻求的正确的平衡，有效管理和领导的结合。”；再根据第二段的最后一句“为了更好的理解领导力和管理之间的区别，让我们回顾一下这五种领导能力”，然后下面几段都是介绍这五种领导能力；由此可知，本文主要是讲领导力和管理之间的区别，所以D选项“管理和领导的区别”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“管理技能”、B项“领导原则”和C项“定义管理的品质”都比较片面，属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】2. What is the heart and soul of leadership according to the passage? 2. 根据文章，领导力的核心和灵魂是什么？A. Personal power. A. 个人权力B. Self-mastery. B. 自制力C. Vision. C. 愿景D. Empowerment. D. 权利赋予【答案】C【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第四段第一句“愿景（Vision）在很多方面都是领导力的核心和灵魂”可知，C项“愿景”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“个人权力”定位到原文第五段第一句“个人权力（Personal power）是影响和说服他人的能力。”可知个人权力不是领导力的核心和灵魂，属于张冠李戴；B选项“自制力”定位到原文第三段第一句“自制力（Self-mastery）是领导者可信度建立的基础（the foundation），领导者的形象也会因此而发展”可知自制力不是领导力的核心和灵魂，属于张冠李戴；D选项“权利赋予”定位到最后一段第一句“权利赋予（Empowerment）完成了一套领导技能。”可知权利赋予不是领导力的核心和灵魂，属于张冠李戴。3.【选项释义】3. In paragraph 1 “stock-in-trade” means _. 3. 第一段中，“stock-in-trade”指_。A. quality A. 品质，质量B. usual tactics B. 常用策略C. credibility C. 可信性D. responsibility D. 责任【答案】B【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据关键词stock-in-trade定位至第一段第四句“通过遵守标准来控制生产力是高效的管理者的stock-in-trade”，从中可知，控制生产力是管理中的一个策略，所以推测stock-in-trade指的是“策略”，B项“常用策略”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“品质，质量”、C项“可信性”和D项“责任”根据解题思路，这三项曲解原文。4.【选项释义】4. According to the four leadership competencies, which of the following is not the skill of a leader? 4. 根据四项领导能力，下列哪项不是领导者的技能？A. Dealing with daily issues and producing results. A. 处理日常事务并得出结果。B. Recognizing the talents of others and giving them the knowledge and the tools they need to succeed. B. 认识到他人的才能，给予他们成功所需要的知识和工具。C. Nurturing and developing successors. C. 培育和发展接班人。D. Making macro-plans and ensuring results. D. 制定宏观规划，确保成果。【答案】A【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第四段第二句“管理者必须处理问题并在日常基础上产生结果，而领导者必须关注现在和未来”可知，处理日常事务并得出结果是管理者需要做的事情，并非领导者，所以A项“处理日常事务并得出结果”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“认识到他人的才能，给予他们成功所需要的知识和工具”根据最后一段第七句“评估你的追随者的技能，并提供培训以提高他们的能力”可知，该项是领导者的技能，属于反向干扰；C项“培育和发展接班人”根据第六段第五句“作为一名领导者，培养和发展那些有一天会取代你的人是你的利益所在，所以要把赋权放在首位”可知，该项是领导者的技能，属于反向干扰；D项“制定宏观规划，确保成果”，根据第四段第五和第六句“把你未来的计划告诉你周围的人。当其他人开始接受你的愿景并将其变成自己的愿景时，好事就会开始发生而且很快就会发生。”可知，该项是领导者的技能，属于反向干扰。5.【选项释义】5. Form this passage, we learn that _. 5. 从这篇文章，我们知道_。A. leadership is more important than management A. 领导力比管理更重要B. a good manager must have leadership competencies B. 一个好的经理必须有领导能力C. leading and managing involve distinctly different sets of skills C. 领导和管理涉及截然不同的技能D. people with exceptional leadership qualities are usually undeveloped D. 具有非凡领导才能的人通常都没有得到发展【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】本文主要是讲领导力和管理之间的区别，通过对比两者之间的区别可以发现它们所涉及的技能截然不同，比如第四段第二三句指出“管理者必须处理问题并在日常基础上产生结果，而领导者必须关注现在和未来。经理关心的是今天；领导对明天有远见。”；且最后一段最后两句提出“认识到管理和领导之间的区别，并在两者之间取得正确的平衡，将长期提供实质性的红利。管理会帮你度过今天；领导力将确保一个更美好的明天。”，所以综合理解可知，领导和管理有不同的技能，C项“领导和管理涉及截然不同的技能”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“领导力比管理更重要”，原文并没有比较领导力和管理能力哪个更重要，该项无中生有；B项“一个好的经理必须有领导能力”和D项“具有非凡领导才能的人通常都没有得到发展”在原文也没有提及，属于无中生有。5. 单选题_ that Barton had been promoted, his friends came to congratulate him.问题1选项A.Having been heardB.Being heardC.To have heardD.Having heard【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. Having been heard听说 B. Being heard听说C. To have heard听说 D. Having heard听说【答案】D【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】分析句子结构可知，空格处要填入一个非谓语动词，逻辑主语为his friends（他的朋友），和动词hear之间是主动的关系，所以要用现在分词形式；而主句谓语动词是came，为一般过去时，hear这个动作应该是发生在came之前，所以要用现在完成时。