2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第111期

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Over-cultivation and a long period of erosion has reduced the（ ） of much of the countrys farm land.问题1选项A.sufficiencyB.fertilityC.prosperityD.mobility【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。sufficiency充足;fertility肥力;prosperity兴旺,繁荣;mobility活动性,灵活性。句意：过度耕种和长期的水土流失降低了这个国家大部分农田的肥力。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题To take revenge of the defeat last year, each player was making his （ ） to win the match. Even their fans were cheering for them.问题1选项A.setbackB.endeavorC.remnantD.distinction【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。setback挫败，退步；endeavor努力，尝试；remnant剩余；distinction区别，差别。句意：为了弥补去年的失败，每个运动员都在努力赢得比赛。甚至他们的球迷也在为他们欢呼。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题The government should really pay attention to this problem which can be found everywhere and by no means （ ） to this region.问题1选项A.singleB.individualC.aloneD.unique【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。句意：政府确实应该关注这个问题, 这个问题在任何地方都可以发现, 并且不是这个地区所独有的。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题Mrs. Thompson gave us a （ ） account of what had happened;thats why we no longer believe in the sincerity of her utterance.问题1选项A.curvedB.distortedC.twistedD.tangled【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。curved弯曲的;distorted 歪曲的;曲解的,常指叙述事实的歪曲;twisted 扭曲的,常指物体的变形或者心理变态 ;tangled缠结的,复杂的。句意：Thompson夫人歪曲了所发生事情的事实，这就是我们不再相信她说的话的原因。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题According to （ ） sources, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is to be up righted under a restoration plan by the Italian Government.问题1选项A.conformedB.confirmedC.informedD.transformed【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。 conformed一致的,顺从的; confirmed确定的,坚定的; informed消息灵通的,见多识广的; transformed转变的。句意：据可靠消息, 在意大利政府的一项恢复计划中, 比萨斜塔将得到修复。选项B符合原文。6. 单选题If you want to （ ） a pleasant visit,find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country.问题1选项A.secureB.ensureC.assureD.restore【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。secure保护，使安全，secure sb./sth.使某人或某物安全；ensure后面一般接 sth. 或that从句，指“确保”；assure使相信，使确信，assure后面一般接sb. 指向某人保证；restore归还，修复。句意：如果你想确保一次愉快的旅行，尽可能多地了解东道国的风俗礼仪。所以选项B正确。7. 单选题On （ ） feature of supermarket is that it hires fewer clerks, which cut down on the cost of sale.问题1选项A.extinctB.instinctC.distinctiveD.instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。 extinct灭绝的,绝种的; instinct本能,直觉,天性; distinctive有特色的,与众不同的; instinctive本能的,直觉的,天生的。句意：超市最大的特点是雇佣的店员少, 这就降低了销售成本。选项C符合句意。8. 单选题The environmental movement is （ ） to the widespread feelings of support for natures inherent worth.问题1选项A.testimonyB.hypocrisyC.compensationD.compassion【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。testimony证据，证词；hypocrisy虚伪，伪善；compensation补偿，报酬；compassion同情，怜悯。句意：环保运动证明了人们普遍支持自然的内在价值。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题The Maya civilization reached its period of greatest development about A.D.250 and continued to （ ） for hundreds of years.问题1选项A.thriveB.flourishC.prevailD.popularize【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。thrive繁荣, 兴旺, 主要指生长得健壮;flourish繁荣, 兴旺, 指健康地成长发展或处于发展的高峰;prevail盛行, 战胜;popularize普及, 推广。句意：玛雅文明大约在公元250年达到了其最伟大的发展时期, 并持续繁荣了数百年。所以选项B更合适。10. 单选题Poverty and domestic violence make it easy for her to trust that bad things will happen and take this （ ） happiness away.问题1选项A.adversaryB.vulgarC.fragileD.superfluous【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。adversary敌手，对手；vulgar粗俗的，本土的；fragile脆的，易碎的；superfluous多余的。句意：贫穷和家庭暴力让她很容易相信坏事会发生，并带走这种脆弱的幸福。只有选项C符合句意。11. 单选题The university is now making efforts to make the supply and demand of information more （ ） and to protect students rights with legal advice.问题1选项A.transparentB.visibleC.applicableD.practical【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。