2022年考博英语-西北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第115期

2022年考博英语-西北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was artthe story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the “accurate”, “checked” details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for “human documents” in Depression daysa necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitudea new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, “candid” shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplemented by national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trendreplaced the older models.1.This article is based on the idea that（ ）.2.Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often responsible for（ ）.3.The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement（ ）.4.The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to（ ）.5.The word “distortions” at the end of the 1st sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（ ）.问题1选项A.people today no longer follow modelsB.people attach little importance to whoever they followC.people generally pattern their lives after modelsD.people no longer respect heroes问题2选项A.inspiring literate immigrantsB.frustrating educated immigrantsC.preventing the assimilation of immigrantsD.instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears问题3选项A.toward realismB.toward fantasyC.against the teaching of moralsD.away from realism问题4选项A.a logical evolution of ideasB.widespread moral decayC.the influence of the pressD.a philosophy of plenty问题5选项A.presentationsB.misinterpretationsC.influencesD.limitations【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated.（在我们有记录的大多数人类文明中，青年都以艺术或生活为范本，计划模仿在皮影戏屏幕或舞台上演出的史诗中描绘的英雄，或那些有名的人类、父辈或祖辈、酋长或工匠，他们的每一个特征都可以研究和模仿。），说明有史以来年轻人都会将各种各样的人作为偶像来模仿，整篇文章都是围绕着这个观点展开论述的。因此C选项“人们通常会模仿偶像的生活”正确。A选项“今天的人们不再模仿偶像”，由原文可知，现在这还是美国的普遍情况，所以A错误。B选项“人们对模仿的人都不重视”，D选项“人们不再尊重英雄”在文中没有提及，所以B，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段倒数第二句For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was artthe story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first.（对于努士人的文人和文人子女来说，有艺术的故事在大草原城镇失意的艺术家的故事，第二代人与第一代人的局限性斗争的故事。），说第二代移民艺术家努力克服父辈缺陷的故事是用来激励移民变得有文化。因此A选项“激励有文化的移民”正确。B选项“使受过教育的移民感到失望”，C选项“防止移民的同化问题”，D选项“向移民灌输对其祖先的敌视态度”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the “accurate”, “checked” details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for “human documents” in Depression daysa necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitudea new era in American life was ushered in（随着反好莱坞运动的发展，随着摄影的兴起，随着时代-生活-财富式的报道，以及纽约客用死板的方式描述一个被遗忘的街道上的旧衣商的生活，或者说是用“准确”的方式来呈现，“检查”了一些人的生活细节，这些人的显赫地位给了至少一种许可攻击他们，随着大萧条时期对“人类文献”的热情在对无产阶级一无所知的中产阶级作家和需要真实性冲击的中产阶级读者中，这是无产阶级艺术的必要替代物美国生活迎来了一个新的时代。），说明在反对好莱坞的运动中，真实的现实生活被呈现出来，开启了美国的新时代。因此A选项“走向现实主义”正确。B选项“走向幻想”，C选项“违背道德教育”，D选项“脱离现实主义”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the “accurate”, “checked” details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for “human documents” in Depression days（随着反好莱坞运动的发展，随着摄影的兴起，随着时代-生活-财富式的报道，以及纽约客用死板的方式描述一个被遗忘的街道上的旧衣商的生活，或者说是用“准确”的方式来呈现，“检查”了一些人的生活细节，这些人的显赫地位给了至少一种许可攻击他们，随着大萧条时期对“人类文献”的热情），说明1910年以来人们态度变化的原因是多种多样的。因此D选项“丰富的理论”正确。A选项“思想的逻辑演变”，B选项“普遍的道德败坏”，C选项“新闻界的影响”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。5.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions.（在这个时代，年轻人既不模仿生活，也不模仿艺术或童话，他们看到的是生活中的偶像，这些偶像就没有受到关键的扭曲。），说明在反好莱坞运动中，年轻人不再模仿生活中、或艺术及电影中的偶像，而是看到了真正来自于生活的没有被扭曲的偶像人物，此处“distortions”指的是偶像人物被误解。所以B选项“误解”正确。A选项“介绍”，C选项“影响”，D选项“限制”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。2. 单选题Peoples expectations about the future may have more influence on their sense of well-being than their（ ）state does.问题1选项A.currentB.initialC.modernD.primitive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项current“现在的”；B选项initial“最初的”；C选项modern“现代的”；D选项primitive“原始的”。句意：人们对未来的期望可能比他们当前的状态更能影响他们的幸福感。本句表示当前的状态，因此A选项正确。3. 