2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第170期

2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题A Washington-based think tank has been soliciting critiques of the just-released international assessment of the evidence on climate change, a move that prompted some academics and environmentalists to accuse the group of seeking to distort the latest evidence for global warming.Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and the Public Interest Research Group questioned why the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) has offered $10,000 to academics willing to contribute to a book on climatechange policy, an overture that was first reported Friday in Londons Guardian newspaper.Greenpeace spokeswoman Jane Kochersperger, who noted that AEI has received funding from Exxon Mobil in recent years, said yesterday that the think tank “has clearly hit a new low when its throwing out cash awards under the rubric of reason to create confusion on the status of climate science. Americans are still suffering the impacts of Hurricane Katrina, and its clearly time for policymakers on both sides of the aisle to take substantive action on global warming and ignore Exxon Mobils disinformation campaign via climate skeptics.”AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Greenone of two researchers who has sought to commission the critiquessaid in an interview that his group is examining the policy debate on global warming, not the science.“Its completely policy-oriented,” said Green, adding that a third of the academics AEI solicited for the project are interested in participating. “Somebody wants to distort this.”In July 2006, Green and AEI resident scholar Steven F. Hayward both of whom have questioned the need for caps on emissions of carbon dioxide and other gasses linked to global warming started soliciting essays from academics on the then-upcoming report on global warming by the U.N. sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The surveys authors, who hail from more than 100 countries, said in their report Friday that they are at least 90 percent certain that human activity accounted for climate change over the past 50 years.“The purpose of the project is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the IPCC process, especially as it bears on policy responses to climate change,” the two men wrote. “As with any large-scale consensus process, the IPCC is susceptible to self-selection bias in its personnel, resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent, and likely to have summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work of the complete Working Group reports.”At least two academics Texas A&M University atmospheric sciences professor Gerald North and Texas A&M climate researcher Steven Schroeder turned down AEIs offer because they feared their work would be politicized.Schroeder, who has worked with Green in the past and has questioned some aspects of traditional climate modeling, said in an interview that he did not think AEI would have skewed his results. But he added that he worried his contribution might have been published alongside “off-the-wall ideas” questioning the existence of global warming.“We worried our work could be misused even if we produced a reasonable report,” Schroeder said. “While any human endeavor can be criticized, the IPCC system greatly exceeds the cooperation, openness and scientific rigorousness of the process applied to any other problem area that has significant effects on society.”41. The word “commission” in the fourth paragraph can be best replaced by（ ）.42. Some academics and environmentalists accuse（ ）of seeking to distort the latest evidence of global warming.43. Advocacy groups include（ ）.44. Jane Kochersperger is（ ）.45. Kenneth Green believes（ ）.46. The best title for this article is（ ）.问题1选项A.calling the group together to do the jobB.separating the group from doing the jobC.committeeD.setting up a committee to tackle this issue问题2选项A.a Washington based think tankB.a solicitorC.an assessmentD.an assessment group问题3选项A.American Enterprise institute and the Public Institute Research GroupB.Greenpeace and American Enterprise InstituteC.Greenpeace Public Interest Research Group and American Enterprise InstituteD.Public Interest Research Group and Greenpeace问题4选项A.an employer of Exxon MobilB.a U.S. congresspersonC.a victim of Hurricane KatrinaD.a spokesperson for Greenpeace问题5选项A.there is a need to cap emissions of carbon dioxide and other gasses linked to global warmingB.there is no need to cap emission of carbon dioxide and other gasses linked to global warmingC.global warming is a big problem in more than 100 countriesD.global warming is not a big problem in more than 100 countries问题6选项A.Our Environmental ConcernsB.The Threat of Global WarmingC.The Debate over Global WarmingD.The Build Up of Carbon Dioxide We Face Today【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C【解析】41.