2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷23（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Some people believe that “King John” was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an（ ）author.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.authenticC.antiqueD.anonymous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。ambiguous模糊不清的，模棱两可的；authentic 真正的，真实的；antique 古老的，年代久远的；anonymous匿名的，无名的。由but可知前后句所述内容相反，前半句说有人相信莎士比亚是约翰王的作者，后半句推测作者是一个匿名的作家。故D项正确。句意：有些人认为约翰王是莎士比亚写的，但有些人认为它可能是匿名的作者写的。2. 单选题If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britains Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the states budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvards Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.1. Paragraph 1 suggests that（ ）.2. According to Paragraph 2,（ ）.3. Paragraph 4 points out that the income in the state sector is（ ）.4. It can be learned from the example of the unions in Wisconsin that unions（ ）5. What is John Donahues attitude towards the public-sector system?问题1选项A.Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servantB.Teamsters has kept growing in its body of membersC.the number of unionists in public-sector has increasedD.the government has improved its relationship with unionists问题2选项A.a university degree is required for public-sector union membershipB.Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unionsC.public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actionsD.public-sector unions are hesitant in taking actions问题3选项A.fairly adjustedB.illegally securedC.indirectly increasedD.excessively increased问题4选项A.often run against the current political systemB.may be a barrier to public-sector reformsC.can change peoples political attitudesD.are dominant in the government问题5选项A.Tolerance.B.Disapproval.C.Indifference.D.Appreciation.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段第二句“When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会而现在是36%。而由最后两句“In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. ”可知，2009年，美国公共部门工会成员的数量超过了私营部门工会成员的数量。在英国，超过一半的公共部门员工加入了工会，但只有15%的私营部门员工加入了工会。由此可以判断，这么多年来，公共部门的工会成员人数有所增加，所以C选项表述正确。原文只是说明Jimmy Hoffa如果活着可能会代表公务员，并不是说他真的是公务员，因此A选项与原文内容不符。B选项“卡车司机成员不断增加”与原文内容不符，原文只是说1960年卡车司机处于巅峰时期，故表述错误。D选项“政府改善了它与工会的关系”，在原文中并未提到，属于无中生有。故本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。题干询问：根据第二段可以得出。原文第二段主要介绍了工会兴盛的三个原因，原因一：他们可以在不承担后果的情况下解决事情；原因二：他们大多聪明且受过良好的教育；原因三：他们现在主导着中间偏左的政治。由此可知，C选项表述正确，without suffering much说明他们很少惹上麻烦，即seldom get in trouble。原文第二段第四句指出“A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree”，所以并不是所有的公共部门工会成员都被要求拥有大学学位。可判断A选项表述错误。由原因三可知，工党一直和工会联系在一起，工党领袖的当选部分原因归功于公共部分工会的投票，可判断B选项错误。D选项的表述在原文中并未提及，故本题正确答案为C选项。3.细节事实题。题干询问：从第四段可以得知，国营部门的收入是。根据题干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通过Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.可知，政客们一再“加码”公共部门的薪酬协议，要保持适度的工资增长，但要增加假期，尤其是已经很丰厚的养老金。由此可知，国营部门的收入需要间接进行提高。可判断C选项正确。A选项表示“公平调整”，B选项表示“非法获得”，D选项表示“过度增加”，均与原文内容不符，故本题正确答案为C选项。4.推理判断题。题干询问：我们可以从威斯康辛州工会的例子中了解到，工会应该。根据题干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor”，根据句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工会集结了数千支持者，反对共和党强硬派州长Scott Walker。由此可知B选项“工会是公共部门改革的障碍”表述正确。A选项“经常与当前的政治体制相抵触”属于推断过度，而C选项“能改变人们的政治态度”和D选项“在政府中占主导地位”在原文中均为提及。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。5.观点态度题。题干询问：John Donahue对公共工会部门的态度是。根据题干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. ”可知，银行家丰厚的薪水引来了许多批评，但公共部门系统不奖励高成就者，这对美国来说可能是一个更大的问题。由此可见，John Donahue对于美国的公共部门持有不支持的态度，因此B选项Disapproval最符合原文内容，故本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“容忍”，C选项表示“漠不关心”，D选项表示“赞赏”。3. 单选题Britain has（ ）trials of driverless cars in four English cities, with the government claiming the nation was uniquely placed to lead the development of the new technology.