单选题As you all know, the United States is a country on wheels. Nearly eight million new cars are made each year; four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each. Yet youll be surprised to learn that some of the car-owners even suffer from malnutrition.In 1968, a nation-wide survey of malnutrition was made for the first time. It found that 10 million people are suffering in health through inadequate feeding; the causes of their plight were varied. Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor. And unemployment, strange to say, nine times out of ten results from automation, both in industrial and agricultural areas. For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises. So is the case with industrial automation. In fact, probably 2 million jobs are made unnecessary each year in the whole country as a result of the automation process, thus making unemployment a chief social concern. According to government statistics, the number of people unemployed was over 5 percent for the period from 1958 to 1963. In July 1981, it rose to 7.8 percent. As a matter of fact, it has long been known that even during the most prosperous periods there have been people without enough to eat. So I think thats why President Kennedy said in his inauguration speech in 1961, if the government did not help the poor, it could not save the rich.In 1966, the Social Security Administration calculated that a family of four needed an income of $3,355 a year to be above the line of poverty. And in 1977, the average poverty line of the country was slightly more than $6,200 annual income for a non-farm family of four. According to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program. The average weekly payment of benefits now is equivalent to 36 percent of the workers normal wage. And the number of people who receive government benefits is increasing. In 1973, social insurance payments by governments, mainly to old age pensioners and people who had lost their jobs or were off work through illness, amounted to $86,000 million. Those not fully qualified for insurance payments received $29,000 million in public aid.But problems still exist. Many people are not reached by the anti-poverty program, because local authorities and agencies do not want to play their part or do not gave the resources to do so. Some poor people will not accept help for various reasons. Of course, there are some more important factors which lie in the structure of the society, but I dont consider it necessary to dig into them here. Yet we will perhaps agree that social welfare programs have solved to some extent the problems of feeding, clothing and housing those below the poverty line. On the whole, it perhaps might be said that American people are living a better life than people in most other countries.1.The United States is called a country on wheels because（ ）.2.According to a 1968 survey, ten million Americans found themselves in a difficult health situation chiefly due to（ ）.3.The author use “the displaced” (Line 6 , Para. 2) to refer to those who are（ ）.4.The word “eligible” (Line 4, Para. 3) is synonymous with “（ ）”.5.Americans are living a better life than those in most of other countries because, to some degree,（ ）.问题1选项A.about one-fourth Americans own two carsB.a bit over one out of four households are the owners of two carsC.nearly 8 million new cars drive in the country every yearD.80% Americans have at least one car问题2选项A.inadequate feedingB.malnutritionC.unemploymentD.automation问题3选项A.unemployedB.disabledC.sickD.poor问题4选项A.necessaryB.urgentC.neededD.worthy问题5选项A.many Americans receive benefits from the special welfare programB.some poor people can receive help for some reason or otherC.there is the anti-poverty program in the U.S.D.social welfare programs have some measure settled the problems of those below the poverty line【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段，第一段第二句说到four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each（五分之四的家庭至少有一辆车，超过四分之一的家庭拥有两辆汽车），可以说明美国为什么被称为车轮上的国家。因此B选项“超过四分之一的家庭拥有两辆汽车”正确。A选项“大约四分之一的美国人拥有两辆汽车”，由原文可知是超过四分之一的美国家庭拥有两辆汽车，而不是美国人，所以A错误。