【试题答案】A【试题解析】词义辨析题。commission出现在文章第四段AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Green one of two researchers who has sought to commission the critiques（美国企业研究所访问学者肯尼斯格林两名寻求委托发表评论的研究人员之一），根据第四“commission”一词的后面一句said in an interview that his group is examining the policy debate on global warming.（他的团体正在研究全球变暖的政治辩论）。A选项“召集大家来做这件事”，符合文章内容。B选项“把团队和工作分开”，不符合题意，可排除。C选项“委员会”，commission这里作为动词，C选项词性不符合，可排除。D选项“评估小组”，不符合题意，可排除。因此A选项正确。42.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句、第二句A Washington-based think tank has been soliciting critiques（一家总部设在华盛顿的智库一直在征求批评意见），可知accuse the group of seeking to distort the latest evidence for global warming.（指责该组织试图歪曲全球变暖的最新证据）中的“the group”指的是前面的“华盛顿智库”。A选项“华盛顿智库”，符合文章内容。B选项“说客”，不符合题意，可排除。C选项“评估”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“评估小组”，不符合题意，可排除。因此A选项正确。43.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第二段Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and the Public Interest Research Group（倡导组织如绿色和平组织和公共利益研究组织），说明倡导组织就是绿色和平组织和公共利益研究组织。D选项“公共利益研究小组和绿色和平组织”，符合文章内容。A选项“美国企业研究所和公共研究所研究小组”，在文中没有提及，可排除。B选项“绿色和平组织和美国企业研究所”、C选项“绿色和平公共利益研究小组和美国企业研究所”在文中没有提及美国，C可排除。因此D选项正确。44.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第一句Greenpeace spokeswoman Jane Kochersperger（绿色和平组织发言人Jane Kochersperger）。选项D“绿色和平组织发言人”，符合文章内容。A选项“埃克森美孚公司的雇主”，不符合文章内容，可排除。选项B“美国国会议员”，不符合文章内容，可排除。选项C“卡特里娜飓风的受害者”，不符合文章内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。45.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到文章第六段第二句both of whom have questioned the need for caps on emissions of carbon dioxide and other gasses linked to global warming（两人都对限制二氧化碳和其他与全球变暖有关的气体排放的必要性质疑），二者皆怀疑限制二氧化碳和其它与全球变暖有关的气体的释放的需要，根据此意可知Kenneth Green认为没有必要限制这些气体的释放。选项B“没有必要限制二氧化碳和其他与全球变暖有关的气体的排放”，符合文章内容。选项A“有必要限制二氧化碳和其他与全球变暖有关的气体的排放”，A选项正好与文章内容相反。选项C“全球变暖是100多个国家的一个大问题”是文章没有提到此内容，可排除。D选项“全球变暖在100多个国家都不是大问题”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此B选项正确。46.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。从文章的第一段我们便可知道文章的主题，第一段讲到华盛顿的一群智囊团质疑新近发布的有关全球变暖的证据报告，这导致了一些学术家和环境主义者对此的反驳和与智囊团的争辩。所以文章就是围绕有关全球变暖的争论开始的。C选项“关于全球变暖的争论”，符合文章内容。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题Because Chinese social tradition emphasized the（ ）of the individual to his birthplace and family, those gentry who served in public office were discouraged from concerning themselves with their native localities.问题1选项A.glueB.feelingsC.separationD.attachment【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项glue“胶”；B选项feeling“感觉”；C选项separation“分离”；D选项attachment“连接，联系”，attach to“连接到”，为固定搭配。句意：因为中国的社会传统强调个人与他的出生地和家庭的连接，所以那些公职人员对于将他们与他们的祖籍在一起感到很懊丧。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题The qualities demanded by the government were of a practical, moral and ethical nature, the objective being to perpetuate Confucian traditions which were（ ）in maintaining stability and sanctioning the imperial rule.问题1选项A.usefulB.essentialC.instrumentalD.vital【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项useful“有用的”；B选项essential“必不可少的”；C选项instrumental“有帮助的”；D选项vital“极其重要的”。虽然四个词放在题目中均读得通，但根据题意，我们选择最合适的，即B选项。句意：政府所要求的质量带有实在、道德伦理的本质，孔子传统对于维持稳定、认可帝国统治是的，这便是保持孔子传统的目的。因此C选项正确。4. 不定项选择题Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity（湿度）, into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.46. The eye of the hurricane is（ ）.47. Which of the following statements is true?48. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?49. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that（ ）.50. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting ones house from a hurricane?问题1选项A.the powerful center of the stormB.the part that determines its directionC.the relatively calm center of the stormD.the center of low pressure问题2选项A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.