2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第18期

2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题He quickly movedaside behind the trees to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.问题1选项A.duckedB.evadedC.escapedD.dodged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项ducked“躲避”，强调快速闪躲，后面一般接宾语；B选项evaded“逃避；规避；逃脱”；C选项escaped“逃离，逃脱；避开；泄出”；D选项 dodged“搪塞”，表示躲避时，目的是免受伤害，可作及物动词，也可以加副词或介词。句意：他迅速躲到树后，以免被朝他这个方向扔来的石头弄伤。结合此处关键词 behind（到后面），得知D选项正确。2. 翻译题China Dream is the guiding ideology put forward by President Xi Jinping. He believes that it is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times, and states that the dream can definitely be realizeD.The core objective of China Dream is to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. To be more specific, that is to realize national prosperity and rejuvenation, as well as the well-being of people. And its fundamental requirement is to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Only when the country is developed comprehensively and scientifically, can individuals realize their dreams. Similarly, only when everyone is full of passion, can China Dream be beautiful.【答案】中国梦，是习近平主席提出的指导思想。他认为，这是近代以来中华民族最伟大的梦想，这个梦想一定能够实现。中国梦的核心目标是实现中华民族伟大复兴。具体来说，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。其根本要求是全面建设小康社会。只有国家全面科学发展，个人才能实现自己的梦想。同样，只有每个人都充满激情，中国梦才会美丽。3. 翻译题将模糊性(fuzzy,adj)和定性评价合理地转化为定量评价，进而选择最优设计解，是产品设计的关键。论文运用模糊综合评判与比较的方法，以 Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 为软件平台，建立了计算机辅助的设计方案择优系统。提供了对产品设计方案定量评价和择优、将结果存档、调用和打印等功能。【答案】It is a very important procedure of product design to transform rationally fuzzy and qualitative evaluation into quantitative evaluation for optimum solution. This paper introduces a computer-aided selection system for optimum solution to produce design. The system is established on the platform of Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 with the method of fuzzy comprehensive judgments and comparison. It has the functions of quantitative evaluation, selection of the optimum design solution, filling, consulting and printing of the optimized results.4. 翻译题通过资料查阅、实地调研、数据分析和专家会商等途径，筛选出适用于该地区的古树健康诊断形态指标，确立各指标的分级依据，构建古树健康诊断标准，并依据该标准对滇中地区86株古树（树名暂略）的健康状况进行诊查。结果表明：古树的健康状况大多为良和一般，不同树种有些许差异，其结果与古树长势强弱成正相关,能够反映古树健康的真实状况，应用效果良好。此外，对影响古树健康状况的原因进行分析，并提出相应解决方法。【答案】By means of data consulting, field research, data analysis and expert consultation, this paper screened out the diagnostic morphological indexes of ancient trees suitable for this area, established the grading basis of each index, constructed the diagnostic criteria of ancient trees health, and based on the criteria, diagnosed the health status of 86 ancient trees (tree names are temporarily abbreviated) in central Yunnan. The results showed that the health status of ancient trees was mostly good and average, with some differences among different tree species. The results were positively correlated with the growth strength of ancient trees, which could reflect the real health status of ancient trees, and the application effect was good. In addition, the reasons that affect the health status of ancient trees are analyzed, and corresponding solutions are put forward.5. 单选题Sometimes it has been argued that the evolution was _ and more recently still it has been argued that no evolution in either direction took place.问题1选项A.on the other handB.the other way roundC.on the groundsD.the other way about【答案】C【解析】考查词组。A选项 on the other hand “另一方面”；B选项 the other way round “相反”；C选项 on the grounds “是基于事实的”；D选项 the other way about “相反地，以相反方式”。句意：有时人们争论说进化是基于事实的，而最近人们还争论说没有朝任何一个方向发生进化。结合句意判断出C选项正确。6. 单选题The authorities claim that the rate of crime is declining, but statistics show _.问题1选项A.clockwiseB.otherwiseC.elsewhereD.likewise【答案】B【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项 clockwise“顺时针方向地”；B选项otherwise“另外，否则”；C选项 elsewhere“在别处；到别处”；D选项likewise“同样地；也”。句意：当局声称犯罪率正在下降，但数据却没显示。根据but可知，句型表示转折，只有选项B表示转折，因此B选项符合题意。7. 