C选项“每年有近800万辆新车在这个国家行驶”，由原文可知，是每年生产近800万辆新车，不代表所有新车都能上路行驶，所以C错误。D选项“80%的美国人至少有一辆车”，由原文可知，是80%的家庭至少拥有一辆汽车，所以D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二、三句It found that 10 million people are suffering in health through inadequate feeding; the causes of their plight were varied. Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor.（有1000万人因饮食不足而健康状况不佳；造成他们困境的原因多种多样。长期失业应被视为主要因素。），说明美国人健康状况不佳的主要原因是失业。因此C选项“失业”正确。A选项“饮食不足”，B选项“营养不良”，D选项“自动化”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。3.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第四、五句And unemployment, strange to say, nine times out of ten results from automation, both in industrial and agricultural areas. For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises.（奇怪的是，失业十有八九是由自动化造成的，无论是在工业还是农业领域。例如，在南方农村，当一个棉花种植园突然将其劳动力从100人削减到3人时，帮助流离失所者的问题就出现了。），说明“the displaced”在文中的意思是失业的人。因此A选项“失业者”正确。B选项“残疾人”，C选项“病人”，D选项“穷人”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。4.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句According to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program.（根据社会保障法，这种规模的家庭在贫困线以下，有资格领取特别福利计划的补助。），说明“eligible”在文中的意思是有资格。因此D选项“应得的，值得的”正确。A选项“必要的”，B选项“紧急的”，C选项“必须的”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第五、六句Yet we will perhaps agree that social welfare programs have solved to some extent the problems of feeding, clothing and housing those below the poverty line. On the whole, it perhaps might be said that American people are living a better life than people in most other countries.（然而，我们可能会同意，社会福利计划在一定程度上解决了贫困线以下的人的吃、穿、住问题。总的来说，也许可以说，美国人比大多数其他国家的人生活得更好。），说明美国人比其他大多数国家的人生活得更好的原因是社会福利计划帮助了贫困线以下的人。因此D选项“社会福利计划在一定程度上解决了贫困线以下人群的问题”正确。A选项“许多美国人从特殊的福利计划中得到了好处”，B选项“一些贫困人口由于某种原因可以得到帮助”，C选项“美国有反贫困计划”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。4. 单选题An important factor in determining how well you perform in an examination is the（ ）of your mind.问题1选项A.stateB.caseC.situationD.circumstance【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项state“状态”；B选项case“案例”；C选项situation“情况”；D选项circumstance“状况”。句意：决定你在考试中表现如何的一个重要因素是你的心态。本句表示思想的状态，只能和state搭配，因此A选项正确。5. 单选题Although many experts agree that more children are overweight, there is debate over the best ways to（ ）the problem.问题1选项A.relateB.tackleC.fileD.attach【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项relate“关联”；B选项tackle“处理”；C选项file“提出”；D选项attach“附加”。句意：尽管许多专家一致认为有更多的儿童超重，但是对于解决这个问题的最佳方法还存在争议。本句表示解决儿童超重问题的方法，因此B选项正确。6. 单选题Lawyers often make higher（ ）for the work than they should.问题1选项A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项bills“账单”；B选项charges“费用”；C选项costs“成本”；D选项prices“价格”。句意：律师经常收取比他们应得的更高的费用。make charges for是固定搭配，意思是“对收费；索价”。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event hosted by the city of Boston, Massachusetts, on Patriots Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the worlds oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the worlds most well-known road racing events. The marathon is one of five members of the World Marathon Majors.The event attracts an average of about 20,000 registered participants each year. In the 100th running of the Boston Marathon in 1996, the number of participants reached 38,000. While there are cash prizes awarded to the winners of the marathon, most of the runners participate for the accomplishment of having run the race at all.The Boston Marathon was originally a local event, but its fame and status have attracted runners from all over the world. For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches. However, corporate-sponsored cash prizes began to be awarded in the 1980s, when professional athletes began to refuse to run the race without cash awards. The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986.Women were not allowed to enter the Boston Marathon officially until 1972. Roberta (Bobbi) Gibb is recognized as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon (in 1966). In 1967, Kathrine Switzer, who had registered as “K. V. Switzer”, was the first woman