2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第68期

2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题To achieve sustainable development, the（ ）of resources is assuming new importance.问题1选项A.conservationB.reservationC.exhaustionD.devastation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项conservation“保护，保存”，B项reservation“预定”，C项exhaustion“筋疲力尽”，D项devastation“毁坏”。根据后面的resource可知句意：为了实现可持续发展，储备资源正具有新的重要性。因此A项正确。2. 单选题Patients are expected to comply with doctors instructions for quick recovery.问题1选项A.improve onB.abide byC.draw uponD.reflect on【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。comply with表示“遵守，照做”；A项improve on“改进，对加以改良”，B项abide by“遵守，信守”，C项draw upon“利用，开出”，D项reflect on“思考，反省”。句意：希望病人遵照医生的指示尽快恢复。根据句意可知B项正确。3. 单选题The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.问题1选项A.joinedB.ascribedC.fastenedD.diverted【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。attach表示“依附，附加”，attach importance to表示“重视，着重于”；A项join“参加”，B项ascribe“归因于，归咎于”，C项fasten“使之固定”，D项divert“转移”。句意：公众对房价将得到控制的消息非常重视。根据句意可知，只有ascribe能与great importance匹配，故该题B项正确。4. 单选题He treated a twenty-one-year-old girl with a stubborn case of headache.问题1选项A.panicB.persistentC.severeD.stern【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。stubborn表示“顽固的，顽强的”；A项panic“恐慌的”，B项persistent“执着的，坚持不懈的”，C项severe“严峻的，严厉的”，D项stern“严厉的，坚定的”。句意：他治疗了一个患有顽固性头痛的21岁女孩。根据句意可知，该题选择B项正确。5. 问答题In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesnt work, you might say something odd (“Look up! The ceiling is falling!”) to divert their attention. If they still dont stop and you cant separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: (1) After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a students aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: (2) any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a students aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react (3) punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. (4) Speaking in a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You dont want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. (5) If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.【答案】答：1.You need to chat with combatants engaged in the fight soon afterwards, to know the detailed description of incidents and help to reconcile the both side, and inform their parents.2.Any critical speech and activity will intensify aggressive students anger and stiffen his resistance.3.involving punishment4.Speaking to him calmly to tell your understanding about his upset, you stress that he should learn to express intense emotion with words rather than with fighting ways.5.Once an aggressive student is willing to say sorry without instruction, it will help sooth others hurt feeling and avoid future conflicts.【解析】1.原文句意是：事件结束后，与打架的双方学生见面，让他们告诉你发生了什么，帮助他们化解相互之间的矛盾，同时还要通知家长。通过分析原文句子，该句的意思是两层：一是在打架后和学生谈话并了解情况，二是通知家长。故该句子可以改写为You need to chat with combatants engaged in the fight soon afterwards, to know the detailed description of incidents and help to reconcile the both side, and inform their parents（你需要和打架同学交谈，了解事件的详情，帮助调解双方，并告知他们的父母）。2.原文句意是：任何这些行为都可能加剧他的愤怒和加强他的抵抗。根据原文可知原句中的those actions指的是上文所提到的行为，上文提到Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm.（即使他对你大喊大叫，你也要保持冷静）和Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats（避免交叉双臂，用手指或威胁），由此可知，those actions指的是言语和动作上的行为，所以该句可以扩充改写为Any critical speech and activity will intensify aggressive students anger and stiffen his resistance（任何批评性的言论和活动都会加剧好斗学生的愤怒，加强他们的反抗）。3.原文中这个词语的意思是“惩罚地”；整个句子的意思是：虽然他可能期望你的反应是惩罚性的，但让他惊讶的是你的反应是支持的。