2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷20

2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Text 1The theory of evolution offers an explanation of how the great variety of present-day animals and plants came into existence. It supposes that life on Earth began in relatively simple forms which over hundreds of millions of years gave rise, by a series of small changes, to a succession of living organisms which became more varied and more complex. Taken to its logical conclusion, the evolutionary theory must suppose that life itself evolved from non-living matter.Text 2The Olympic Games are a series of international amateur sports competitions that originated in Ancient Greece. The games began in 776 BC but were discontinued at the end of the 4th century A.D. The revival of the games took place in Athens where the first modern games were held in 1896. Since then they have been held in four year intervals in different cities around the world. Several changes have taken place since the modern games were inaugurated （开创）；in 1912 women were admitted, in 1924 a separate set of winter games were established and in 1988 professional athletes were allowed to compete in some sports. Since the establishment of the modern games just over a century ago, the number of sports, athletes and countries has steadily increased.【答案】Text 1进化论解释了现代动植物的多样性是如何产生的。它假定地球上的生命以相对简单的形式开始，经过数亿年的时间，通过一系列微小的变化发展为一连串复杂多样的生命有机体。根据进化论的逻辑结论，它必须假定生命本身是从无生命的物质进化而来的。Text 2奥运会起源于古希腊，是集国际业余体育竞技活动于一身的运动会。奥运会开始于公元前776年，但在公元4世纪末中止。奥运会的复兴在雅典举行，并于1896年在 这里举行了第一届现代奥运会。从此奥运会以四年一次轮流在世界各城市举行。自开办现代奥运会以来，奥运会发生了许多变化；1912年允许女子参加奥运会；1924年建立 了一届独立的冬季奥运会；1988年允许专业运动员参加一些运动项目。自现代奥运会成立一个多世纪以来，运动项目、运动员及参与国家数目稳步增长。2. 单选题The boss named the company（ ） himself.问题1选项A.asB.afterC.toD.for【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。name after以命名。句意：老板以他自己的名字给公司命名。3. 单选题What he said in the meeting （ ） everybody present.问题1选项A.disgustedB.dismissedC.disposedD.disabled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。disgust“使厌恶，使作呕”；dismiss“解散，解雇”；dispose“处理，处置”；disable“使失去能力”。句意：他在会议上说的话使在场的每个人都（ ）。只有A项符合句意。4. 单选题Americans may have to（ ） the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public transportation systems.问题1选项A.break downB.out downC.get downD.drop down【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。break down“发生故障，毁掉”；get down“吞下，使沮丧”；drop down“落下，顺着往下移动”。句意：美国人可能不得不降低私家车的数量。转而依赖公共交通系统。只有D项符合，强调私家车数量的下降。5. 单选题The hotel（ ） we stayed last Friday was right in the center of the city.问题1选项A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。stay in the hotel，故用where引导定语从句，where=in which=in the hotel.句意：我们上周五住的那个酒店就在市中心。6. 单选题The students can hardly speak simple English，（ ） write articles in that language.问题1选项A.much less they canB.much less they doC.much less can theyD.much less do they【答案】C【解析】考查部分倒装。当 not only, no sooner, not only.（but also）, hardly，in no way，little, less, scarcely, seldom, never等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首吋，句子用部分倒装。故先排除AB两项；再由前句说到“学生没有说简单英语的能力”，可知后半句也要用can。故C项正确。句意：这些学生几乎不会说简单英语，更不用说用这种语言写文章了。7. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence （AI） predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. 35. Never mind something as complex as conversations the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural, network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from（ ）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the following is closet in meaning to the underlined phrase “the only game in town” （para.4）?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the Shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs.C.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child.D.the efforts made by scientist in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.问题5选项A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only game they would like to play in town.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段Never mind something as complex as conversations,the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. 更不用说像会话这样复杂的事情，最强大的计算机现在正竭力地识别物体的形状，这对于10个月大的孩子来说是最基本的任务。可知D项“最强大的计算机仍然不能用人类的语言与人类交流。”正确。A项“计算机能够识别物体的形状”与原文不符，原文提到计算机正竭力地去做这件事。B项文中未提及，C项“现在的计算机与50年代的计算机表现不一样”，文中提到50年代人们预测到20世纪末计算机能做家务，能与人交流，但如今计算机仍然离与人类交流还有很长的路要走。故C项不正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs.”越来越多的人工智能研究人员认为，他们知道错误在哪里。科学家们说，问题在于，人工智能一直在试图分离最高、最抽象的思维层次，比如语言和数学，然后用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制它们。另一方面，人工智能领域的新动向则更近距离地审视了自然产生智能的更为迂回的方式。这些研究人员中的许多人研究进化和自然适应，而不是形式逻辑和传统的计算机程序。可知人工智能的新动向源于发现了以前的错误，即人工智能不能用逻辑程序来复制抽象的思维。于是人工智能有了新动向。故B项正确。3.推理判断题。