2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第99期

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题She （ ） and lowered her head when she couldnt answer the question in the presence of her classmates.问题1选项A.refutedB.defiedC.contradictedD.disputed【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。refute反驳, 驳斥; defy挑衅,不服从,公然反抗, 还有使落空的意思; contradicted反驳, 矛盾; disputed争论, 激烈辩论。句意：当她不能在同学面前回答问题时, 她感到很落空并低下了头。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题Soil （ ） is a natural process. It becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.问题1选项A.preservationB.abrasionC.erosionD.eruption【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。preservation保留，保护；abrasion磨损，损耗；erosion腐蚀，侵蚀；eruption喷发，爆发。句意：土壤侵蚀是一个自然过程。当人类活动导致它比自然条件下发生得快得多时，这就成了一个问题。选项C符合句意。3. 单选题When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing three months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group - the national Bioethics Advisory Commission - has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of the recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells - routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the chilD.The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation. But in a phone interview, he said this issue was still up in the air.1.We can learn from the first paragraph that（ ） .2.The meaning of the word consensus in Paragraph 3 is closest to （ ） .3.The panel agreed on all of the following except that （ ） .4.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Paragraph 2?5.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that （ ） .问题1选项A.the White House responded strongly to the news of cloningB.federal funds have been used in a project to clone humansC.NBAC was empowered to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD.the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning问题2选项A.requirementB.contentC.agreementD.distinction问题3选项A.the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB.the privately funded researchers and clinics should be forbidden to clone humansC.it would be against ethical values to clone a human beingD.it would be against the law to use private funding for human cloning问题4选项A.The recommendation should be expressed narrowly to avoid the cloning of human DNAB.The recommendation should be confined to the cloning of human DNAC.The cloning of human DNA should not be put under more control.D.The cloning of human DNA should be restricted narrowly.问题5选项A.the issue of human cloning will soon be settledB.some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completelyC.privately founded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appealD.a law banning human cloning is to be passed immediately【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知，反对克隆的是克林顿总统，而白宫对此的态度作者没有提及，所以选项A错误；克林顿总统下令联邦基金不能用于克隆实验，所以 选项B也错误；NBAC只是被授权写出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，而不是被授权控制克隆技术的滥用，选项C表述有误；根据第一段的最后一句可知，该草案的最终建议已经达成了一致，所以选项D正确。2.根据原文的“a broad consensus”以及句意可知，原文指达成广泛的共识。所以选项C更符合原文。3.根据第二段的最后一句“The panel has not . to be used for human cloning.”然而，有一个关键问题专家组尚未达成一致意见，即将私人资金用于克隆人属于犯罪这一条例是否应该立法。所以选项D是错误的。4.根据第二段的第二句“But NBAC members . routine in molecular biology.”但是，NBAC 的成员会注意控制其内容的措辞, 以免出现新的条令禁止克隆人类 DNA 和细胞的试验这类试验在分子生物学中是常见的。也就是说，克隆人类DNA不应该受到更多的控制。选项C符合原文。5.根据最后一段的第二句“But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.”但是，他们在是否进一步要求联邦法律全面禁止克隆人的问题上存在分歧。选项B符合原文。4. 单选题Normally Americans do not assess their visitors in relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take out for dinner, while they develop a pre-business sense of trust and rapport. Rapport to most of them is less important than performance. They seek out credentials of past performance rather than evaluating a business colleague through social manners. Since they generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, they start talking business very quickly.Most Americans live in time segments by engagement calendars. These calendars may be divided into intervals as short as fifteen minutes. They oftengivea person two or three (or more) segments of their calendar, but in the business world they almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels of whatever they are doing. Time is therefore always ticking in their inner ear.1.Americans are slaves to nothing but the clock. This means（ ） .2.It can be inferred from the passage that since Americans value time highly, they（ ） .3.According to the passage, Americans evaluate their business colleague based on（ ） .4.Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?5.Which might be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.Americans values the clock highly.B.Americans are slaves to anything else rather than the clock.C.Americans are slaves to the time rather than anything else.D.Americans are slaves to luxurious clock.问题2选项A.hate someone else wasting timeB.are short-temperedC.are restlessD.hope to gain some return from the passed time问题3选项A.pre-business sense of trust and intimacyB.the past performanceC.the social courtesiesD.the prolonged small talk问题4选项A.Americans have one appointment after another.B.Between two appointments there might be 150 minutes rest.C.Americans can always hear the clicking of the clock.D.Americans agendas are always fully engaged.问题5选项A.The Thing Americans Do Save TimeB.Time in Americans Eyes.C.Americans Way to Save Time.D.Time: A Precious Commodity to Americans.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第二段的第二句Time is treated as if it were an almost tangible entry.人们似乎把时间当做是一个实实在在的东西来对待。说明美国人很看重时间, 选项C正确。2.细节推断题。根据第三段的第一句, 美国人高度重视时间, 所以他们讨厌那些过度浪费时间的人, 选项A表达有误。根据第三段的最后一句, 如果他们没有从过去的时间里得到些什么作为回报, 他们会焦躁不安。也就是说他们希望时间流逝过后, 自己能有所收获, 而不是碌碌无为, 所以选项D符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第四段的倒数第二句They seek out credentials of past performance rather than evaluating a business colleague through social manners.他们寻找过去业绩的证明, 而不是通过社交礼仪来评估一位商业同事。选项B正确。4.细节判断题。根据最后一段的首尾两句可知,美国人总是被时间追赶着,能听见钟表的声音。选项C符合原文。5.主旨大义题。本文主要讲述美国人的时间观念。选项B正确。5. 写作题Directions: It is found that many students today simply cut and paste information from the Internet when they do their assignments. What can be done to stop this? Please write an essay of about 300 words on this issue. You should also give your essay a proper title on the basis of your suggestion(s). Write the essay on the answer sheet 2 only.【答案】Teachers and Students Should Unite6. 单选题He was very intelligent, but he （ ） the requirement for a manager.问题1选项A.fell short ofB.ran short ofC.ran out ofD.froze out of【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。fell short of达不到, 缺乏;ran short of快用完了;ran out of用完;froze out of不是词组。句意：他很聪明, 但达不到管理职位的要求。选项A符合句意。7. 单选题From the living room and family auto to the supermarket and office, its impossible to escape the electronic revolution that is（ ） the way people live and work.问题1选项A.resumingB.transformingC.preparingD.seeking【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。resuming重新开始, 继续;transforming 转化, 转变;preparing准备;seeking寻找, 谋求。句意：从起居室和家用汽车到超市和办公室, 人们不可能逃脱正在改变人们生活和工作方式的电子革命。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题The university is now making efforts to make the supply and demand of information more （ ） and to protect students rights with legal advice.问题1选项A.transparentB.visibleC.applicableD.practical【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。transparent透明的;显然的; visible看得见的; applicable可适用的, 可应用的; practical实际的,实用性的。句意：学校目前正在努力使信息的供求更加透明, 并通过法律咨询来保护学生的权利。选项A符合句意。9. 案例题Use it or lose it is the new approach to back pain. In the last few years, there has been a （1） change in the way doctors treat this most common disease. Weeks or months of rest in bed 一the （2） method of treatment for so long are now thought to be surely harmful. Muscles become soft, joints become （3） and what started out as a （4） acute condition quickly turns into a continuing disability. Far better, according to current thinking, is to put up with a little pain and get moving.The change has not happened overnight. For years, some specialists have had an （5） feeling that bed rest was not the answer. But what finally put an end to （6） bed rest was a study of more than 200 patients who were treated for back pain in a clinic in Taxes. Not only did patients who had two days bed rest do totally as well as those given seven days, they （7） only half as much time altogether （8） work.As a result of the study, experts now recommend that （9） anyone with acute back pain should spend more than a few days （10） down. After that should come a program of gradually （11） exercise, probably accompanied by some （12） treatments such as massage, heat or ultrasound.Because of hospital waiting lists, most people have to wait several weeks before receiving the treatment they neeD.Unfortunately this wait is often spent in bed or inactive for （13） of doing further damage to the back. It has been estimated that for every day an injured muscle is rested it loses at least one per cent of its （14） . Stay in bed for two or three weeks and it will be far （15） to rebuild a damaged muscle.Directions: Choose one appropriate word from the following word bank to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 15 in the passage below, Change the word form where necessary. Remember the bank contains some extra words that may not be used in filling any of the blanks. Write the words in their correct forms with the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.temporary fear extend passive r equiresubstantial count instinctive increase liepermanent hardly stiff stick adopthard current strength off standard【答案】1.substantial。 2.passive 3.stiff 4.temporary 5.instinctive6.lie 7.require 8.hard 9.current 10.adopting11.strength 12.standard 13.fear 14.count 15.permanent【解析】1.结合上下文及句意可知, 既然是新方法, 那么治疗这种疾病的方式自然是有了很大的变化。故答案为substantial。2.根据前面的Weeks or months of rest in bed可推断, 这种治疗方法是被动的。故答案为passive。3.结合上文可知填空处应填入与soft相对的形容词, stiff 呆板的;坚硬的, 符合原文句意。故答案为stiff。4.根据下文的continuing可知, 填空处应指暂时的急性症状, 故答案为temporary。5.instinctive与feeling搭配意为直觉, 符合语义。故为答案为instinctive。6.根据原文句意可知, 这里指结束卧床休息的研究。lie bed rest指卧床休息。故答案为lie。7.根据原文句意：两天卧床休息的病人不仅和七天卧床休息的病人完全一样, 而且他们总共只需要努力工作时间的一半。故答案为require。8.hard与work构成固定搭配, 意为努力工作。9.分析句子的结构和语义, 填空处应填入与now意思相近的形容词, 故current（目前）符合要求。10.根据原文可知, 这里指花时间适应背疼的情况, spend后接doing形式。故答案为adopting。11.此处指力量运动。故答案为strength。12.根据下文的such as massage, heat or ultrasound可知, 这里是对治疗的具体举例, standard treatments表述合理。故答案为standard。13.for fear of为固定短语, 意为生怕, 以免。14.根据上下文及句意可知, 这里指总数的百分之一。故答案为count.15.根据关键词far推断, 填空处应填入的形容词表示需要很长的时间, permanent符合原文。故答案为permanent。10. 单选题For years the girl had harbored her （ ） against her stepmother. Today, she finally got the courage to speak it out.问题1选项A.resentmentB.rivalryC.compulsionD.concession【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。resentment怨恨，愤恨；rivalry竞争，对抗；compulsion强制，强迫；concession让步。句意：多年来，这个女孩一直对她的继母心怀怨恨。今天，她终于鼓起勇气说了出来。选项A符合句意。11. 单选题Shallow pools of water are liable to attract mosquitoes and other （ ） .问题1选项A.insectsB.fliesC.garbageD.garage【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。insects昆虫;flies苍蝇;garbage垃圾;garage仓库。句意：浅水区容易吸引蚊子和其他昆虫。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题If you want to （ ） a pleasant visit,find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country.问题1选项A.secureB.ensureC.assureD.restore【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。secure保护，使安全，secure sb./sth.使某人或某物安全；ensure后面一般接 sth. 或that从句，指“确保”；assure使相信，使确信，assure后面一般接sb. 指向某人保证；restore归还，修复。句意：如果你想确保一次愉快的旅行，尽可能多地了解东道国的风俗礼仪。所以选项B正确。13. 单选题In minutes he has taken over the whole （ ） , lying under the sink and squinting （眯眼看）up into the machinery.问题1选项A.conscienceB.restraintC.trialD.enterprise【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。conscience道德, 良心;restraint抑制, 约束;trial试验, 努力;enterprise企业, 进取心。句意：几分钟后, 他就接管了整个企业, 躺在水池下面, 眯着眼睛看着机器。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and （ ） by the same federal laws.问题1选项A.conformB.abideC.sustainD.comply【答案】B【解析】固定搭配题。abide by指遵守.; conform遵守,符合, 一般与to和with搭配; sustain承受;维持; comply遵从，服从，一般与with搭配。句意：加利福尼亚人和新英格兰人说同一种语言, 并且遵守同样的联邦法律。选项B正确。15. 单选题The two pharmaceutical companies collaborated in developing new drugs to（ ） the pain of patients in the terminal stages of cancer.问题1选项A.alleviateB.confrontC.insulateD.terminate【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。alleviate减轻, 缓和;confront勇敢地面对, 正视;insulate使绝缘,使隔离; terminate结束,终止。句意：这两家制药公司合作开发新药，以减轻癌症晚期患者的痛苦。选项A 符合句意。16. 单选题Some people feel there is a great deal of （ ） between religion and science.问题1选项A.combatB.fightC.conflictD.battle【答案】C【解析】combat战斗,搏斗;fight打架,战斗; conflict冲突,争执; battle斗争,作战。句意：有些人认为宗教和科学之间有很多冲突。选项C符合句意。17. 单选题For fear that a new shopping center would ruin the peace of the community, many residents （ ） the construction plan.问题1选项A.approvedB.counteredC.defendedD.opposed【答案】D【解析】近义词辨析。