2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷64（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nestling bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeares Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power: nor is Picassos painting “Guernica” primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the great works of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the （ ）.2. The author implies that Beethovens music was strikingly original because Beethoven（ ）.3. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are（ ）.4. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT（ ）.5. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activities transcend limits with（ ）.问题1选项A.basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulationB.byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC.tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD.result of highly creative scientific activity问题2选项A.strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limitsB.fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategyC.embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded himD.manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in a highly innovative fashion问题3选项A.unjustifiably ignored by musicologistsB.not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of musicC.among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a musical productionD.often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle of organization was introduced问题4选项A.Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B.Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C.Is. Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D.Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?问题5选项A.deep skepticismB.strong indignationC.marked indifferenceD.moderate amusement【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键词“coherently relates diverse phenomena”定位到文章第一段“highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organizationInnovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.”可知高度创造性的活动超越了现有形式的限制，建立了新的组织原则。创新的科学产生了新的理论，在这个理论中，使不同的现象以更加连贯清晰的方式联系在一起。可判断出作者认为这种将不同的现象更加连贯地联系起来的新理论是高度创造性科学活动的结果。故选项D符合题意。2.事实细节题。由题干关键词“Beethovens music”定位到文章第二段“It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.”可知据说贝多芬推翻了规则，把音乐从沉闷的传统形式中解放出来。但是仔细研究贝多芬的音乐就会发现，他的音乐并没有推翻任何基本规则。相反，他是一位无与伦比的战略家，他从海顿、莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫等前辈那里继承了一些规则、形式和惯例，并以惊人的独特的方式加以利用。可判断出作者提到贝多芬的音乐具有惊人的独创性是因为贝多芬以一种高度创新的方式操纵着音乐创作的既定的规则。故选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“Florentine Camerata”定位到文章第二段“whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.”可知一部作品是否在音乐史上确立了新的原则，与它的美学价值并没有多大的关联。因为它体现了一种新的组织原则。有些音乐作品，如佛罗伦萨的歌剧，具有显著的历史重要性，但是很少有听众或音乐学家会把这些作品列入伟大的音乐作品之列。可判断出作者认为弗罗伦萨的歌剧虽然在音乐史上很重要，带来了巨大的影响，但是并没有认为具有很高的审美价值。故选项B符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章第一段“Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary”，可知杰出的创造性活动具有革命性的特征，可回答选项A的问题，故选项A可排除。根据文章第二段“Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.”可知他是一位无与伦比的战略家，他从海顿、莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫等前辈那里继承了一些规则、形式和惯例，并以惊人的独特的方式加以利用。可回答选项B的问题，故选项B可排除。根据文章第二段“Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the great works of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.”可知莫扎特的费加罗的婚姻无疑是伟大的音乐作品之一，尽管它仅仅体现出对现有方式和规则的扩展创新。可回答选项C的问题，故选项C可排除。文章第二段中，除了提到Monteverdi的音乐作品体现了新的创作原则并且具有很好的审美价值，并未提及其它的音乐家。故选项D符合题意。5.观点态度题。由题干关键词“all highly creative artistic activities transcend limits”定位到文章第一段最后两句“What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.”可知具有高度创造性的艺术活动所产生的并不是一种超越既定规则的新的概括，而是一种美学上的特殊产物。极具创造力的艺术家所创造的美学细节，以一种创新的方式，扩展或利用了一种现有的形式规则，而不是超越那种形式。可判断出作者对于所有具有高度创造性的艺术活动都超越了现有的形式和规则的观点是持有怀疑态度的。故选项A符合题意。2. 翻译题Translate the following into Chinese.Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing. Authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness, and appreciates the uniqueness of others.Global value chains, or GVCs, are not a new phenomenon, but they have expanded and deepened significantly in recent years, offering greater opportunities for developing countries to integrate into the global economy at lower costs. Improvements in communication technology and declining transportation costs worldwide have made it easier to “unbundle” tasks internationally.【答案】胜利者具备不同的潜力，成就不是最重要的方面，而是真诚。真诚的人了解自我，保持自我，从而体验到真实的自我，成为一个可信、感性的人。他实现了自己前所未有的特性，并赞赏他人的独特之处。全球价值链，简称GVC，并不是一种新现象，但是，近年来，它们已大大扩大和深化，为发展中国家以更低的成本融入全球经济提供了更多的机会。全球通信技术的进步和运输成本的下降使国际上更容易“分解”各项任务。3. 问答题While many people use competition as an excuse for not doing something, those who really A Bwant to succeed see competition as an opportunity, and theyre willing to do the tough work Cnecessarily to win. D【答案】试题答案：D; necessary【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据the tough work和to win之间存在“必要的”逻辑关系，因此将副词necessarily改为形容词necessary。4. 