transparent透明的;显然的; visible看得见的; applicable可适用的, 可应用的; practical实际的,实用性的。句意：学校目前正在努力使信息的供求更加透明, 并通过法律咨询来保护学生的权利。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题Because of the massive oil spillage in the gulf, both the plant and animal lives in the area are in（ ） .问题1选项A.destinyB.amenityC.jeopardyD.tragedy【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。destiny命运, 天命;amenity 娱乐设施;jeopardy危险, 危难;in jeopardy指处于危险境地;tragedy灾难,悲剧。句意：由于海湾大量石油泄漏，该地区的动植物都处于危险之中。选项C正确。13. 案例题Feeling stressed out lately? Has the doctor said he cannot find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the （1） equipment there show that there is nothing wrong.Then consider this, you might be in a （2） of sub-health. Sub-health, also called the third state, is （3） as a borderline slate between health and disease. According to an investigation by the National Health Organization, over 45 per cent of subhealthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management （4） as well as students around exam-time. This may be due to their heightened （5） to stress.Symptoms include a （6） of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia, agitation and （7） memory. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.According to some medical experts, the （8） to preventing and recovering from sub-health is to form good living habits. （9） work with rest, exercise regularly, and take part in （10） air activities will all help.As for meals, people are （11）to eat less salt and sugar. They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits and fish because they are rich in nutritious （12） , such as vitamins, which are （13） to the body.Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause （14） changes in the digestive tract. They also say that a （15） diet is very helpful in avoiding sub-health.Directions: Choose one appropriate word from the following word bank to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 15 in the passage below, Change the word form where necessary. Remember the bank contains some extra words that may not be used in filling any of the blanks. Write the words in their correct forms with the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.position define forgetful fancy key balance importanceunhealthy lack subject open plenty exposure alternateelement state require poor advise indispensable【答案】1. fancy 2.state 3. defined 4.position 5.exposure6. lack 7. poor 8. key 9. alternate 10. open11. advised 12. elements 13. indispensable 14. unhealthy 15. balanced【解析】1.根据句意可知，这里需要填入一个形容词来修饰医院的设备，据常识推断，医院的设备都是很昂贵的，fancy有昂贵的意思。2.这里为固定搭配，a state of指处于某种状态，原文指处于亚健康的状态。3. 根据原文可知这里是对亚健康的定义，.被定义为用被动语态，所以这里应填入defined。4.in management position指在管理岗位上。原文句意：在管理岗位上人员和应试的学生中，这一比例甚至更高。5.exposure to指暴露，显露。原文句意：这可能是由于他们更多地暴露于压力的环境之下。6. 本句是讲亚健康的症状，根据后面的描述可知这里指缺乏活力。a lack of为固定搭配。7. 本题与上一题相同，都是亚健康的状态，poor memory为常见搭配，指记性差，健忘。8. 根据句意可知，这里指预防和恢复亚健康的关键，the key to为固定搭配。9. 根据句意可知，这里指工作和休息交替进行。alternate符合原文。10. 根据原文可以推测，这里指户外运动。open air指露天的，户外的。11. advise sB.to do sth.建议某人做某事的被动表达为sB.be advised to do sth.，所以这里应填入被动形式。12. 根据句意可知，这里指水果蔬菜和鱼含有丰富的营养元素，比如维他命。元素为可数名词，所以要加s.13. 根据句意可知，维他命是人体必不可少的元素之一。indispensable相对于required要更恰当。14. 根据常识可推断，吃太多是不好的，因为它会导致消化道产生不健康的变化。所以这里应填入unhealthy.15. 根据下文的helpful可推测，这里指健康的饮食。a balanced diet为常见用法，意为均衡饮食。14. 单选题The Chinese language differs （ ） from the English language because of their different writing system and pronunciation.问题1选项A.considerablyB.consistentlyC.confidentlyD.continually【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。considerably相当地,十分地; consistently一贯地,始终如一地; confidently自信地,确信地; continually不断地,连续地。句意：由于书写体系和发音的不同, 汉语和英语有很大的不同。选项A符合句意 。15. 写作题Directions: It is found that many students today simply cut and paste information from the Internet when they do their assignments. What can be done to stop this? Please write an essay of about 300 words on this issue. You should also give your essay a proper title on the basis of your suggestion(s). Write the essay on the answer sheet 2 only.