单选题Since the 1950s, conservation efforts including stricter hunting rules and measures like trapping the birds and then releasing them into healthy forests helped restore wild turkey populations.问题1选项A.protectionB.conspiracyC.compensationD.destruction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项protection“保护；防卫；护照”；B选项 conspiracy “阴谋；共谋”；C选项compensation “补偿；报酬；赔偿金”；D选项 destruction “破坏，毁灭；摧毁”。句意：自20世纪50年代以来，保护措施包括更严格的狩猎规则和诱捕火鸡然后将它们放归健康的森林等措施帮助了野生火鸡数量的恢复。结合此处关键短语 helped restore wild turkey populations（帮助恢复了野生火鸡的数量），可排除B、D选项，C选项不符合题意，也可排除，得知A选项正确。8. 单选题Ellen has come into a lot of money recently thanks to her relatives _.问题1选项A.generosityB.sincerityC.certaintyD.flexibility【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 generosity “慷慨，大方；宽宏大量”；B选项 sincerity “真实，诚挚”；C选项 certainty “必然；确实；确实的事情”；D选项 flexibility “灵活性；弹性；适应性”。句意：由于亲戚们的慷慨，埃伦最近得到了很多钱。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Wed better discuss the situation before we _ to business.问题1选项A.sit downB.put downC.come downD.get down【答案】B【解析】考查词组。A选项 sit down “坐下；扎营”；B选项 put down “着陆；羞辱；放下；写下；付定金；镇压（暴动、叛乱）”；C选项 come down “下来，降落；流传下来；倒塌；落魄，失势”；D选项 get down “下来；吞下；使沮丧”。句意：我们最好在谈生意之前先讨论一下形势。结合此处语境，B为正确答案。10. 单选题Tonys mother loves Peking opera and whenever there is a new play, she asks Tony to buy tickets for her.问题1选项A.adornsB.adaptsC.adoptsD.adores【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 adorns“装饰；使生色”；B选项 adapts“适合的；使适应，改编”；C选项 adopts“收养”；D选项adores“崇拜；喜爱；极喜欢”。句意：托尼的妈妈喜欢京剧，每当有新戏上演，她就让托尼给她买票。结合句意，A，B，C选项都可排除，得知D选项正确。11. 单选题The Haunted AmericaCountries are like little homes; they house a nation, hold ideologies and provides shelter and comfort to its people in hopes that the occupants will nurture better ideas for themselves and further flourish humanity. Such are primary desires and goals of most countries on this small planet.America is no exception. For decades, billions of people around the world slept at night on empty stomachs amidst dreadful circumstances, often dreaming of the freedoms and liberties of America, which they likened to a great land, a paradise and a final destination point.The best and brightest of the world gravitated to the great USA in search of golden opportunities; in hordes they came, and en masse they settleD.America became the nation which acknowledged greatness and provided the driving force to allow the dreams of small, ordinary people to take form and flourish. Free from restrictions, allowing grand expressions with extraordinary liberties, that no other nation in the history of mankind has been able to match at such a grand scale.But currently, it seems that this home of the American nation has started to resemble that old mansion, elegantly pristine （质朴的） but known to be haunted, sitting at the end of that dead-end street where ghosts, mysterious apparitions （幽灵）and unexplainable signs have emergeD.This planet, like an old street, is already full of such haunted houses, which at times seem abandoned, lifeless and unable to give or receive neighborly warmth; factors so critical for any country on the global scene.Can this badly damaged image of America be fixed today and by whom and at what cost? What must it include a new costume, a new mask or a new heart? These are very important underlying questions, but the biggest question remains can an entire country be branded to the rest of the world in the same fashion as a breakfast cereal or laundry detergent?The answer is a flat no. Only the branding-circus would come up with such a fake, superficial, logo-centric-slogan-happy attempt to rebuild a nation painted with banners and billboards. In reality, countries cannot be branded in such a simple process from the past, because nations are already branded over decades and centuries by their histories and cultural interactions and exportable identities.1. America used to be thought of as_.2. America is now likened to_.3. The writer suggests that_.4. According to the passage that _ is NOT true.5. The main rhetorical device of this passage is _.