问题1选项A.launchedB.surgedC.prevailedD.yielded【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项launched表示“发起，开展，启动，发射”；B选项surged表示“汹涌，蜂拥而来”；C选项prevailed表示“流行”；D选项yielded表示“产出，屈服，放弃”。空缺处所缺内容为动词，且需搭配宾语trials of driverless cars，由此可知，只有A选项launched最符合句意，表示“开展无人驾驶试验”。故本题正确答案为A选项。4. 单选题According to the Ghana National Narcotic Control four thousand Ghanaians are（ ）illicit drugs while several others are reported to be engaged in constant drug trafficking annually.问题1选项A.exposed toB.attached toC.addicted toD.opposed to【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项exposed to表示“接触，暴露于”；B选项attached to表示“附属于，爱慕”；C选项addicted to表示“上瘾，沉迷于”；D选项opposed to表示“反对”。分析句意可知，根据加纳国家麻醉品管制局（NACOB.的报告，几乎有4000加纳人（ ）毒品，而每年有数千人不断从事贩毒。因此只有C选项最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。5. 单选题If a school posts a students name and test score without obtaining student（or parental）（ ）, it can violate FERPA, a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records.问题1选项A.condemnationB.confirmationC.consentD.confine【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项condemnation表示“谴责，定罪，征用”，B选项confirmation表示“确认，事实，证明，批准”，C选项consent表示“准许，赞同，正式批准文件”，D选项confine表示“边界，范围，限制”。由句意可知，如果学校在未取得学生（或家长）（ ）情况下公布学生的姓名和考试成绩，它就违反了联邦法律。由此可知，C选项词义最符合原句句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。6. 单选题When Titanic was hit by an iceberg during her maiden voyage, the captain was forced to（ ）it.问题1选项A.abandonB.tow awayC.renounceD.overturn【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。abandon “放弃”；tow away “拖走”；renounce “宣布放弃”；overturn “颠覆，推翻”。句意：当泰坦尼克号被冰山袭击时，船长被迫放弃她。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题Despite media reports that the plane was hijacked, experts were still investigating all possibilities as to what had caused MH370 to（ ）from its original flight path.问题1选项A.detachB.deviateC.differD.discharge【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项detach表示“使分离，派遣”；B选项deviate表示“使偏离，越轨”；C选项differ表示“使不同，意见分歧”；D选项discharge表示“离开，放电，释放，撤销”。根据关键词“from its original flight path”可知，原文讲的是飞机偏离航线，因此deviate含义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为B选项。8. 单选题Singapore-based company Polychemy is using 3D printers to make personalized jewelrythink nameplate necklaces（ ）in a dozen languages, or sports team logo pendants.问题1选项A.preciousB.preferredC.availableD.customizable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项precious表示“宝贵的，珍贵的”，B选项preferred表示“优先的，首选的”，C选项available表示“可获得的，有空的，可利用的”，D选项customizable表示“可定制的”。由后文关键信息“in a dozen languages”可知，这些铭牌是可以用十几种语言表述出来的，因此，制作多种语言的铭牌是可实现的，能做到的。故本题正确答案为C选项。9. 单选题We can distinguish three different realms of matter, three levels on the quantum ladder. The first is the atomic realm, which includes the world of atoms, their interactions, and the structures that are formed by them, such as molecules, liquids and solids, and gases and plasmas. This realm includes all the phenomena of atomic physics, chemistry, and, in a certain sense, biology. The energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a relatively low order. If these exchanges are below one electron volt, such as in the collisions between molecules of the air in a room, then atoms and molecules can be regarded as elementary particles. That is, they have “conditional elementarity” because they keep their identity and do not change in any collisions or in other processes at these low energy exchanges. If one goes to higher energy exchanges, say 104 electron volts, then atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and electrons; at this level, the latter particles must be considered as elementary. We find examples of structures and processes of this first rung of the quantum ladder on Earth, on planets, and on the surfaces of stars.The next rung is the nuclear realm. Here the energy exchanges are much higher, on the order of millions of electron volts. As long as we are dealing with phenomena in the atomic realm, such amounts of energy are unavailable, and most