2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷1（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Some biologists argue that each specifically human trait must have arisen gradually and erratical-ly, and that it is therefore difficult to isolate definite（ ）in the evolution of species.问题1选项A.fluctuationsB.manifestationsC.predispositionsD.milestones【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：一些生物学家认为每种特定的人类特征都是逐渐地、不规则地形成的，因此很难隔离出物种进化过程中明确的（ ）。fluctuations 变动，起伏现象；manifestations 显示，证明；predispositions 倾向，素质；milestones 里程碑。前半句“每种人类特征都是逐渐地产生的”，可知难以将其发展过程分离开，空格以及空格前的“definite”一起应该表示明确的标志，选项D“里程碑”符合句意。2. 写作题Write an essay of no less than 150 words about your viewpoints to opinion on the writing class for the PHD students.【答案】My Viewpoints to Writing Class for PhD Students3. 单选题Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of（ ） .问题1选项A.perspectiveB.innocenceC.permissionD.veracity【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：童年记忆经常由于取代感而更加哀伤，每一次教训都伴随着 的丢失。perspective 洞察力，看法；innocence 纯洁，纯真；permission 允许，许可；veracity 诚实，真实。故选B。4. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 。transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。5. 单选题Many years ago people thought the earth was flat. They believed that the sky （ ）a big up- side-down bowl and that the sun, moon, and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the bowl. Later, people （ ）better. They found out that the earth （ ） round.We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy, （ ） we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of They thought the heavens spun （ ）the earth. Later, they changed their （ ）They knew the earth was not the center. They believed that the earth and the（ ） planets spin around the sun. Today we know this is true.Ancient scientists studied the skies（ ） simple instruments. The first person（ ） a tele- scope was named Galileo. In 1610 （ ） four moons around the planet Jupiter. Today （ ）use more complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light. （ ） break lights up into different colors. Radio telescopes make stars and planets （ ） far closer than Galileos telescope could.Early astronomers （ ） five planets in the sky. Besides Earth, they knew about mercury, Ve- nus ,Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In 1781 a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus. Years lat- er, astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune. The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto. It was not （ ） until 1930.Today scientists can （ ） almost anywhere. They have reached the heavens with their space- craft. In 1959, a spacecraft （ ） took pictures of the dark side of the moon. The years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon. Other important journeys into space （ ） . Who knows? Maybe（ ） human beings will live on another planet. Maybe you will be one of them.问题1选项A.isB.wasC.had beenD.were问题2选项A.spokeB.toldC.knewD.swore问题3选项A.wasB.had beenC.isD.were问题4选项A.andB.butC.yetD.still问题5选项A.anythingB.nothingC.somethingD.everything问题6选项A.aroundB.roundC.aboutD.along问题7选项A.jobsB.mindsC.suggestionD.advice问题8选项A.otherB.anotherC.restD.remained问题9选项A.byB.onC.withD.within问题10选项A.to useB.usedC.usesD.of using问题11选项A.inventedB.createdC.sawD.discovered问题12选项A.musiciansB.carpentersC.astronomersD.scholars问题13选项A.The othersB.OthersC.AnotherD.The other问题14选项A.lookB.lookingC.to lookD.looks问题15选项A.could have seenB.could seeC.had seenD.saw问题16选项A.trappedB.servedC.discoveredD.settled问题17选项A.runB.exploreC.playD.relax问题18选项A.firstB.firstlyC.for the firstD.first of all问题19选项A.followedB.had followedC.were followingD.follow问题20选项A.somedayB.some dayC.some daysD.somedays【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A第11题:D第12题:C第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:C第17题:B第18题:A第19题:A第20题:A【解析】1.语法分析。谓语动词believed 为一般过去式，主语the sky为第三人称单数，因此选B。2.词义辨析。句意：人们 得更多。knew知道、了解，符合句意。3.语法分析。句意：他们发现地球是圆的。属于客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，故选C。4.逻辑关系。句意：我们将对天空和星球的研究称为天文学，我们将星空观察者称为天文学家。前后两句为并列关系，故选A。5.词义辨析。句意：早期的天文学家认为地球是宇宙万物的中心。D项everything意为“所有事物”, 符合句意。6.固定搭配。此处句意为：他们认为天堂围绕地球转。spin around为固定搭配意为“围绕旋转”。7.词义辨析。此处句意应为：他们改变了想法/认知。jobs工作；minds想法；suggestion建议；advice建议。8.词义辨析。句意：他们认为地球和 行星围绕太阳转。other其他的；another另外一个；rest剩余的；remain剩下的。故选A。9.介词辨析。句意：古代科学家通过简易工具研究天空。by凭借工具或手段；on在上面；with伴随；within在里面。故选A。10.语法分析。空格处应为定语修饰主语。而动词不定式和动名词形式可以做定语。故A项为动词不定式做定语正确。11.词义辨析。句意：1610年，在木星周围 了四颗卫星。invented发明；created创造；saw看见；discover发现。故选D。12.词义辨析。句意：现如今 使用更精密的设备。C项astronomers（天文学家）正确。13.关联。根据前半句some of（有些）推断空格处应为The others（其他的）。14.语法分析。Make为使役动词，后面跟动词原形。故选A。15.语法分析。空格处是对过去的一种推测：早期的天文学家可能已经看到了天空中的五颗行星。因此用could表示推测。16.词义辨析。句意：直到1930年科学家才 它。trapped诱捕、陷入困境；served招待、服务；discovered发现；settled定居、解决。故C项符合句意。17.词义辨析。句意：科学家几乎能够 宇宙的任何地方。run运行、跑；explore探索；play玩耍；relax放松。故B项符合句意。18.词义辨析。句意：在1959年，一艘宇宙飞船首次拍到黑暗的月球上的照片。