问题1选项A.a paradise without autocratic rulingB.a place of perfect happinessC.a land of marvelous chancesD.all of the above问题2选项A.an elegant and plain houseB.an old dead-end streetC.an old haunted mansionD.an abandoned and lifeless planet问题3选项A.costume and heart have the same functionB.laundry detergent shares the fashion of the countrys brandC.history establishes a brand for its countryD.logo and slogan play a key role in shaping a country问题4选项A.a country should develop better politicallyB.depressed people in the world yearned for AmericaC.there are many haunted houses in AmericaD.America cannot be identified with its tradition问题5选项A.simile and metaphorB.parallelismC.echo-questionD.description【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第二段“For decades, billions of people around the world slept at night on empty stomachs amidst dreadful circumstances, often dreaming of the freedoms and liberties of America, which they likened to a great land, a paradise and a final destination point.”中文翻译为：几十年来，世界上有数十亿人在可怕的环境中饿着肚子睡觉，经常梦想着美国的自由和自由，他们把美国比作一块伟大的土地，一个天堂和一个最终的目的地。以及第三段“Free from restrictions, allowing grand expressions with extraordinary liberties, that no other nation in the history of mankind has been able to match at such a grand scale.”中文翻译为：不受限制，允许以非凡的自由发表伟大的言论，在人类历史上没有任何其他国家能够在如此大的规模上匹敌。故判断出答案选D。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第四段 “But currently, it seems that this home of the American nation has started to resemble that old mansion, elegantly pristine but known to be haunted, sitting at the end of that dead-end street where ghosts, mysterious apparitions and unexplainable signs have emerged.”中文翻译为：但目前看来，这个美国国家的家园似乎开始像那座古老的宅邸，优雅质朴，但众所周知是闹鬼，坐落在那条死胡同的街道尽头，那里出现了鬼魂、神秘的幽灵和无法解释的迹象。可知，A项正确，译为“一所雅致朴素的房子”。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文倒数第一段“In reality, countries cannot be branded in such a simple process from the past, because nations are already branded over decades and centuries by their histories and cultural interactions and exportable identities.”中文翻译为：实际上，国家不可能在如此简单的过去过程中就打上烙印，因为国家的历史和文化互动以及可出口的特性已经在几十年甚至几百年的时间里打上烙印。可知，C项正确，译为“历史为国家树立了品牌”。4.细节事实题。由C选项“美国有许多鬼屋”可以定位到原文倒数第三段中“But currently, it seems that this home of the American nation has started to resemble that old mansion, elegantly pristine （质朴的） but known to be haunted, sitting at the end of that dead-end street where ghosts, mysterious apparitions （幽灵）and unexplainable signs have emerged.” 中文翻译为：但目前看来，这个美国民族的家园似乎开始像那座古旧的豪宅，优雅质朴，但众所周知是闹鬼，坐落在那条死胡同的尽头，那里有鬼魂、神秘的幽灵和无法解释的迹象。可知此处是一个比喻，故C选项不正确，符合题意。5.推理判断题。A. simile and metaphor “明喻和暗喻”；B. parallelism “平行；类似，对应”；C. echo-question “反问”；D. description “说明”。本文主要用的是比喻，因此可以推测出A选项正确。12. 单选题In response to the signals, the robot arms make scribbles on white canvas with three colored markers attached to the end of the arms.问题1选项A.imagesB.scriptsC.scratchesD.characters【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项images “图像；影像；肖像”；B选项scripts “原稿”；C选项scratches“刮伤；刮花”；D选项 characters“特性；人物角色”。句意：作为对信号的回应，机器人手臂会在白色画布上涂鸦，手臂末端有三个彩色标记。结合此处关键词markers“记号”，得知B选项正确。13. 单选题Food subsidies are necessary for keeping down the price of dairy products and bread.问题1选项A.controlsB.aidsC.accumulationsD.transformations【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项controls“控制；控制装置”；B选项 aids“艾滋病”；C选项 accumulations“积聚，累积；堆积物”；D选项 transformations“转变”。句意：食品补贴对于压低乳制品和面包的价格是必要的。结合此处关键短语keeping down the price（压低价格），得知A选项正确。14. 单选题I am sure that disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas.问题1选项A.eliminateB.transmitC.replaceD.isolate【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 eliminate “消除；排除”；B选项 transmit “传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传”；C选项 replace “取代，代替；替换，更换；归还，偿还；把放回原处”；D选项 isolate “（使）隔离，孤立；将剔出；（某物质、细胞等）分离；区别看待（观点、问题等）”。句意：我相信疾病一定会在这样不卫生、拥挤的地方传播。结合此处关键词 propagate “传播；传送；繁殖；宣传”，得知B选项正确。15. 单选题Susan Teller traveled and lectured throughout the country to _ education and professional skills so that women could enter the public world.