翻译题Rational choice theoryRational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling, social and economic behavior. Rationality, interpreted as “wanting more rather than less of a good，is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in macroeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modem political science, sociology, and philosophy. It attaches “wanting more” to instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Backer was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.In rational choice theory, these costs are only extrinsic or external to the individual rather than being intrinsic or internal. That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminals self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, guilt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime. In general, rational choice theory does not address the role of an individuals sense of morals or ethics in decision-making. Thus, economics Noblest Amartya Sen sees the model of people who follow rational choice model as “rational fools”.【答案】理性选择理论理性选择理论，也被称为选择理论或理性行为理论，是用于理解社会，正式对社会和经济行为的框架。理性，被解释为“对最大利益的追求”，在宏观经济模型中被广泛用作个人行为的假设，并出现在几乎所有经济学教科书中关于人类决策的处理。它也是现代政治学、社会学和哲学的中心。它将“想要更多”与理性工具联系起来，这涉及到寻求最经济有效的手段来实现特定目标，而不考虑该目标的价值。Gary Backer是更广泛地运用理性行为者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧视、犯罪和人力资本而获得1992年诺贝尔经济学奖。在理性选择理论中，这些成本仅是非本质的或外部的，而不是本质的或者内部的。也就是说，严格的理性选择理论不会根据罪犯的内心的悔恨，内疚，或羞愧等自我惩罚以确定犯罪的成本。一般来说，理性选择理论并不涉及个人道德或伦理意识在决策中的作用。因此，诺贝尔奖获得者AmartyaSen认为，遵循理性选择模式的经济学人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。5. 问答题AS the planet warms, floods, storms, rising seas and drought will uproot millions of people and with dire wider consequences. Barack Obama, collecting his Nobel peace prize, said that climatic change “will fuel more conflict for decades”. He took the analysis not from environmental scaremongers but from a group of American generals.The forecast is close （1）becoming received wisdom. A flurry of new books with titles such as “Global Warring” and “Climatic Conflict” offer near-apocalyptic visions. Cleo Pascal, at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, predicts those floods, storms, the failure of the Indian monsoon and agricultural collapse will bring “enormous mad specific geopolitical, economic and security consequences for all of us.the world of tomorrow looks chaotic and violent”. Jeffrey Mazo of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, also in London, calls climatic change an “existential threat” and fears it could usher （2） “state failure and internal conflict” in exposed places, notably Africa.Yet surprisingly few facts support these alarming assertions. Widely touted forecasts such asfor 200m climatic refugees in fire next few decades seem to have been plucked （3） the air.Little or no academic research has looked at questions such as whether Bangladeshis displaced by a rising sea would move a series of short distances over a long period, or (more disruptively) a greater distance immediately.So scientists preparing the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, due in 2013, are for the first time including a chapter on threats to human security. An early effortcame at a conference last month in Norway,（4） the auspices of the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.One idea is to find previous occasions when big environmental changes came（5） social,political and military shifts. Droughts in the Central Asian steppe, for example, led to mass westward migration and the “barbarian” invasions that helped topple the Roman Empire. Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilization a millennium ago. Sudden cooling wiped out an early European settlement on Greenland. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s forced over 2m people to migrate within the United States.Those examples may be relevant in Africa, where in many countries around three-quarters of the population survive by cultivating a few varieties of crops watered directly by rain, the form offarming most vulnerable（6） climatic change. Africa has warmed by 0.5C on average in thepast half century, and may heat by 1.5-4C more this century. Heat hits cereal yields (specially maize), perhaps by 10-20% for a 1 *C rise. Rainfall patterns will also shift.The hardest evidence for a link so far comes from a team led by Marshall Burke of the University of California, which studied African wars from 1980 to 2002 and found that rising temperatures arc indeed associated with crop failure, economic decline and a sharp rise in the likelihood of war. It predicted a “50% increase” in the chance of civil war in Africa by 2030.But that claim is now heavily revised, since researchers redid their sums to take account of the more peaceful period of 2002-08. Others say that political and other factors such as ethnic conflict and outside intervention are far better indicators of the likelihood of fighting.Take the widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon,the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis, arising at least（7）part fromclimate change”. Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfurs dreadful plight, offering grist to those who call climate change a “threat multiplier5，. Average rainfall in the region fell abruptly (by a third or more) in the early 1970s and Darfur repeatedly suffered droughts. Clashes over grazing and then displacement of villagers were followed, from 2003, by horrific war.Yet the connection is elusive. Roughly three decades elapsed between the rain stopping and war starting. Many other factors political, ethnic, demographic and economic conspired to stoke violence. Those were specific to Darfur, whereas the sharp drop in rainfall hit the whole Sahel, without intensifying conflict elsewhere.Another commonly cited example is violent competition for scarce grazing between nomadic herdsmen in the Hom of Africa. Yet a study of fighting among pastoralists on the border between Kenya and Somalia in the past 60 years (presented at the conference) showed instead that conflict worsened when grazing was abundant and fell（8） droughts. Hungry people ware too busy staying alive, or too exhausted, to fight. By contrast, when rains made herdsmens lives easier, they could release surplus young labor for the violent sport of raiding other groups.Other researchers look at the political or military consequences of phenomena unrelated to weather, such as rapid urbanization, migration or earthquakes. Yet the evidence here too is mixed（9 ） best. Where natural disasters do show predictable political outcomes, they are very slight.A study of the short-term impact of hurricanes on Haiti and the Dominican Republic from 1850-2007, for example, suggests that the storms have grown more intense (if not more frequent), but their arrival is not associated with mom political violence. Another study showed that natural disasters usually produced short-term economic pain but no sign of increased political violence. Earthquakes, too, tend to produce mixed outcomes. A Mexican quake in 1985 may have stoked an insuiency. But the tsunami of 2005 offered a moment for secessionists in Aceh and the central Indonesian government to co-operate Climate change could indeed cause woes aplenty. That is all the more reason to be precise（10） them.Fill in each blank in the article with an appropriate preposition (介词).Read the article carefully and explain the meaning of the words according to the context.scaremonger (in paragraph 1)apocalyptic (in paragraph 2)tout (in paragraph 3)topple (in paragraph 5)intervention (in paragraph 8)elapse (in paragraph 10)stoke (in paragraph 10)intensify (in paragraph 10)grazing (in paragraph 11)woe (in paragraph 13)The above article mentioned the widely cited ease of the war in Darfur, (the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis.” Why? Some people call climatic change a “threat multiplier”. What does that mean?【答案】1.考查介词搭配。此处表示这个预言几乎被视为至理名言。be close to意为“接近，靠近”。试题答案：to2.考查介词搭配。此处表示气候变化引来的影响。usher in意为“引入，引领”。试题答案：in3.考查介词搭配。pluck from the air意为“空穴来风，无中生有”。试题答案：from4.考查介词搭配。under the auspices意为“在的赞助下”。试题答案：under5.考查介词搭配。此句意为：观点之一是寻求历史上环境改变与伴随之的政治、经济、军事变革的联系。come alongside意为“随之而来”。试题答案：alongside6.考查介词搭配。vulnerable to意为“易受，易于”。试题答案：to7.考查介词搭配。in part意为“在某种程度上，部分地”。试题答案：in8.考查介词搭配。during意为“在期间”。试题答案：during9.考查介词搭配。at best意为“至多，充其量”。试题答案：at10.考查介词搭配。about意为“关于”。试题答案：aboutscaremonger (in paragraph 1)1.试题答案：危言耸听的人，制造恐慌的人apocalyptic (in paragraph 2)2.试题答案：世界末日的tout (in paragraph 3)3.试题答案：吹捧，吹嘘topple (in paragraph 5)4.试题答案：推翻，打倒intervention (in paragraph 8)5.试题答案：介入，干涉elapse (in paragraph 10)6.试题答案：消逝stoke (in paragraph 10)7.试题答案：煽动，激起intensify (in paragraph 10)8.试题答案：增强，加剧grazing (in paragraph 11)9.试题答案：牧场，草场woe (in paragraph 13)10.试题答案：灾难Because the climate change, to some degree, resulted in the war in Darfur. The average rainfall in Darfur fell sharply, which caused the clashes over grazing, displacement of villages and eventually resulted in the horrific war.It means that climate change has intensified the threaten of Darfur, because Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfurs dreadful plight.6. 填空题During the past ten or fifteen years a great deal of attention has been（1）to “telling it like it is,” “or “letting it all hang out.” My impression is that this overzealous devotion to speaking ones mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy and fulfillment.I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and repressing all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other（2） leads to constructive communication. Its a great relief to allow ourselves the luxury of acknowledging our human frailties and pursuing more honest relationships with others. But we need to strike a（3） between telling it all and telling nothing.Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her troubled twenty-five-year-old son to attend a weekend marathon with him. Und