A项first意为“第一次”,而其他选项都表示“首先”，故选A。19.语法分析。此句讲述的是过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时。20.词义辨析。句意：或许总有一天，人们会居住到另外一个星球。因此A项someday（有一天）正确。6. 单选题Having had her as a professor and adviser, I can tell you that she is an（ ） force who pushes her students to excel far beyond their own expectations.问题1选项A.inspirationalB.educationalC.excessiveD.instantaneous【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive 过度的； instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指导老师，不妨告诉你，她具有一种 （） 力量，激发着她的学生超越自我的期望。因此，A选项符合句意。7. 单选题The people for the experiment were chosen completely （ ） random.问题1选项A.atB.inC.byD.on【答案】A【解析】介词短语辨析。句意：用来做实验的人完全是随机挑选的。at 和random搭配意为“任意地，随便地”，因此A选项为正确答案。8. 单选题The reception was attended by（ ）members of the local community.问题1选项A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable【答案】C【解析】C选项prominent意为“突出的；著名的”。句意：参加这次招待会的是当地社区的（ ） 人士。A选项excellent极好的；B选项conspicuous显而易见的；C选项prominent突出的；著名的； D选项noticeable引人注目的，C选项prominent符合句意。9. 单选题Most people choose a（ ）lawyer on the basis of such consideration as his post, his field of expertise, and the fees he charges.问题1选项A.humanisticB.irrelevantC.personalD.pragmatic【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：大多数人会选择一个 的律师，基于他的岗位、专业经验和支付费用等进行考虑。humanistic人性的；irrelevant不相干的；personal私人的；pragmatic实际的，实用主义的。故选D。10. 单选题The（ ）cycle of life and death is a subject of interest to scientists and philosophers alike.问题1选项A.incompatibleB.exceedingC.instantaneousD.eternal【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。incompatible不相容的，矛盾的；exceeding超越;instantaneous瞬间的，即刻的；eternal永恒的，不朽的。句意： （ ） 生死轮回是一个科学家和哲学家都感兴趣的课题。D选项eternal符合句意。11. 翻译题Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar and nuclear fission. So it has been with informa-tion technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelli-gence and attack targets. (1). But the spread of digital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影)imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep themodernworld turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space.The cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to have been di-rected by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫),but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hi-jacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just have easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employ-ees. (2). One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espio-nage （间谍）is surely because they are dab hands at it, too.Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without discussion of how and when they might be used.（3）. If cyber arms-control is to Americas advantage，it would be wise to shade such accords （协议）while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime，however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal “rules of the road” that would raise the political cost of cy-ber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude “ denial-of-service ” assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus （伪造的）requests for informa-tion ；NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks in cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war； rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do not adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as Ameri-ca does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. （4）. And there could be an international cen-tre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assist countries under cyber-attacks, regard-less of the nationality or motive of the attacker akin to the duty of ships to help mariners （水手）in distress.The internet is not a “commons” ,but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation between governments and the private sector.（5） But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary peoples computer systems are not co-opted by criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibility for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.【答案】1. 但是数字技术的传播是有代价的：它使军队和社会面临数字攻击。一些电影想象出了维持现代社会运转的各个系统几乎瞬时崩溃的场景。2. 西方政府直到最近都对网络间谍活动保持沉默，原因之一是他们自己也是内行。3. 如果网络军备控制对美国有利，那么在它在网络空间仍占上风时指定这样的协议是明智的。4. 还应建立国际中心以监控网络攻击，或者承担救援遭遇网络袭击的国家的国际责任，不管攻击者的国籍或动机如何，就像船舶有援助遇险的水手的责任一样。5.但最终，确保普通人的电脑系统不被犯罪分子和网络战士占为己有的重任将更多地落到后者身上尤其是运营网络服务的提供商。12. 单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline.The parable （寓言）of this semi-animal, semi human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the li-on, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one ; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legiti- mate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow them-selves to be deceived.1.The writer does not believe that（ ）.2.“Prince” in the passage designates（ ）3. The lion represents those who are（ ）4.The fox, in the passage, is （ ）.5.The writer suggests that a successful leader must（ ） .