问题1选项A.advocateB.acquireC.proclaimD.prosecute【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 advocate “提倡，拥护；为辩护”；B选项 acquire “获得；取得；学到；捕获”；C选项 proclaim “宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬”；D选项 prosecute “检举；贯彻；从事；依法进行；起诉；告发；做检察官”。句意：苏珊泰勒在全国各地旅行和演讲，宣扬教育和专业技能，使妇女能够进入公共世界。根据句意，C选项正确。16. 单选题European Union environmental officials have determined that two kinds of genetically modified corn could harm butterflies, affect food chains and disturb life in rivers and streams, and they have proposed a ban on the sale of the seeds, which are made by DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and SyngentA.The preliminary decisions are circulating within the European Commission, which has the final say. Some officials there are skeptical of a ban that would upset the powerful biotechnology industry and could exacerbate tensions with important trading partners like the United States. The seeds are not available on the European market for cultivation.In the decisions, the environment commissioner, Stavros Dimas, contends that the genetically modified com, or maize could affect certain butterfly species, specifically the monarch, and other beneficial insects. For instance, research this year indicates that larvae of the monarch butterfly exposed to the genetically modified com “behave differently than other larvae.” In the decision concerning the corn seeds produced by Dow and Pioneer, Mr. Dimas calls “potential damage on the environment irreversible.” In the decision on Syngentas com, he says that “the level of risk generated by the cultivation of this product for the environment is unacceptable.”A decision by the European Union to bar cultivation of the genetically modified crops would be the first of its kind in the trade bloc, and would intensify the continuing battle over genetically modified corn. Banning the applications for corn crops also would mark a bold new step for European environmental authorities, who are already aggressively pursuing regulations on emissions from cars and aircraft, setting it at odds with the United States and angering industries.“These products have been grown in the U.S. and other countries for years,” said Stephen Norton, a spokesman for the United States trade representative, “We are not aware of any other case when a product has been rejected after having been reviewed and determined safe by European food safety authorities,” he said.Barbara Helfferich, a spokeswoman for Mr. Dimas, declined to comment on the specifics of the procedure because commissioners had not yet made a final decision. But she said that the European Union was within its rights to make decisions based on the “precautionary principle” even when scientists had found no definitive evidence proving products can cause harm. She said that the decisions by Mr. Dimas could go before the commission within a few weeks, but she said that no date had been set. In the decisions, Mr. Dimas cited recent research showing that consumption of genetically modified “com byproducts reduced growth and increased mortality of non-target stream insects” and that these insects “are important prey for aquatic and riparian predators” and that this could have “unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences.”Although still preliminary, his decisions could drastically tilt the policy against future approvals of genetically modified crops, said Nathalie Moll, a spokeswoman for Europabio, an industry group with 80 members including Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow. Europabio says that the crops grown using the genetically modified com are already imported into several European countries, including France and Germany, where they are used to feed animals like cows and chickens.Rob Gianfranceschi, spokesman at the United States mission to the European Union in Brussels, said it was too early to comment on a decision that had not yet been formalizeD.But he made clear that the United States remained frustrated with European policies on genetically modified crops.1. The preliminary decisions are made by _ .2. To the decisions, the European Commission officials attitudes are _.3. About the decisions, which one of the following statements is TRUE?4. Mr. Dimas cited many researches on the genetically modified corn in his decision in order to _.5. The word “tilt” in ParA.6 most probably means _.