由第二段“Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 有些人想研究脑细胞和蛋白质，而不是数字计算机和晶体管。这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，和新的自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。”以及第三段“Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 具体地说，康拉德认为，大脑的许多能力源于组成每个脑细胞的单个分子的模式识别能力。他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来制造。可知康拉德及其AI研究团队将把大脑的分子技术运用于人工智能设备上，发起了以自然为基础的人工智能运动。故C项“该团队对了解智力是如何在自然界中发展的作出了巨大努力。”正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，虽然新的以自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。可知作者认为人工智能运动将走向该领域前沿，也就意味着人工智研究的方向是正确的。故D项“尽管没有人能确定它的未来前景，但它被证明是在正确的方向上。”正确。5.由倒数第二段The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来制造。和最后一段“Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 目前，对于传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑中发生的过程仍然存在争议。但如果这是真的，那么康拉德和他的同伴们的努力可能是唯一的游戏。联系上下文可知，如果传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑过程这个观点是正确的，那么康拉德和其团队的观点，即将大脑同样的分子技术运用于人工智能设备的制造上是唯一可行的制造新的人工智能计算机的方法。故A项“这是制造人工智能计算机的唯一方法”正确。8. 单选题In the modern society, people often feel comfortable physically but suffer a lot（ ）.问题1选项A.moderatelyB.naturallyC.biologicallyD.psychologically【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。moderately“适度地，有节制地”；naturally“自然地”；biologically“生物学上地”；psychologically“精神上地，心理上地”。句意：在现代社会，人们经常感觉生理上是舒服的，但却遭遇心理上的问题。由but可知其前后内容性质相反，前面提到生理，故空格处应该填心理上地。9. 翻译题Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives. Many scientists maintain that one of mans greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. The growing population makes increasing demands on the worlds fixed supply of air water and land. This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully realizes the damage.【答案】污染是一个问题，因为在一个人口日益增长和工业化的世界里，人类正在破坏他所生活的环境。许多科学家坚持认为人类最大的错误之一就是把发展与进步等同起来。现在人们对成长型产业持怀疑态度，担心它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏不同生命形式之间的关系。不断增长的人口对世界上固定的空气、水和土地的供应提出了越来越高的要求。随着人口的增长，越来越多的人要求更高的生活水平，他们需要处理越来越多的垃圾。这一问题已引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有足够快地解决这些问题，他对财产的自私追求使他在完全意识到损害之前就已经到了不可挽回的地步。10. 单选题Nobody knows（ ） how many people are to be blame for the coal-mine accident, so the government is trying to find out the whole truth about the accident.问题1选项A.inwardlyB.honestlyC.cleverlyD.precisely【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。inwardly“向内地，在内部”；honestly“真诚地，公正地”；cleverly“聪明地”；precisely“精确地，恰恰”。句意：没有人（ ）知道有多少人要为煤矿事故负责，所以政府正尝试查明整个事故的全部真相。由后半句“政府决定查明整个事情的真相”可推知没有人非常准确地知道这个事故。故D项符合句意。11. 翻译题1. “Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly seeing the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternatives. （Passage One）2. Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. （Passage Two）3. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. （Passage Three）4. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behaviors. （Passage Four）5. Never mind something as complex as conversations: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. （Passage Five）【答案】1.教孩子如何思考一书讲述了如何提高孩子的洞察力，透彻理解话语的含义以及探讨话语的不同意图。2. 想办法获得更多更好的睡眠是一个挑战。科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠障碍问题。有些睡眠障碍是遗传的。但许多问题是由熬夜、频繁地在不同时区之间旅行或夜间工作造成的。3. 然而，网上销售也有风险。由于有如此多的公司都争着要吸引消费者的注意力，价格竞争就会非常激烈，而利润就会越来越少，甚至毫无利润可言。4.道路礼貌行为不仅指具备良好的行为举止，同时也指具备良好的意识表现。当遇到不文明行为时，需要驾驶员报纸最清醒的头脑和很好的脾气来控制住心中报复的念头。5.更不用说像谈话这样复杂的事情，现在最先进的计算机正竭力地去认识物体的形状，而这是十个月大的孩子要完成的任务。12. 单选题（ ） revealed the secret?问题1选项A.Who was it thatB.Who was it whoC.It was who thatD.It was whom that【答案】A【解析】考查强调句。it is+被强调部分+that为强调句型。该句强调部分在句中做主语，故用who，该句为疑问句，故A项正确。13. 单选题The former president is to verify at a human rights court heating cases of atrocities.问题1选项A.testifyB.provideC.conformD.supply【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。testify证明，证实；provide提供；conform使遵守，使一致；supply提供。句意：这位前总统将在人权法庭对暴行案件进行核实。故A项正确。14. 写作题Read the following article and then write an essay in no less than 250 words commenting on the issue discussed in the article.1. You should give an appropriate title to your essay.2. You must have a clearly stated opinion on the issue discussed3. You must supply examples in support of your opinion.4. You must interact with the opinions in the give article.Now read article below and write your essay on the answer sheet.Enough of Tiger Moms and Wolf DadsBy Berlin Fang （China Daily）Thomas Friedman wrote in his column, “How about better parents?” （The New York Times. Now 19）, that parent involvement is key to student success.Fed up with the status quo of American education, and desperate for an alternative model, some readers peppered the word “Asian” throughout the comments section for Friedmans article. One reader wrote: “the question among the coaches was the usual, why were so many