这里可以把punitively副词形式改写为非谓语动词形式involving punishment（设计惩罚）。4.原文句意是：用平静的声音告诉他，你理解他为什么难过，但强调他必须用语言来表达愤怒，而不是用手。原文的clam（冷静的）可以改为副词，即calmly（冷静地）；anger（愤怒）可以换一种说法，即intense emotion（强烈的感情）；那么整个句子就是Speaking to him calmly to tell your understanding about his upset, you stress that he should learn to express intense emotion with words rather than with fighting ways（平静地和他说话，告诉他你理解他的难过，强调他应该学会用语言而不是用争斗的方式表达强烈的情感）。5.原文句意是：如果他愿意这样做，这将有助于安抚受伤的感情，避免未来的冲突。这个句子我们要理解原句中that所指代的内容；原文最后一段第一句提到you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit.（你确实想要强烈鼓励他向他打过的学生赔罪），由此可知，that所指代的内容就是鼓励学生道歉；那么这个句子可以解释为Once an aggressive student is willing to say sorry without instruction, it will help sooth others hurt feeling and avoid future conflicts（一旦一个好斗的学生愿意在没有得到指导的情况下说对不起，这将有助于缓解他人受到的伤害，避免未来的冲突）。6. 单选题Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study. Whether such increases due to higher CO2 concentration would actually be realized is uncertain, because of problems in extrapolating from idealized laboratory and modeling results to field conditions.The clear message of this work is that greater efforts are needed to take account of the “noise” of natural climate variability when considering the “signal” of climate change. In particular, care must be taken in interpreting the results of impact assessments, especially those which use climate simulations over short periods only.Much more remains to be done. For example, the use of simulated monthly climate data by Hulme et al, even when interpolated to daily data by statistical methods, leaves open the possibility of systematic changes in day-to-day variability and extremes due to climate change. These could well dominate the effects of climate change on both river flow and wheat yield. Taking them into account will require the analysis of daily output from the climate models, especially at fine spatial resolution.More importantly, in understanding the message from Hulme et al, we need to distinguish between confidence levels used for the detectability of simulated or real impacts due to climate change, and those needed to decide if the information about possible future impacts is useful for decision-makers. Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level. On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred. In cases such as estimation of flood frequency and of the occurrence of moisture stress in crops, what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.1. According to the study, high wheat yields in Europe most significantly need（ ）.2. A high level of confidence is needed when we（ ）.3. To identify the possible future impacts of climate change, scientists（ ）.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.higher temperaturetB.heavy rainfalltC.higher CO2 concentrationstD.natural climate changet问题2选项A.take it as a given that climate change is occurringtB.use “detectability” as an evidence of climate changetC.decide if the information is useful for decision-makerstD.estimate the scope of wheat yields increasest问题3选项A.only need an idealized laboratorytB.may spend years to obtain and analyze valid statistical evidencetC.plan adaptation measures after the change occurstD.set new climate modelst问题4选项A.Ways of improving Wheat Yields in EuropetB.Climate Change and Wheat YieldstC.Statistical Evidence of Climate ChangetD.Simulated Experiments on River Flowt问题5选项A.It is important to detect trends in total ozone or river flow.tB.It takes decades to detect climate change statistically.tC.What is more important is to plan adaptation measures against bad effects of climate change.tD.Wheat yield is closely related to climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“根据这项研究，在欧洲高小麦产量最需要的是”。