问题1选项A.Stavros DimasB.European Union environmental officialsC.European CommissionD.DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta问题2选项A.skepticalB.controversialC.divergentD.contradictory问题3选项A.The decisions aim to put a ban on the sale of the seeds of genetically modified corn due to political and biological concernsB.The decisions could probably be made even if no definitive evidence proving the products harmful is foundC.The decisions are warmly embraced by all EU members but bitterly rejected by their trade partnersD.There is high possibility that the decisions would be approved by the European Commission问题4选项A.dispel some officials doubt on his decisionsB.assure that they can be presented before the commission with solid evidenceC.demonstrate the latest achievement of his decisionD.enhance the strength of his decision-making问题5选项A.induceB.affectC.inclineD.evoke【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词“preliminary decisions”（初步的决定）可定位到文中第一段第二句“The preliminary decisions are circulating within the European Commission,”（初步决定正在拥有最终决定权的欧盟委员会内部流传），故判断C选项“欧盟委员会”正确。2.细节事实题。由题干关键词“European Commission official”（欧盟委员会官员）可定位到文中第一段第三句“Some officials there are skeptical of a ban that would upset the powerful biotechnology industry and could exacerbate tensions with important trading partners like the United States.”（一些官员对这一禁令持怀疑态度，因为它将扰乱强大的生物技术产业，并可能加剧与美国等重要贸易伙伴的紧张关系）。A选项“持怀疑态度的”符合题意，因此A选项正确。B选项“有争议的”，可排除。C选项“发散的”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“矛盾的”不符合题意，可排除。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“decisions”（决定）可定位到文中第三段“A decision by the European Union to bar cultivation of the genetically modified crops would be the first of its kind in the trade bloc, and would intensify the continuing battle over genetically modified corn”。中文翻译：欧盟禁止种植转基因作物的决定，将是欧盟首次做出此类决定，并将加剧围绕转基因作物的持续斗争。A选项“出于政治和生物方面的考虑，这些决定旨在禁止销售转基因玉米种子”符合题意，因此A选项正确。B选项“即使没有确凿的证据证明产品有害，也有可能做出决定”，可排除。C选项“这些决定受到所有欧盟成员国的热烈欢迎，但遭到其贸易伙伴的强烈反对”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“这些决定很有可能得到欧盟委员会的批准。”不符合题意，可排除。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词“Mr. Dimas”可定位到文中的第二段。A选项“打消了一些官员对他的决定的怀疑。”官员对于转基因玉米对环境的影响持肯定态度，Mr. Dimas与他们的观点一致，因此可排除A选项。B选项“确保向委员会提供确凿证据。”符合题意，B选项正确。C选项“展示他决定的最新成果。”联系上下文，Mr. Dimas的观点不是为了展示他决定的最新成果，因此可排除。D选项“增强他的决策力。”也不符合题意，也可排除。因此，选项B正确。5.词义辨析题。由题干关键词可定位到文中第六段。A选项“诱导；引起”，B选项“影响”，C选项“倾向于；（使）倾向于”，D选项“引起，唤起；博得”。根据关键词“policy”（政策），可排除A、D选项，由关键词“drastically”（彻底地，激烈地）可推测这个决定的所产生的后果比较严重，因此B选项可排除。C选项与词义意思相近，因此，C选项正确。17. 单选题The president of the board always gives his directions so _ that everyone can understand them.问题1选项A.simplyB.explicitlyC.largelyD.shortly【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项simply“简单地；朴素地；坦白地”；B选项 explicitly“明确地；明白地”；C选项 largely“主要地；大部分；大量地”；D选项 shortly“立刻；简短地；唐突地”。句意：总统总是使他的方向，让每个人都能理解他们。根据everyone can understand them.（每个人都能够理解他们），可推测，要使每个人都能理解他们，总统会让他的方向通俗易懂。结合句意，A选项正确。18. 单选题As few household appliances are now perfect, this minor defect is negligible.问题1选项A.detectableB.triflingC.inexcusableD.magnificent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 detectable“可检测的；可发觉的”；B选项 trifling“微不足道的；轻浮的”；C选项 inexcusable“不可原谅的；没法辩解的；不可宽恕的”；D选项magnificent“高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的”。句意：由于现在很少有家用电器是完美的，这个小小的缺陷是可以忽略不计的。结合此处关键词minor（微小的），得知B选项正确。19. 单选题Doctors are interested in using lasers as surgical tools in operations on people who are prone to heart attack.问题1选项A.are infectious toB.are accessible toC.are disposed ofD.are susceptible to【答案】D【解析】考查词组词义辨析。A选项are infectious to “有传染性”；B选项 are accessible to “都可以访问”；C选项 are disposed