2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第121期

2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Medicine depends on other fields for basic information, particularly some of their specialized branches.问题1选项A.conventionallyB.obviouslyC.inevitablyD.especially【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项conventionally“通常”；B选项obviously“明显地”；C选项inevitably“不可避免地”；D选项especially“尤其”。句意：医学依赖于其他领域的基本信息，特别是某些领域的专业信息分支。表达的是“特别”的意思，因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题An important part of the national government is the Foreign Service, a branch of the Department of State.问题1选项A.a unityB.a divisionC.an embassyD.an invasion【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项a unity“一个个体”；B选项a division“一个部门”；C选项an embassy“一个大使馆”；D选项an invasion“一次入侵”。句意：国家政府的一个重要组成部分是外交部，它是国务院的一个分支。也就是说外交部是国家政府的一个部门，因此B选项符合题意。3. 翻译题The average person sees tens of thousands of images a day-images on television, in newspapers and magazines, and on the sides of buses. Images also grace soda cans and T-shirts, and Internet search engines can instantly procure images for any word you type. Today, anyone with a digit camera and a PC can produce and alter an image. As a result, the power of the image has been diluted in one sense, but strengthened in another. It has been dilute by the ubiquity of images and the many popular technologies that give almost everyone the power to create, distort, and transit images. But it has been strengthened by the gradual surrender of the printed word to pictures.We love images and the democratizing power of technologies that give us the capability to make and manipulate images. What we are less eager to consider are broader cultural effects of a society devoted to the image. Historians have explored the story of mankinds movement from an oral-based culture to a written culture, and later to a printed one. But in the past several decades, we have begun to move from a culture based on the printed word to one based largely on images. In making images rather than texts our guide, are we opening up new vistas for understanding and expression, creating a new form of communication that is “better than print,” as some scholars have argued? Or are we merely making a peculiar and unwelcome return to forms of communication once ascendant in preliterate societies? Two things in particular are at stake in our contemporary confrontation with an image-based culture. First, technology has considerably undermined our ability to trust what we see, yet we have not adequately grappled with the effects of this on our notions of truth. Second, if we are indeed moving from the era of the printed word to an era dominated by the image, what impact will this have on culture?【答案】普通人每天会在电视上、报纸上、杂志上和公交车上看到成千上万的图像。汽水罐和T恤上也有图像，互联网搜索引擎可以立即为你输入的任何单词获取图像。今天，任何人只要有一台数码相机和一台电脑就可以制作和修改图像。因此，形象的力量在某种意义上被稀释了，但在另一种意义上被加强了。它已经被无处不在的图像和许多流行的技术冲淡了，这些技术几乎给了每个人创造、扭曲和传送图像的能力。但印刷文字逐渐向图片屈服，使其更加强大。我们喜欢图像，也喜欢技术的民主化，它让我们有能力制作和处理图像。我们不太愿意考虑的是一个致力于这一形象的社会所产生的更广泛的文化影响。历史学家探索了人类从口述文化到书面文化，再到印刷文化的发展历程。但在过去的几十年里，我们已经开始从一种基于印刷文字的文化转向一种主要基于图像的文化。让图像而非文本成为我们的向导，我们是否为理解和表达开辟了新的前景，创造了一种正如一些学者所说的“比印刷更好”的交流新形式？或者，我们仅仅是在以一种奇特的、不受欢迎的方式回归到曾经在文字出现前的社会中盛行的交流方式？在我们当代与以形象为基础的文化的对抗中，尤其有两件事会处于危险之中。首先，技术大大削弱了我们相信所见事物的能力，但我们还没有充分应对这对我们的真理观念所产生的影响。第二，如果我们真的从印刷文字的时代进入了一个以图像为主导的时代，这将对文化产生怎样的影响?4. 单选题Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time. If corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like what other people say. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to work, run, climb, whistle, or ride a bicycle. They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not. If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he cant find a way to get the right answer. Lets end this nonsense of grades, exams and marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day lean, that is, how to measure their own understanding and how to know what they know or do not know. Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it.The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of ones life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world?” Dont worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.46. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?47. According to the passage, a teachers duty is to（ ）.48. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle（ ）.49. The extreme view of the author is that childrens progress should only be assessed by（ ）.50. The author thinks that if children are always corrected, they will grow up to be（ ）.问题1选项A.By making mistakes and having them pointed out by others.B.By having their mistakes corrected.C.By noticing their problems and making changes.D.By listening to explanations from skilled people.