approved批准, 认可;counter反击, 反驳, 强调的是别人先做某个动作或者提出某种观点, 自己再来反击或者驳斥;defended辩护;oppose反对, 反抗, 对抗, 可表不同程度的抵抗, 用法和object接近, 但oppose为及物动词, 不需要介词。句意：由于担心新的购物中心会破坏社区的和平, 许多居民反对这项建设计划。选项D正确。18. 单选题Our program is different （ ） it stresses the technical skills that business and industry seek as they incorporate the internet into their enterprise systems.问题1选项A.now thatB.in thatC.in caseD.regardless of【答案】B【解析】now that既然; in that由于; in case万一,假使; regardless of不管,不顾。句意：我们的项目不同, 它强调了商业和工业在将互联网融入企业系统时所寻求的技术技能。前后为因果关系。所以选项B正确。19. 单选题All Eskimos live most of their lives close to salt or fresh water. They may follow game inland for several hundred miles, but they always return to the shores of rivers, lakes or seas. Eskimo land has a bare look. Large rocks, pebbles, and sand cover much of the surface. Plants called lichen grow right on rocks. And where there is enough soil, ever grass, flowers and small bushes manage to live. No trees can grow on the Eskimo land, so geographers sometimes call this country the Arctic plains. Some animals, such as rabbits and caribou, eat the plants. Others, like the white fox and grey wolf, eat the rabbits and caribou. The Eskimo is a meat-eater, too, and may even eat a wolf when food is scarce.The Eskimo year has two main parts: a long, cold winter and a short, cool summer. Spring and fall almost too short to be noticeD.Summer is the good time, when food is usually plentiful. But it is also the time when the Eskimos are very busy. Winter is never far away, and the men must bring home extra meat for the women to prepare and store. For seldom can enough animals be killed in winter to feed a family.The Far North is sometimes called the land of the midnight sun. This is true in the middle of summer, for between April 21st and August 21st, the sun never sets in Northern GreenlanD.But in midwinter the Far North is a land with no sun shining at all. Around Oct. 21stthe Eskimos of Northern Greenland see the sun setting straight south of them, and they dont see it again until February 22nD.All places on earth get about the same amount of daylight during a year. As a result, if summer is lighter, winter has to be darker. Winter nights in the Far North are seldom pitch-black. As in the rest of the world, the stars and the moon provide a little light. The northern lights also help the Eskimos to see. And with the ground covered with snow, even a little light is reflected back to the Eskimos eyes.1.On the Eskimo land, （ ） .2.In the Eskimo year, （ ） .3.From the passage we can infer all the following except that（ ）4.In midwinter there is no sun shining in the Far North because （ ） .5.The best title for the passage is （ ） .问题1选项A.rabbits live on the plantsB.soil is rich and plentifulC.grass grows more easily than lichenD.lichen is found only rocks问题2选项A.there are no spring and fallB.winter is cold and summer is hotC.summer is a time for growing foodD.winter comes early and goes late问题3选项A.Eskimos are more likely to eat wolves in summerB.Eskimo women are responsible for houseworkC.animal meat is Eskimos main source of foodD.hunting is an important part of Eskimo life问题4选项A.the Far North is too far away from the sunB.the sun is not seen again for six monthsC.the sun never sets in midsummerD.people see the sun setting straight sought of them问题5选项A.A Story of the EskimoB.The Bare Far NorthC.Eskimo Land and ClimateD.The Eskimo Year【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，爱斯基摩人的土地贫瘠, 地衣比草的生命力强, 所以选项B和C错误；选项D表述太绝对，在文中也没有提及，所以排除。根据第一段的倒数第二句可知，选项A正确。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容可知，爱斯基摩人的春天和秋天很短，并不是没有，所以选项A错误；冬季寒冷夏季凉爽，而不是炎热，所以选项B也错误，选项C在文中没有提及；选项D冬季来得早去得迟，说明冬季很漫长，符合原文，所以本题选D。3.细节推理题。根据第一段最后一句“The Eskimo is a meat-eater, too, and may even eat a wolf when food is scarce.”爱斯基摩人只在食物匮乏时才吃狼, 在夏天食物充足的情况下是不会吃狼的。所以选项A与原文不符。4.细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“This is true in the middle of summer, for between April 21st and August 21st, the sun never sets in Northern Greenland.”因为从4月21日到8月21日，格陵兰岛北部的太阳从不落下。选项C符合原文。5.全文主旨题。本文主要介绍了爱斯基摩人居住地区的环境、季节及天气状况等。所以选项C更恰当。20. 单选题Helen Kellers work gave comfort and encouragement to other handicapped people who （ ） might have led a hopeless life.问题1选项A.thereforeB.thusC.orD.otherwise【答案】D【解析】考查逻辑关系。句意：海伦凯勒的工作是给其他残疾人以安慰和鼓励, 否则他们可能会过着绝望的生活。前后构成转折关系,选项D正确。