故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B项为被动语态，不符合主句逻辑；C项表目的或将来，不符合句意。【句意】听说巴顿被提升了，朋友们都来祝贺他。6. 单选题Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processesthe link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunkline of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibres than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is “What?”, and if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word-handling, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the better connections.But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at “language subject” and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shall not know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subjects and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?2. According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by _ factors.3.“these differences” in paragraph 5 refer to those in _.4. At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on _.5. What is the main purpose of the passage?问题1选项A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.问题2选项A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social问题3选项A.skills of men and womenB.school subjectsC.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain问题4选项A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the functioning of part of the brainC.the distinction between the sexesD.the effects of the corpus callosum问题5选项A.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B.To explain the link between sex and brain structure.C.To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D.To suggest new areas in brain research.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? 1. 下列哪个陈述是正确的？A. Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up. A. 生物学家正在进行心理学家已经放弃的研究。B. Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other. B. 大脑的差异表明了一种性别比另一种性别更优越。C. Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief. C. 科学研究的结果无法支持大众的观点。D. The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known. D. 两性之间大脑结构的差异早已为人所知。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据原文第一段一二三四句“女人的思维方式与男人不同。至少，大多数人是这么认为的。心理学家认为，这要么是一件令人沮丧的事，要么是一个笑话。现在生物学家们已经进入了这个雷区（Now the biologists have moved into this minefield），他们中的一些人已经发现，男性和女性的大脑确实存在差异。”对于男女思维方式的不同的研究，心理学家认为这件事要么令人沮丧，要么是一个笑话，说明心理学家放弃了这个研究，而后提到生物学家进入了这个雷区，意味着生物学家开始进行心理学家放弃的研究，A项“生物学家正在进行心理学家已经放弃的研究”符合原文。【干扰项排除】B项“大脑的差异表明了一种性别比另一种性别更优越”，由原文第一段最后一句“但他们匆忙指出，不同并不等同于更好或更差”可知，虽然生物学家认为男性和女性的大脑存在差异，但并不说明哪种更好或者更坏，该项属于曲解原文；C项“科学研究的结果无法支持大众的观点”，由解题思路可知，生物学家研究结果和大多数人的想法是一样的，男女性之间确实存在思维差异，该项不正确，属于反向干扰；D项“两性之间大脑结构的差异早已为人所知”，根据第三段第三句“这是首次发现女性和男性大脑结构上的差异，这一定有一定的意义”可知，最初人们只知道男女思维方式不同，但是在生物学家进行实验后才得知是结构方面的差异，该项不正确，属于曲解原文。2.【选项释义】2. According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by _ factors. 2. 根据这篇文章，人们普遍认为大脑差异是由_因素造成的。A. biological A. 生物的B. psychological B. 心理的C. physical C. 身体的D. social D. 社会的【答案】D【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第二句“我们倾向于认为是社会的影响造成了这些差异”可知，人们普遍认为大脑差异是由于社会因素造成的，因此D项“社会的”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A项“生物的”、B项“心理的”和C项“身体的”由解题思路可知，这三项曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. “these differences” in paragraph 5 refer to those in _. 3. 第5段中的“these differences”指的是_的差异。A. skills of men and women A. 男人和女人的技能B. school subjects B. 