文章第一段前三句提到Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study.（欧洲的小麦产量对温度和降雨的自然变化高度敏感；在这些模拟中，在两种情景下，仅有气候变化，到2050年就会只有三个北欧国家的产量显著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳浓度对植物生长的估计影响，会显著增加产量，研究中包括的所有10个国家的产量现在都显著增加），温度、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然气候变化里，它们都能提高小麦产量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳浓度能使所有10个国家的产量显著增加，所以A项“更高温度”、B项“大降雨量”和D项“自然气候变化”都不选，C项“更高的二氧化碳浓度”符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“当我们需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level.（可探测性，作为气候变化的证据，可以说需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B项“使用可探测性作为气候变化的证据”正确。第四段最后一句指出On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.（另一方面，如果我们认为气候变化正在发生，并且我们正在寻求有用的建议，了解可能的后果，低一点的信心可能就足够了）可知A项“认为气候变化正在发生是理所当然的”不正确；C项“决定信息是否对决策者有用”，文中没有提到关于决定信息是否对决策者有用的可信度，所以C项不选；D项“估计小麦产量增加的范围”文章没有提及。故该题选择B项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“为了确定气候变化可能带来的未来影响，科学家们”。最后一段第一句指出Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred.（研究数据集的长度是必要的，以检测在变化的背景下的平均值的真正变化，例如检测总臭氧或河流量的趋势，表明即使这种变化是真实的，它可能需要几十年的时间才能被统计出来）由此可知，为了确定气候变化可能带来的未来影响，可能需要花费几十年的时间来统计，故B项“可能花费数年的时间来获取和分析有效的统计证据”正确。A项“只需要一个理想化的实验室”和D项“建立新的气候模型”文章未提及；C项“计划气候变化发生后的适应措施”，文章最后一句话提到what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.（要确定未来气候变化的“危险”水平，或计划适应措施，所需要的是在这些影响发生之前估计其发生可能性的变化），可知要想计划气候变化发生后的适应措施，在此之前需要估计其发生的可能性，也就是需要花费几十年来统计数据，C项错误。故该题选择B项正确。第4题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“下面哪个选项是这篇文章的最佳标题？”。通读文章可知，文章主要讲述气候变化对欧洲小麦产量的影响，故B项“气候变化与小麦产量”符合题意。A项“欧洲提高小麦产量的方法”，这是探索气候变化与小麦产量的一个过程，不能概括全文；C项“气候变化的统计证据”和D项“河流流量模拟实验”都只是部分提及，比较片面。故该题选择B项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以了解到什么？”。A项“检测总臭氧或河流流量的趋势是重要的”只是文章中的一个例子，不能够表达原文意思；B项“用统计方法检测气候变化需要几十年的时间”，表达太过绝对，文中只是提到it may need to have happened for decades（这可能需要几十年的时间）；C项“更重要的是制定应对气候变化不利影响的适应措施”，表述不正确，根据文章最后一句话what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.（要确定未来气候变化的“危险”水平，或计划适应措施，所需要的是在这些影响发生之前估计其发生可能性的变化）可知，更为重要的是能够预测这些气候变化对小麦产量带来的影响；D项“小麦产量与气候密切相关”符合原文。故该题选择D项正确。7. 单选题At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cell-phone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. “If theyd spend as much time studying, theyd all be A students,” says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cell-phones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper.“It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad.” said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other peoples writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. “Some people put too much emphasis on where theyre going to go in the future, and all theyre thinking about is graduate school and the next step,” said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed “sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldnt do.”Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.1. One student at UCLA was found cheating（ ）.2. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students（ ）.3. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to（ ）.4. According to Ryan Dapremont,（ ）.5. Which of the following is probably the most significant measure to fight cheating?