问题3选项A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB.Forecasting HurricanesC.The dangerous HurricaneD.Atlantic Storms问题4选项A.close to the ground levelB.one-storey flatC.flat housesD.near to the lowest level of hurricane问题5选项A.taking out heavy thingsB.moving in light-weight furnitureC.equipping the house with stonesD.covering windowsHurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】46.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。从第三段倒数第二句The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane.（飓风眼是飓风中心相对平静和晴朗的天空区域）可知C项“风暴相对平静的中心”正确。A项“强大的风暴中心”与文意相反，排除；B项“决定其方向的部分”文中未提及；D项“低压中心”定位到原文第一段可知低压中心是飓风形成前的表现，故错误。47.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。从最后一段倒数第三句People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm.（生活在低洼地区的人们明智地撤离他们的房屋，因为风暴潮是一股巨大的水流，可能会随着风暴上岸。）可知storm surge是指水而不是风，所以A项“风暴潮是风速的急剧增加。”不正确。根据最后一段开头的描述，飓风可能登陆时先在一个较大的可能范围内进行hurricane watch,然后在可能着陆点hurricane warning，可以看出hurricane warning比hurricane watch更严重,所以B项“飓风监视比飓风警报更严重。”不正确。根据第二段最后一句People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.（当风眼来临时，人们如果走出房间会被风眼过去后的大风吹死），所以说在风眼来临时走出房间是不安全的）D项“风眼来临，出去是安全的”也不正确。通过排除法可知只有C项“气压下降表明风暴的强度在增加”正确。48.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。阅读全文，分别讲了飓风的形成、飓风的预报、面对飓风的防范措施、飓风的消亡，C项“危险的飓风”可以作为标题概括文章内容。A项“如何避免飓风的破坏”；B项“飓风预报”；D项“大西洋风暴”都只涉及到文章的一个方面。49.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。题干low-lying areas是指地势低平的地区，A项“接近地面”；B、C是指一层平房，D项“接近最低级别的飓风”。所以只有A项符合。50.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。从第三段第六行They should also try to hurricane- proof their houses by bringing in lightweight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows.（他们还应尝试从外部带入轻巧的家具和其他物品并遮盖窗户，以防飓风袭击他们的房屋）可知将轻的家具、物品带入房内，盖住窗户是预防飓风的措施，所以B和D正确，其中也暗含了选项A“取出重物”，因为将轻的物品放入房内也就意味着将重的物品带出房间，所以A也符合。C选项文中未提及。5. 不定项选择题Severe drought in the 1970s and 80s, coupled with a population explosion and destructive farming and livestock practices, was denuding vast swaths of land. The desert seemed determined to swallow everything. So Mr. Danjimo and other farmers in Guidan Bakoye，the Sahel, a semiarid belt that spans Africa just below the Sahara took a small but radical step. No longer would they clear the saplings from their fields before planting, as they had for generations. Instead they would protect and nurture them, carefully plowing around them when sowing millet, sorghum, peanuts and beans.Today, the success in growing new trees suggests that the harm to much of the Sahel may not have been permanent, but a temporary loss of fertility. The evidence, scientists say, demonstrates how relatively small changes in human behavior can transform the regional ecology, restoring its biodiversity and productivity.In Nigers case, farmers began protecting trees just as rainfall levels began to rise again after the droughts in the 1970s and 80s.Another change was the way trees were regarded by law. From colonial times, all trees in Niger had been regarded as the property of the state, which gave farmers little incentive to protect them. Trees were chopped for firewood or construction without regard to the environmental costs. Government foresters were supposed to make sure the trees were properly managed, but there were not enough of them to police a country nearly twice the size of Texas.But over time, farmers began to regard the trees in their fields as their property, and in recent years the government has recognized the benefits of that outlook by allowing individuals to own trees. Farmers make money from the trees by selling branches, pods, fruit and bark. Because those sales are more lucrative over time than simply chopping down the tree for firewood, the farmers preserve them.The greening began in the mid-1980s, Dr. Reij said, “and every time we went back to Niger, the scale increased.”“The density is so spectacular.” he said.Mahamane Larwanou, a forestry expert at the University of Niamey in Nigers capital, said the regrowth of trees had transformed rural life in Niger.“The benefits are so many it is really astonishing,” Dr. Larwanou said. “The farmers can sell the branches for money. They can feed the pods as fodder to their animals. They can sell or eat the leaves. They can sell and eat the fruits. Trees are so valuable to farmers, so they protect them.”They also have extraordinary ecological benefits. Their roots fix the soil in place, preventing it from being carried off with the fierce Sahelian winds and preserving arable land. The roots also help hold water in the ground, rather than letting it run off across rocky, barren fields into gullies where it floods villages and destroys crops.One tree in particular, the Faidherbia albida, known locally as the gao tree, is particularly essential. It is a nitrogen-fixing tree, which helps fertilize the soil.Its leaves fall off during the rainy season, which means it does not compete with crops for water, sun or nutrients during the growing period. The leaves themselves become organic fertilizer when they fall.47. The word “arable” in the third paragraph from the bottom can be substituted by（ ）.48. The denuding of vast swaths of land was not caused by（ ）.49. A small change in human behavior can（ ）.50. Today the law has changed to（ ）.51. The benefits of trees to farmers does not include（ ）.52.