of our top students are Asian. I asked when was the last time they had an Asian parent complain about too much homework.”This statement, however, proves nothing except the theory of relativity in human opinions. Asian parents in the United States rarely complain about childrens homework because it is a picnic compared to what go through in our younger days in our home country. But in Asian countries, like any other, complaints abound.In China, I constantly hear parents complain that their children cannot go to bed till 11 pm because they have too many assignments.Active involvement of Chinese parents is at best a myth, and the myth is running wild in the media. After discussions on the “Tiger Mom” （Yale Professor Amy Chua. author of Battle Hymns of the Tiger Mom）, the Chinese media recently brought to light a certain “wolf dad”， Hong Kong-based businessman Xiao Baiyou. who used chicken feather dusters to spank three of his children into Peking University, one of Chinas top institutions of higher learning.First tigers and now wolves, I suppose well get the entire animal kingdom covered pretty soon. Such reports of Spartan parenting instill fear among Western parents and complacency among their Chinese counterparts, none of which is healthy or justifiable.Generally speaking, Chinese parents lag far behind their American peers in participating in the education of their children. In the Chinese countryside, many parents leave home to earn a living as migrant workers. Their children thus live with grandparents, who often have little or no education. Pre-school is either unavailable or expensive. Many such children often called “left-behind children”，grow up without either proper parenting or school education.Though children in middle class families live with parents, real involvement is far from desirable. Many Chinese families in towns and cities are dual-income families, some by necessity, others by choice. Some American moms quit their jobs after childbirth to take care of their children. Chinese moms often quit their children to take care of their jobs. While parents are busy with their jobs or careers, many children are brought up to a large extent by grandparents, or “outsourced” to private tutors or even nannies.In either situation, a predominantly materialistic worldview drives parents to spend their time and energy making money to “guarantee” their childrens future. Most spend money generously on childrens education, buying them good things and sending them to private classes. Money can buy some relief from the guilt of staying on the margins of their childrens development, but children do not get what they really need from parents: their time, for instance.Friedman quotes a report by the Program for International Student Assessment （PISA.that parent-child reading time correlates to student achievement in PISA tests. When was the last time you saw a Chinese parent returning with bags of entertainment reading from libraries or bookstores as American parents do? How often docs a Chinese parent actually read a book together with his/her child?Many parents even forbid their children from reading books such as novels, fairy tales or poems for fear that such reading will distract students from preparing for exams.The wrong focus on exams frees parents from participating in their childrens education. Apart from not reading, parents dont work with children on school projects, because much of homework is exam-related which children are supposed to work on individually.Parents role is thus reduced to that of an alarm clock - to prompt children to do this or that at certain hours of the day. No wonder, nannies can do substitute parenting. Fortunately, even an alarm clock has its virtues. Chinese parents do a fairly good job of ensuring their children spend adequate time studying. Such increased time on educational tasks partially explains why they excel in international benchmarking tests.That being said, involvement can be deeper and richer in a childs path of growth. Chinese parents should spend more time with their children, rather than keeping tome for them like a clock. Parents should work with children as a developing person, not just a test-taker. Parents ought to meet the kinetic, artistic, mental, social, psychological and spiritual needs of their children.Remember that children are human beings in stages of development. So why not forget about tiger moms and wolf dads, and focus on being human parents instead? 【答案】略15. 单选题In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the（1）half of the 19th century; most of （2）were charitable. But in Europe and in