问题1选项A.when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail devicetB.when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatestC.after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemtD.after his classmate reported his cheating to the authorityt问题2选项A.should be severely punished for their dishonestytB.didnt have much time to study before the examtC.could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughtD.could be excused because they were not familiar with the new systemt问题3选项A.use many high-tech devicestB.cut off Internet access on campustC.turn to the oral examination formstD.cut off the use of high-tech devicest问题4选项A.examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingtB.his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingtC.cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationstD.it was more difficult for him to lift other peoples writings off the Internett问题5选项A.Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.tB.Letting students know that honesty is more important.tC.Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.tD.Setting up more strict campus honor codes.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“加州大学洛杉矶分校的一名学生被发现作弊”。第一段指出At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in.（在加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)，一名学生将他的课堂笔记加载到一个手持电子邮件设备中，并试图在考试时阅读它们：一个同学告发了他），由此可知D项“在他的同学向当局报告了他的作弊行为后”正确。A项“当他把他的课堂笔记载入一个手持电子邮件设备时”，这是作弊的方法；B项“当他试图把答案告诉他的同学时”，内容与原文不符；C项“在学校实行了新的考试监督制度后”，第一段提到At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questionsput in place a new examination-supervision system.（在拉斯维加斯的内华达大学(UNLV)，学生们用手机摄像头拍摄试题实行了新的考试监督制度），由此可知实行新的考试监督制度是内华达大学，而不是加州大学，C项错误。因此，该题选择D项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“据罗恩雅斯宾说，所有作弊的学生”。第一段最后一句雅斯宾提到了If theyd spend as much time studying, theyd all be A students（如果他们花同样多的时间学习，他们都能成为优等生），由此可知C项“如果他们学习足够努力，他们能得最高分”符合题意。A项“他们的不诚实应该受到严厉的惩罚”、B项“考试前没有太多时间学习”和D项“因为他们不熟悉新系统所以可以被原谅”在文中雅斯宾都没有提到过。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“为了在新的考试中赢得猫和老鼠的游戏，大学管理者们必须”。根据第二段第三句They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cell-phones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper.（为了打击考试季的作弊行为，他们切断了笔记本电脑的网络连接，要求考生在考试前交出手机，或者干脆要求考生用纸笔考试）可知，D项“停止使用高科技设备”正确；A项“多使用高科技设备”和C项“变为口试形式”内容与原文相反；B项“切断校园内的网络”，原文提到的是切断笔记本的网络连接，不是校园网络，B项错误。因此，该题选择D项正确。第4题:细节推理题。题干意思是“Ryan Dapremont表示”。根据题干定位到第三段，Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other peoples writings off the Internet without attributing them.（Dapremont说，技术让作弊变得更容易，但写论文时的剽窃可能是最大的问题；学生们可以从互联网上抄袭别人的作品，而不用注明出处），由此可推断，论文作弊比考试作弊更严重，因此C项“写作作弊比考试作弊更严重”正确。A项“纸笔考试对于打击作弊毫无用处”，文章只提及技术让作弊更加容易，A项断章取义；B项“由于他的字写得很差，他的试卷评了低分”文中没有提到他由于字写得差而打了低分；D项“对他来说，从互联网上摘抄别人的作品就更难了”，内容与原文相反。因此，该题选择C项正确。第5题:细节判断题。题干意思是“下面哪个可能是打击作弊最重要的措施？”。文章最后一句提到They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.（他们说最重要的事情是首先要教学生不要作弊），由此可知，打击作弊最重要的措施是给学生建立诚实的考试原则，所以B项“让学生知道诚实更重要”符合题意。A项“不太重视学生将来的去向”，这不属于措施；C项“很难作弊的写作考试”和D项“建立更严格的校园荣誉守则”是具体的方法，与题干不符。因此，该题选择B项正确。8. 单选题It is reported that thirty people were killed in a（ ）on the railway yesterday.问题1选项A.collisionB.collaborationC.corrosionD.confrontation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项collision“碰撞，冲突”，B项collaboration“合作”，C项corrosion“腐蚀”，D项confrontation“对抗，面对”。把四个选项分别代入句子中，可知只有collision符合。句意：据报道，昨天有30人在铁路相撞中丧生。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 翻译题该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。最终 目标是确保无一人落后。由于此法案的实施，学校有更多的灵活性把资源用于最急需的地方。父母可更多地参与孩子的教育。【答案】答：The act aims to reform Americas elementary and secondary schools and give all children access to a high-quality education. The ultimate goal is to ensure no one is left behind. As a result of the implementation of this act, schools enjoys more flexibility to use resources where they are most needed. Parents can be more involved in their childrens education.10. 单选题Terrorist activities, in whatever forms, are to be denounced by peace-loving people wor