nuclei are inert: they do not change. However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and the processes of radioactivity occur; our elementary particles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons. In addition, nuclear processes produce neutrinos, particles that have no detectable mass or charge. In the universe, energies at this level are available in the centers of stars and in star explosions. Indeed, the energy radiated by the stars is produced by nuclear reactions. The natural radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into space by a major stellar explosion.The third rung of the quantum ladder is the subnuclear realm. Here we are dealing with energy exchanges of many billions of electron volts. We encounter excited nucleons, new types of particles such as mesons, heavy electrons, quarks, and gluons, and also antimatter in large quantities. The gluons are the quanta, or smallest units, of the force（the strong force）that keeps the quarks together. As long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert. But at subnuclear energy levels, the nucleons and mesons appear to be composed of quarks, so that the quarks and gluons figure as elementary particles.1. The primary topic of the passage is（ ）.2. According to the passage, radioactivity that occurs naturally on Earth is the result of（ ）.3. According to the passage, which of the following can be found in the atomic realm?4. According to the author, gluons are not（ ）.5. The passage speaks of particles as having conditional elementarity if they（ ）.问题1选项A.the interaction of the realms on the quantum ladderB.atomic structures found on Earth, on other planets, and on the surfaces of starsC.levels of energy that are released in nuclear reactions on Earth and in starsD.particles and processes found in the atomic, nuclear, and subnuclear realms问题2选项A.the production of particles that have no detectable mass or electric chargeB.high energy exchanges on the nuclear level that occurred in an ancient explosion in a starC.processes that occur in the center of the Sun, which emits radiation to the EarthD.high-voltage discharges of electricity that took place in the atmosphere of the Earth shortly after the Earth was formed问题3选项A.More than one level of energy exchangeB.Exactly one elementary particleC.Exactly three kinds of atomic structuresD.No particles smaller than atoms问题4选项A.found to be conditionally elementaryB.produced in nuclear reactionsC.encountered in subnuclear energy exchangesD.related to the strong force问题5选项A.remain unchanged at the given level of energy exchangeB.cannot be decomposed into smaller constituentsC.release energy at a low level in collisionsD.belong to the nuclear level on the quantum ladder【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。本篇开头介绍了我们可以区分物质的三个不同领域，在量子阶梯上的三个层次。接着三段分别阐述了原子能领域，原子核领域以及亚核领域的物质及物质产生过程。故D项“在原子、原子核和亚核领域中发现的粒子和过程”符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and the processes of radioactivity occur; our elementary particles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons. 然而，如果一个人应用数百万电子伏特的能量，核反应、裂变和聚变，那么放射性过程就会发生;我们的基本粒子是质子、中子和电子。据此可知地球上自然发生的放射性现象是极高的能量交换发生反应的结果。故B项“是一个古老的恒星爆炸过程中的高能量的核水平交换的结果”正确。3.细节事实题。由题干关键词“atomic realm”可定位到第一段If these exchanges are below one electron volt, If one goes to higher energy exchanges, say 104 electron volts, then atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and electrons; at this level, the latter particles must be considered as elementary. 如果这些交换低于1电子伏特，如果进行更高的能量交换，比如104电子伏特，那么原子和分子就会分解成原子核和电子;在这个层次上，后一种粒子必须被认为是基本粒子。据此可知第一段在原子领域不止一级能量交换，可以有高能量和低能量交换。故A项正确。B项与原文内容then atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and electrons; at this level, the latter particles must be considered as elementary. 那么原子和分子就会分解成原子核和电子;在这个。层次上，后一种粒子必须被认为是基本粒子”不符，原子领域除了基本粒子还有其他成分。CD两项第一段未提及。