学校课程C. the brain structure of men and women C. 男女之间的大脑结构差异D. activities carried out by the brain D. 大脑进行的活动【答案】A【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章第五段最后一句“如果这些差异（these differences）与半脑干线的差异相一致，那么两性之间就存在着不可改变的差别”，结合前两句“但在这个基础上解释男女技能的实际差异并不那么容易。在世界各地的学校里，女孩在语言科目上往往比男孩好，而男孩在数学和物理上更擅长。”，综合理解可知，these difference指的是两性之间的技能差异，女性和男性在学科上的区别只是为第一句提供例证。因此，该题选择A项“男人和女人的技能”。【干扰项排除】B项“学校课程”由解题思路可知，该项只是举例，与题干不符，属于曲解原文；C项“男女之间的大脑结构差异”是第二段的内容，与题干无关，属于出处错位；D项“大脑进行的活动”没有提到，无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on _. 4. 在文章的最后，作者建议对_进行更多的研究。A. the brain structure as a whole A. 整个大脑结构B. the functioning of part of the brain B. 部分大脑的功能C. the distinction between the sexes C. 两性之间的差异D. the effects of the corpus callosum D. 胼胝体的作用【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章最后一段的内容“我们还不知道学校科目和左右脑功能之间的联系，我们也不知道左右脑是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的。但可以明确的是这种大脑之间的差异与智力有关的部分，我们接着应该努力寻找智力处理过程的差异（we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing）。”可知，在文段末尾作者提议要努力寻找智力处理过程的差异，也就是说要针对大脑的运转做更多的研究。因此，该题选择B项“部分大脑的功能”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“整个大脑结构”和C项“两性之间的差异”虽然在原文有提及，但根据解题思路可知，这两项在文章末尾并未提及，属于出处错位；D项“胼胝体的作用”，由解题思路可知，该项属于曲解原文。5.【选项释义】5. What is the main purpose of the passage? 5. 这篇文章的主要目的是什么？A. To outline the research findings on the brain structure. A. 概述关于大脑结构的研究成果。B. To explain the link between sex and brain structure. B. 解释性别和大脑结构之间的联系。C. To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences. C. 讨论导致大脑差异的各种因素。D. To suggest new areas in brain research. D. 提出大脑研究的新领域。【答案】A【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，定位首尾两段中心句，根据第一段倒数第二句“现在生物学家们已经进入了这个雷区，他们中的一些人已经发现，男性和女性的大脑确实存在差异”和最后一段最后一句“但可以明确的是这种大脑之间的差异与智力有关的部分，我们接着应该努力寻找智力处理过程的差异”，可知，本文主要讲述的是生物学家发现男女之间大脑结构存在着差异，但有关智力处理过程中的差异还有待研究；然后看到全文内容，中间四段都是阐述了关于男女差异中大脑结构的研究，所以这篇文章的目的是概述关于大脑结构的研究成果。因此，该题选择A项“概述关于大脑结构的研究成果”。【干扰项排除】B项“解释性别和大脑结构之间的联系”、C项“讨论导致大脑差异的各种因素”和D项“提出大脑研究的新领域”只是部分提及，属于以偏概全。7. 单选题Its a pity that she mars the account of what happened by _ her own views too much.问题1选项A.derailingB.falsifyingC.coweringD.obtruding【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. derailing（火车）出轨，脱轨 B. falsifying篡改；伪造（文字记录、信息）C. cowering（因恐惧而）蜷缩，畏缩 D. obtruding强行闯入；强加于人【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】由关键信息she mars the account of what happened（她破坏了对所发生事情的叙述），结合选项词义可知，by _ her own views too much表达的意思是“通过强加自己的观点给别人”。因此，该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。【句意】遗憾的是，她把自己的观点过多地强加于人，歪曲了对所发生事情的叙述。8. 单选题An old song says that “love makes the world go around.” If you（1）Americans on Valentines Day, you can believe it. The whole country（2）out with little red hearts. Love（3）people give cards, flowers, and candy to their sweethearts.You might call it a (n)（4）celebration of love. The American（5）of love begins with dating. Young people date in several ways. At first they might have（6）dates with several boys and girls together. Later, they start going on（7）datesjust one boy and one girl. When two couples go out together, we call it（8）dating. A friend might even（9）a blind date for you with someone you dont know. That doesnt mean you keep your（10）closed the whole evening! You just dont know who your partner will be（11）the time for the date. Americans view dating（12）from people in other cultures. American young people see a date as a time just to have（13）.They dont always have a romantic interest in min