问题2选项A.provide students with help when it is neededB.find out students mistakes and correcting themC.teach students knowledge essential for their future lifeD.help students find out correct answers问题3选项A.provide essential skills for learning to growB.need a lot of teaching and correctionC.are similar in that they are learnt by practicing and making changesD.are quite different in the way they are picked up naturally问题4选项A.educatorsB.children themselvesC.teachersD.parents问题5选项A.fearful of making mistakesB.too critical of themselvesC.unable to think for themselvesD.unable to use basic skills【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】46.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.（他们将这些表现与更熟练的人进行比较，然后慢慢地做出必要的改变。）也就是说孩子们学习很多技能和学习语言一样，犯了错误不需要总是被指出并纠正，他们会自觉地与其他人做比较，从而发现问题，并且做出改变，这样是对他们最好的，因此C选项“通过注意他们的问题并做出改变”，正确。A选项“通过犯错误并让别人指出来解决”；B选项“通过纠正他们的错误”以及D选项“通过听取技术人员的解释”都不是文章所认为的最好的方式。47.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第三段第二句Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he cant find a way to get the right answer.（当孩子告诉我们他找不到正确的答案时，我们的工作应该是帮助他。）因此A选项“在学生需要的时候提供帮助”，正确。B选项“找出学生的错误并改正”；C选项“教给学生未来生活所必需的知识”；D选项“帮助学生找出正确的答案”，都是错误的做法。48.事实细节题。根据题干可以定位到第一段In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to work, run, climb, whistle, or ride a bicycle.（同样地，当孩子们学会做所有他们没有被教过的事情时工作、跑步、爬山、吹口哨或骑自行车。）They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.（他们将这些表现与更熟练的人进行比较，然后慢慢地做出必要的改变。）可以看出来，作者的观点是，无论是骑自行车也好，说话也好，都是在不断地练习和更改中进步的，因此C选项“学习说话和学习骑自行车是相似的，因为他们是通过练习和改变来学习的”正确。A选项“提供学习成长所需的基本技能”；B选项“需要大量的教学和纠正”以及D选项“它们的自然学习方式有很大不同”都不正确。49.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day lean, that is, how to measure their own understanding and how to know what they know or do not know. （让我们把它们都扔掉，让孩子们学习所有受过教育的人将来必须学习的东西，那就是，如何衡量自己的理解力，如何知道自己知道什么，不知道什么。）根据这句话的意思也就是说，我们应该教育孩子们要学习和知道的并不是所谓的正确答案，重要的是要对自己已知和未知的东西有一个正确的了解，因此只有他们才能对自己的能力做出正确评价。因此B选项“孩子本身”，正确。A选项“教育者”；C选项“老师”以及D选项“家长”，文章没有提及。50.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第二段前半段We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.（除非向他指出错误，否则他永远不会注意到错误，或者除非让他改正错误。很快他就变得依赖老师了。）这句话就表明，如果不断地去改正孩子，他将无法独立思考，因此C选项“他们长大后将无法独立思考”正确。A选项“害怕犯错”；B选项“对自己太严格”；D选项“没有掌握基本技能的能力”都是原文没有提到的。5. 单选题In accordance with the new regulations, you are entitled to three days of paid sick leave every month.问题1选项A.According toB.Carrying onC.Looking throughD.Putting out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项According to“根据”；B选项Carrying on“继承，开始实施”；C选项Looking through“浏览，温习”；D选项Putting out“扑灭，搏出”。句意：根据新规定，你每个月可以享受三天的带薪病假。A选项与划线词的词义最接近，因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题In education, there should be a good（ ）among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.问题1选项A.balanceB.distributionC.combinationD.spread【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项balance“平衡”；B选项distribution“分布，分配”；C选项combination “结合，组合”；D选项spread“传播，伸展”。句意：在教育中，帮助养成有效思考与明智判断的学科之间应该有一个很好的_。而根据句中“学科之间”这一关键词，可以判断出应该是在强调要一个“好的平衡”，因此A选项符合题意。7. 单选题In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. “America is therefore the land of the future,” the German philosopher Hegel wrote. “The American lives even more for his goals, for the future, than the European.” Albert Einstein concurred. “Life for him is always becoming, never being.”In 2012, America will still be the place where the future happens first, for that is the nations oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories, Gods kingdom on earth. The early pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were convinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built on bands of iron. Its now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot-com entrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon. “The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even in anticipation,” Herman Melville wrote. “The Future is the Bible of the Free.”This future-mindedness explains many modern features of American life. It explains workaholism: the average American works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans move more, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other land. They also, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries Forty-five percent of world Internet use takes place in the United States. Even today, after the bursting of the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firmswhich are in the business of betting on the futuredwarf the firms from all other nations.Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources. It also leads to incredible innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75 percent of the Nobel laureates in economies and the sciences over recent decades have lived or worked in the United States. The country remains a magnet for the future-minded from other nations. One in 12 Americans has enjoyed the thrill and challenge of starting his own business. A study published in the Journal of International Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people are spread pretty evenly throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortable with risk. Entrepreneurs in the U.S. are more likely to believe that they possess the ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australia or Singapore.If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. I seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becoming more French. By 2012, this period of chastisement will likely have run its course, and future-mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse.We dont know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy win look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of American office space were located in central cities. The new companies, research centers and entrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near airports, highways and the Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of suburban life. There are entirely new metropolises rising boom suburbs like Mesa, Arizona, that already have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We are now approaching a moment in which the majority of American office space, and the hub of American entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in places like Rockville, Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around Atlanta.We also know that future-mindedness itself will become the object of greater study. We are discovering that there are many things that human beings do easily that computers can do only with great difficulty, if at all. Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates.And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope.47. The third paragraph examines Americas future-mindedness from the（ ）perspective.48. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT brought about by future-mindedness?49. The word “pooh-pooh” in the sixth paragraph means（ ）.50. According to the passage, people at present can forecast（ ）of a new round of future-mindedness.51. The author predicts in the last paragraph that the study of future-mindedness will focus on（ ）.问题1选项A.futureB.realisticC.historicalD.present问题2选项A.Economic stagnation.B.Environmental destruction.C.High divorce rates.D.Neglect of history.问题3选项A.appreciateB.praiseC.shunD.ridicule问题4选项A.the natureB.the locationC.the varietyD.the features问题5选项A.how it comes into being.B.how it functions.C.what it brings about.D.what it is related to.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】47.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到文章第三段 .for that is the nations oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories（因为这是这个国家最古老的传统。早期的清教徒生活在几乎石器时代的环境中，但他们受到未来荣耀的启示）以及The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. （开国元勋们占领了13个破败的殖民地，并相信他们正在地球上创建一个新的国家。）这些都是作者对于过去美国历史的一些回顾，因此作者在第三段中是以历史的角度考察了美国的未来意识。因此C选项“历史的”正确。A选项“未来的”；B选项“现实的”以及D选项“现在的”都不是第三段的叙事角度。48.事实细节题。根据题干关键词可以定位到第五段Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources.（对未来的关注导致了美国人生活的混乱、对历史的遗忘、高比率的家庭破裂以及对自然资源的疯狂浪费。）其中A选项“经济停滞”是没有提到的，当选。B选项“环境破坏”；C选项“高离婚率”以及D选项“对历史的忽视”，都是文章中有提到的。49.语义推测题。根据题干关键词直接定位到第六段 If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. I seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future.（如果说1990年代是着眼未来的伟大十年，那么我们现在正处于经历的季节之中。我似乎更冷静地持怀疑态度，对所有那些在电信未来上输了钱的IPO傻瓜们_。）这句话通过后面的sucker“容易上当受骗的人”以及who lost their money“那些输钱的人”可以看出，对他们应该是抱有鄙夷的态度的，因此D选项ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”正确。A选项appreciate“欣赏”；B选项praise“称赞”；C选项shun“避开”都不正确。50.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第八段We dont know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy win look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb.（我们不知道下一次的未来狂胜会是什么样子。我们知道它将在哪里发生：美国郊区。）根据这句话可以得出，B选项“地点”正确。A选项“未来”；C选项“种类”以及D选项“特点”都不是可以预测的。51.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates.And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope.（认知科学家现在正试图破解人类的想象，理解大脑是如何想象、做梦和创造的，我们也知道，有未来意识的地方就有希望。）根据这句话可以得出B选项“它是如何工作的”正确。A选项“它是如何发生的”；C选项“它带来了什么”以及D选项“它与什么相关”都不是作者预测的研究对象。8. 单选题Diaspora networksof Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many othershave always been a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-generation migrants around the world: thats 3% of the worlds population. If they were a nation, it would be: little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information: a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust, so they can seal the deal and get the unbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters, especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging worlds brightest minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home country. A Harvard Business School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile.The first is usually not true, and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-exi