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词gluons定位到第三段The gluons are the quanta, or smallest units, of the force（the strong force）that keeps the quarks together. As long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert. But at subnuclear energy levels, the nucleons and mesons appear to be composed of quarks, so that the quarks and gluons figure as elementary particles. 胶子是使夸克聚集在一起的力（强力）的量子，或最小的单位。只要我们研究的是原子或核领域，这些新型粒子就不会出现，核子也会保持惰性。但是在亚核能级，核子和介子似乎是由夸克组成的，所以夸克和胶子是基本粒子。据此可知胶子不会出现在原子和核领域，故B项正确。其他选项与题干中的gluons无关。5.细节事实题。由题干关键词conditional elementarity定位到第一段 If these exchanges are below one electron volt, such as in the collisions between molecules of the air in a room, then atoms and molecules can be regarded as elementary particles. That is, they have “conditional elementarity” because they keep their identity and do not change in any collisions or in other processes at these low energy exchanges. 如果这些交换低于1电子伏特，例如在一个房间里空气分子之间的碰撞，那么原子和分子可以被视为基本粒子。也就是说，它们有“条件元素性”因为它们保持它们的同一性，在任何碰撞或其他低能量交换过程中都不会改变。据此可知条件元素性在能量交换过程中不会改变。故A项“给定的能量交换水平上保持不变”正确。10. 单选题Chinas first set of regulations on human organ transplant, which prohibits organizations and individuals from trading human organs in any form,（ ）on May 1st, 2007.问题1选项A.fell backB.fell shortC.went into effectD.came to the point【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项fell back表示“后退”；B选项fell short表示“不符合标准，缺乏”；C选项went into effect表示“生效”；D选项come to the point表示“直截了当的说，简明扼要的说”。分析句意可知，中国颁布的首部人体器官移植条例是从2007年5月1日开始（ ）。由此可知，C选项的词义更符合句意。因此本题正确答案为C选项。11. 翻译题在某种物理障碍物的后面，人们会感到安全。如果一种社会场景在某种方式上具有威胁性，那么就有必要设立这样的一种障碍。当一个小孩面对陌生人时，它会躲在母亲的身后，然后偷偷地观察闯入者下一少做什么。如果母亲不在身边，椅子或者其他的家具之类的东西也可以，那么小孩面对陌生人的问题就会得到解决。如果陌生人坚持地向它靠近，那张窥探的面孔也会一起藏起來。如果这位不敏感的闯入者继续靠 近的话，虽然孩子已经明显表现出恐惧，那么小孩可能别无选择地哭泣或逃跑。这种模式随着孩子的成熟，会逐渐地减少。但是在少女中，仍然可以发现他们咯咯笑的时候会用手或纸捂着面孔。在我们成年之后，童年时期的躲藏以及青少年时期的害羞在我们勇敢地见我们的客人、同伴、亲戚、同事以及客户的时候，就会全部地消失。【答案】【参考译文】Behind some kind of physical barrier, people feel safe. If a social scenario is threatening in some way, it is necessary to erect such a barrier. When a child faces a stranger, it hides behind its mother and secretly watches what the intruder does next. If the mother isnt around, a chair or other piece of furniture will do, and the childs problem with strangers will be solved. If the stranger persisted in approaching it, the peeping face would hide with him. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach, the child may have no choice but to cry or run away, even though fear is already evident.This pattern diminishes as the child grows up. But among teenage girls, they can still be found giggling with their hands or paper over their faces. After we reach adulthood, the hiding of childhood and the shyness of adolescence all disappear when we bravely meet our guests, companions, relatives, colleagues and clients.12. 单选题Among the 74 cities monitored for air quality standards, the level of PM 2.5 fell by 11.1%（ ）in 2014, but only 8 met the national standard for clean air, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said Friday.问题1选项A.in consequenceB.at all costsC.on averageD.in the extreme【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。A选项in consequence表示“因此，结果”，B选项at all costs表示“无论如何，不惜一切代价”，C选项on average表示“平均，普通，通常”，D选项in the extreme表示“非常，极度”。由句意可知，在进行空气质量标准监测的74个城市中，2014年PM2.5水平（ ）下降了11.1%，所以只有C选项词义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。13. 单选题There are many ways of defining success. It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success, Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and accepted by him and his society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set ones goals at too low a level of achievement.A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: “You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subway downtown,” The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.1. In the first paragraph, the author implies th