问题1选项A.the truth makes men freeB.people can protect themselvesC.princes are humanD.leaders have to be consistent问题2选项A.anyone in powerB.elected officialsC.aristocratsD.sons of kings问题3选项A.too trustingB.reliant on force onlyC.strong and powerfulD.lacking in force问题4选项A.admired for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his wilesD.considered worthless问题5选项A.be prudent and faithfulB.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.follow the truth【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理题。第一段指出：but as the first method is often insufficient，one must have recourse to the second（只使用第一种方法是不够的，还要使用第二种方法）。D选项“领导者必须始终如一”符合题意。2.推理题。根据文章推断,“Prince”指代的是A项“任何掌权的人”。3.推理题。根据题干关键词“lion”定位至第二段:.for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this，由此推测lion仅有力量但不能保护自己免入陷阱。因此B项正确。4.推理题。根据题干关键词“fox”定位至第二段：A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to actas a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. 由此可知，狐狸是狡猾的，而且作者对此持肯定态度。因此A项正确。5.推理题。第二段指出：Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer existthose that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best。因此作者认为，精明的领导者应该向狐狸学习，善于伪装。B项正确。13. 单选题The mayor was asked to（ ）his speech in order to allow his audience to raisequestions.问题1选项A.constrainB.conductC.condenseD.converge【答案】C【解析】句意：市长被要求（ ） 讲话，以便让他的听众提问。A选项constrain限制；B选项conduct控制，实施；C选项condense压缩，浓缩；D选项converge聚集。选项C符合句意。 14. 单选题Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods； the rest of us have to make do with science and its（ ）.问题1选项A.imperfectionsB.conclusionsC.methodologiesD.hyperbole【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：完美只属于上帝，其余的我们必须用科学弥补 。imperfections 不完美；conclusions 结论；methodologies 方法论；hyperbole 夸张。故选A。15. 单选题The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often over-looked ,principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis.The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the worlds leading economies from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2. 1 children per woman) for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.Even China may see its sky-high growth come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Gavalle and I argued in a recent report, The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic ad- vantage to outpace Chinas economic growth rates by the end of the century.Finally, its not just fertility that matters; its also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family in the U. S. , for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family.And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attentionwhen they are married； this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriage premiums” in their in- come, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent ( United States) to 35 percent (Rus- sia) .So, at least when it comes to men，research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity.The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families，and their stability and quality，has important implications for the health of the global e- conomy.1.The main idea of this passage is that（） .2.One reason that the worlds leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that（） .3.“.its work force is poised to grow”(Para. 3) probably means （ ）4.From the passage we know that （ ）5.According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT （ ）问题1选项A.women should bear more children in order to boost the economyB.both marriage and fertility affect a countrys economyC.marriage has important implications for worker productivityD.India will outpace Chinas economic growth rate by the end of the century问题2选项A.there is a global economic crisis in recent yearsB.there are fewer babies, and consequently, people spend less on many commoditiesC.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many yearsD.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole问题3选项A.its work force pauses to growB.its work force continues to grow fastC.its work force continues to grow steadilyD.its work force grows slowly问题4选项A.children from an intact, married family are more likely to have a better lifeB.the more people a country has, the stronger economy it will haveC.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual familiesD.men are likely to work harder when they are going to have children问题5选项A.the size of familiesB.the stability of familiesC.the quality of familiesD.men and women ratio within the families【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨题。本文开篇指出：现代经济发展取决于家庭力量和承受力，也与生育和婚姻趋势密切相关。因此，B项（婚姻和生育都会影响一个国家的经济）正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词“fiscal challenges”定位至第二段：one reason.is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2.1 children per woman) for decades（一个重要原因在于生育率低于替代水平）。因此，C项（这些国家的人民多年来没有足够的子女来