（ ）is not an ecological benefit of the trees in rural Niger.问题1选项A.land incapable of growing cropsB.land capable of growing cropsC.land which is beneficial to vegetationD.land which does harm to vegetation问题2选项A.severe drought in the 1970s and 80sB.population explosionC.destructive farms livestock practicesD.civil war among the people问题3选项A.transform the regional ecologyB.restore biodiversityC.restore productivityD.all the above问题4选项A.regard trees as property of the StateB.make sure trees are properly managedC.impose stiff penalties on people who cut trees for firewoodD.allow individuals to own trees问题5选项A.selling branches for moneyB.feeding pods as fodder to their animalsC.selling and eating leaves and fruitsD.trees depleting soil of needed water问题6选项A.That Roots fix the soil in place and some are nitrogen fixingB.Preventing soil from being carried off by fierce windsC.Preserving arable landD.Taking nutrients from crops during the growing period【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:D第6题:D【解析】47.【试题答案】B【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干可以定位到文章倒数第三段倒数第二句Their roots fix the soil in place, preventing it from being carried off with the fierce Sahelian winds and preserving arable land.（树的根可以防止水土流失，阻止土壤被.萨赫勒地区的狂风刮走以及保护耕地。） “arable”在这句的意思是“可耕种的”，可以推断出选项B“能种庄稼的土地”正确。A选项“不能种植庄稼的土地”，正好与文章内容相反，可排除。C选项“有利于植被生长的土地”，文章没有提到植被生长土地，可排除。D选项“对植物有害的土地”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。因此B选项正确。48.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到第一段第一句Severe drought in the 1970s and80s, coupled with a population explosion and destructive farming and livestock practices, was denuding vast swaths of land.（20世纪70年代和80年代的严重干旱，加上人口爆炸和破坏性的农业和畜牧业，正在侵蚀大片土地）这句话提到了大面积的土地被剥夺的原因是Severe drought in the 1970s and 80s, coupled with a population explosion and destructive farming and livestock practices。D“人民之间的内战”，不符合文章内容，D选项正确。A选项“七十年代和八十年代的严重干旱”，符合文章内容，A选项排除。B选项“人口爆炸”，文章提到，人口爆炸，B选项符合文章内容。C选项“农场和家畜的破坏性行为”，符合文章内容，C选项排除。因此D选项正确。49.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句how relatively small changes in human behavior can transform the regional ecology, restoring its biodiversity and productivity（人类行为中相对较小的变化如何改变区域生态，恢复其生物多样性和生产力）。A选项“改造区域生态”、B选项“恢复生物多样性”、C选项“恢复生产力”，A、B、C选项都符合文章内容，D选项“以上全对”正确。因此D选项正确。50.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据文章第五段第一句in recent years the government has recognized the benefits of that outlook by allowing individuals to own trees.（近年来，政府已经认识到这种前景的好处，允许个人拥有树木），可知，政府允许个人拥有树木，故选项D“允许个人拥有树木”为答案选项。A选项“把树木视为国家财产”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。B选项“确保树木得到妥善管理”，没有提到政府确保树木得到妥善管理。C选项“对砍伐树木作为柴火的人处以严厉的惩罚”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。51.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第四段第二句The farmers can sell the branches for money. They can feed the pods as fodder to their animals. They can sell or eat the leaves. They can sell and eat the fruits.（农民们可以卖树枝来赚钱。他们可以把豆荚当作饲料喂动物。他们可以卖或吃树叶。他们可以卖水果，吃水果）。D选项“树木耗尽土壤所需的水分”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。A选项“卖树枝赚钱”，文章提到农民可以依靠卖树枝来挣钱，A选项排除。B选项“用豆荚喂养动物”，文章提到把豆荚作为饲料喂养动物，可排除B选项。C选项“卖和吃树叶和水果”，符合文章内容。因此D选项正确。52.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据倒数第三段第一、二句They also have extraordinary ecological benefits. Their roots fix the soil in place, preventing it from being carried off with the fierce Sahelian winds and preserving arable land（它们的根固定住土壤，防止它被凶猛的萨赫勒风带走，保护可耕种的土地），D选项“在作物生长期间从作物中获取营养”，文章没有提到会从作物中获取营养，D选项符合题意。A选项“这些根可以固定土壤，有些还可以固定氮”，A选项可排除。B选项“防止土壤被狂风吹走”，文章提到它被凶猛的萨赫勒风带走，B选项可排除。C选项“保护耕地”，文章提到保护可耕种的土地，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题The Manchus had effected a coalition with the Chinese gentry class which secured the positions of both parties. The gentry were set apart from the commoners and given（ ）career privileges in the government bureaucracy.问题1选项A.inclusive