to run with a race number. She finished, despite a celebrated incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. In 1996 the B.A.A retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial womens leaders of 1966 through 1971.In recent years, critics have pointed to the dominance of foreign-born athletes in the event (especially runners from Kenya) to back their arguments that American professional running is lagging behind the rest of the world in terms of producing quality athletes. However, foreign dominance of the race is nothing new. Between 1946 and 1967 only one American (John J. Kelley in 1957) won the marathon in an era when Finland and Japan were the distance powerhouses.The Boston Marathon is open to all runners, male and female, from any nation, but they must meet certain qualifying standards. To qualify, a runner must first complete a standard marathon course certified by a national governing body affiliated with the International Association of Athletics Federations within a certain period of time before the date of the desired Boston Marathon (usually within approximately 18 months prior). Prospective runners in the age range of 18-34 must run a time of no more than 3:10:59 (3 hours and 10 minutes) if male, or 3:40:59 (3 hours and 40 minutes) if female; the qualifying time is adjusted upward as age increases. For example, a 40-44 year old male can still qualify with a time of 3:20:59. An exception to the qualification requirement is awarded to 1,250 runners who raise a pre-determined level of sponsorship for officially designated local charities.Besides the Olympic trials and the Olympic marathons, Boston is the only major American marathon that requires a qualifying time. Thus for many marathoners to qualify for Boston (to “BQ”) is a goal and achievement in itself, making it a “peoples Olympic event”.1.The first marathon competition began（ ）.2.Most of marathoners take part in the race to（ ）.3.The original prize awarded for winning the marathon in 1800s was（ ）.4.Why do people criticize that America cant train better professional runners than some other countries?5.Who can participate in the Boston Marathon without a qualifying time?问题1选项A.in Boston, MassachusettsB.on Patriots Day, 1897C.in 1896 Summer OlympicsD.a hundred years ago问题2选项A.achieve successB.win cash prizesC.attract audienceD.win an olive-branch-woven wreath问题3选项A.money sponsored by companiesB.a professional statusC.a floral circle made from olive treesD.brave fame问题4选项A.Because most winners of the race come from foreign countries.B.Because Finland and Japan were the strong teams with quality athletes.C.Because American professional running is far behind.D.Because only one American won the race between 1946 and 1967.问题5选项A.Male runners.B.Female runners.C.Charity raisers.D.Amateur runners.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“first marathon competition”可以定位到第一段第二句inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics（受到1896年夏季奥运会第一个现代马拉松比赛成功的启发），说明第一次马拉松比赛在1896年的夏季奥运会上。因此C选项“在1896年夏季奥运会上”正确。A选项“在马萨诸塞州的波士顿”，B选项“1897年爱国者日”，D选项“一百年前”说的是波士顿马拉松比赛的情况，所以A，B，D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Most of marathoners”可以定位到文章第二段最后一句most of the runners participate for the accomplishment of having run the race at all（大多数选手都是为了参加比赛的成就感而参加的），说明大多数选手参赛的理由是为了获得成就感。因此A选项“获得成功”正确。B选项“赢得现金奖励”，C选项“吸引观众”，D选项“赢得一个橄榄枝编织的花环”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干关键词“original prize”可以定位到文章第三段第二句For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches.（在历史上的大部分时间里，波士顿马拉松都是免费的活动，而赢得比赛的唯一奖品是一个用橄榄枝编织的花环。），说明最初比赛的奖品是橄榄枝花环。因此C选项“用橄榄枝编织的花环”正确。A选项“公司赞助的钱”，B选项“职业地位”，D选项“勇敢的名声”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第一句In recent years, critics have pointed to the dominance of foreign-born athletes in the event (especially runners from Kenya) to back their arguments that American professional running is lagging behind the rest of the world in terms of producing quality athletes.（近年来，批评人士指出在这项赛事中外国出生的运动员，尤其是来自肯尼亚的运动员占主导地位，以支持他们的观点，