【答案】Teachers and Students Should Unite16. 单选题The relationship between technology and development is complicate.At times the negative features of technology seem to _ the positive ones.问题1选项A.withdrawB.dischargeC.maximizeD.outweigh【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。withdraw取回;（使）撤退;discharge解雇,卸下;maximize使最大化;outweigh 胜过,超过。句意：技术与发展之间的关系很复杂。有时，技术的负面特征似乎超过正面特征。选项D符合句意。17. 单选题This style of cooking is （ ） to South-Eastern provinces.问题1选项A.bizarreB.oddC.peculiarD.weird【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。四个选项均有不平常的或奇怪的的意思。bizarre指态度, 容貌, 款式等怪异; odd强调有异于正常,表示不标准、不正规、不符合规律等,暗示这种奇异令人困惑不解; peculiar强调具有明显的奇异特征; weird怪异的,超自然的,厄运的运气或命运,尤指不吉祥的。句意：这种烹饪方式是东南部省份所特有的。选项C符合句意。18. 单选题Now that the excitement of celebrating has had a chance to （ ） , its time to turn the Olympic ideal into reality.问题1选项A.cut offB.carry awayC.turn offD.wear off【答案】D【解析】动词词组辨析。 cut off切断,中断; carry away运走;失去自制力;turn of关闭; wear off逐渐减少,逐渐消失。句意:既然庆祝的激情已经开始逐渐消失, 那么是时候把奥林匹克理想变成现实了。19. 单选题We shall never be able to （ ） ourselves truly unless we are working for the welfare of our fellows.问题1选项A.realizeB.spotC.accomplishD.fulfill【答案】D【解析】近义词辨析。realize着重指把过去的计划或意愿变成现实; spot为动词时指的是沾上污渍; accomplish是正式用词, 强调一个过程的完成, 也可指依靠努力达到一定目的, 或取得一定的结果; fulfill强调梦寐以求, 强调满足。句意：除非我们为他人的福利而工作, 否则我们永远不可能真正实现自我。选项D更恰当。20. 单选题To live in the United Slates today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorfs assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl make people see how important the human quality of technology is; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly became completely disordered and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development of supplement and replaces some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.1.A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it （ ） .2.The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that（ ） .3.According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly because （ ） .4.By using the phrase the human quality of technology (line 7, ParA.2), the author refers to the fact that technology （ ）.5.The passage is based on the authors（ ） .问题1选项A.is used both as a cultural and a physical objectB.is utilized by manC.serves different purposes equally wellD.can be of use to both man and animal问题2选项A.if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our worldB.technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for itC.technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by manD.being a human creation, technology is liable to error问题3选项A.the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mindB.the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people beforeC.it has helped to switch to an information technologyD.it has a great potential impact on society问题4选项A.has a great impact on human lifeB.has some characteristics of human natureC.can replace some aspects of the human mindD.does not exist in the natural world问题5选项A.keen insight into the nature of technologyB.prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial RevolutionC.cautious analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computersD.exaggerated description of the negative consequences of technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.根据第二段第三句“Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.”除非人们用矛去捕获猎物或用机器人去生产机器零件，否则二者都只不过是硬梆梆的物体而已。也就是说只有为人类所用的时候，它们才具有科技含量，所以选项B正确。2.根据关键词“the Challenger and Chernobyl”定位到第二段第五句：挑战者号航天飞机的爆炸和俄罗斯切尔诺贝利核事故使人们认识到技术的人为特征是多么重要。下文继续提到，计划良好的系统突然变得完全混乱，而且没有现成的人手来纠正它们。因为技术是人类创造的，容易出问题。所以选项D正确。3.根据第三段的倒数第二句“The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change.”它之所以是革命性的，主要原因是它带来了巨大的社会变革。选项D符合原文。4.根据第二段所举的例子可知，作者意在说明技术的人为性特征，即技术同人性一样，存在弱点。选项B正确。5.本题可用排除法。作者在文中并没有对工业革命进行批判，所以选项B不正确；大脑不会被电脑所取代，选项C也表述错误；虽然科技有负面影响，但作者没有进行夸大的描述，所以选项D错误。B,C,D三项均可排除，选项A正确，作者对技术的本质有着敏锐的洞察。