2022年考博英语-北京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷26

2022年考博英语-北京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the fact that the bodys own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and- its course was largely ignored by medical researchers.It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease first led 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same field including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health 一 is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain，a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders.The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression (still discounted in some medical circles) that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases.The brains stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the bodys principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it.When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counter-regulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.1.The passage supplies information to suggest that （）2.Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease?3.Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be bestsupported by the passage?4.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?5.According to the passage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,（ ）.问题1选项A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that ones state of mind can affectphysical diseaseB.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by thedoctorsC.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on peoples understanding of the mind-body interaction indiseaseD.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system问题2选项A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect thecourse of illness.C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.问题3选项A.The responsiveness to stress is genetically determined.B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.问题4选项A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesnt work for the treatment for many chronicdiseases.B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain andimmune system.C.The disruption of the brains stress response reduces the bodys response.D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.问题5选项A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extremeB.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the bodyC.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulatedD.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.主旨题。题干：这篇文章提供的信息表明了_。根据文章最后一段最后一句“We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counter-regulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease”可知，我们才刚刚开始了解大脑和免疫系统之间的相互依赖关系，它们是如何帮助彼此调节和反调节的，以及它们自身是如何失灵和产生疾病的。由此可知人们对大脑和免疫系统之间的关系有了新的认识。因此D选项符合题意。2.细节题。题干：下列哪一项最能说明疾病中的身心互动？The mind-body interaction对应文章第二段的the immune system and the brain，文中提到“a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly”，可知A选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：关于新发现的临床意义，下列哪一项陈述能最好地得到这篇文章的支持？文章第三段第一句提到 “signigicance”, 后句中“extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies.”正好对应C选项内容。因此C选项符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干：从文章中可以推断出下列哪个陈述？A和B选项与本文无关。第二段提到“These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress”，说明有影响，但C选项中的reduce并不能体现。第二段最后一句“Disruption of this communication network exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders”正说明精神状况对于疾病的影响，因此D选项符合题意。5.细节题。题干：根据这篇文章，为了保持一种叫做内稳态的内部稳定状态_。根据题干定位到文章第四段第三句，根据第五段中“These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state”可知为了维持人体内部的平衡，应激反应必须将外来病原体从体内消除。因此B选项符合题意。2. 单选题Todays recyclers can now conceivably lay claim to a rich, bloody, brawny heritage, if a new Viking discovery is any indication. The famed Norse warriors, many of whom settled parts of eastern and northern England in the Middle Ages, recycled as they fought, new excavations in the United Kingdom suggest.An 11th-century metalworking site recently discovered in the city of York is likely evidence of a makeshift recycling center, where Vikings took weapons for reprocessing after battle, according to historian Charles Jones, organizer of the Fulford Battlefield Society, which advocates preserving the battle site against potential development.Jones and his team have found hundreds of pieces of ironwork including axes, sword parts, and arrowheads along with lumps of melted-down iron and the remains of smelting pits. “ We found several smithing hearth bottoms the remains of the molten metal which dribbles down during the reprocessing of the weaponry ironwork,n he told the York Press. “The iron finds support the idea that metal was gathered and recycled in the area just behind where the fighting took place,” Jones said. The artifacts are currently undergoing X-ray analysis at the University of York. The universitys Soren Sindbaek said the tests should reveal whether the corroded items were forged using Norse ironwork, which involved using distinctive alloys of soft iron and hard steel. “The Vikings were very skillful metalworkers,” said archaeologist Sindbaek. “Their weaponry is famous for the way iron is treated. Any metal was a precious material that would be recycled，” he said. “Whoever won a fight in this period would collect what was left on the battlefield.”Though he knows of no other battlefield examples of Viking recycling，evidence of reuse of metal and other materials has been found at other Viking sites, Sindbaek said. Recent excavations in York, which was captured and settled by the Scandinavian seafarers in 866，for instance, show that Vikings recycled boats for building material for houses and even sidewalks.Jones believes Vikings forces worked on the metal in 1066 after defeating English warriors at the Battle of Fulford, a village long since subsumed by the expanded city of York. The historians team believes the Vikings were forced to abandon their recycling work five days later by a second English attack, the Battle of Stamford Bridge, led by Englands King Harold II. The Viking leader in the battle, King Harold III of Norway, was killed and his forces routed. The English king lost his own life the following month, when his war-weary troops were defeated at the Battle of Hastings by William, Duke of Normandy, who became the new English king.Project leader Jones, author of The Forgotten Battle of 1066: Fulford, is an amateur historian, and many of the artifacts were uncovered not during professional archaeological excavations but by metal-detector enthusiasts. But that “doesnt at all devalue” the discovery, said archaeologist Allan Hall of the University of York. The Fulford Battlefield Society is “working in close co-operation with the archaeological establishment，” Hall said. “Archaeology has a long tradition of amateurs taking part.”1.What is said about todays recyclers at the beginning of this passage?2.Which of the following is true about the 11th-century metalworking site recently discovered inthe city of York?3.What had archaeologists known about Viking recycling before the weapon recycling center was discovered?4.What is special about the village of Fulford?5.What do we know about the Fulford Battlefield Society?问题1选项A.They recycle things that are discovered at the Viking settlements.B.They are as rich, bloody and brawny as their Viking ancestors.C.They may have inherited the recycling tradition from the Vikings.D.They recycle the same things that the Vikings recycled.问题2选项A.It was an ironwork recycling center far away from the battlefield.B.Weapons and other utensils were reprocessed here by the Vikings.C.Evidence shows that the weapons recycled here were left by the enemy in the battle.D.The pieces of ironwork found in this site are being analyzed in order to know what exactly they were made of.问题3选项A.The Vikings recycled metal and other materials for daily use.B.The Vikings only recycled metals because they were precious.C.The Vikings were the only people at that time who used alloys in reprocessing weapons.D.Recycling centers were usually found behind the battlefields.问题4选项A.It is near the city of York but was not included in the city in history.B.A battle took place here in 1066 after which the Viking recycling center was built to reprocess weapons.C.The Vikings defeated the English army twice here in the year 1066.D.It was the location of the battle between King Harold II and Duke of Normandy.问题5选项A.It is an organization of professional and amateur historians.B.It strives for preserving the Viking recycling site against potential development.C.It assisted professional archaeologists in the excavation of the Viking recycling center.D.It is an amateur organization cooperating closely with professional archaeologists.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节推理题。题干：在这篇文章的开头，关于今天的回收者说了些什么？本文第一段最后一句提到“The famed Norse warriors, many of whom settled parts of eastern and northern England in the Middle Ages, recycled as they fought, new excavations in the United Kingdom suggest”，著名的北欧战士维京人就是边打仗边回收利用，说明今天的回收者可能是从维京人继承而来。因此C选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。题干：关于最近在约克市发现的11世纪金属加工遗址，下列哪一项是正确的？文章第二段第一句提到了11世纪金属加工遗址。文中对此的描述是“where Vikings took weapons for reprocessing after battle”，与B选项对应，因此B选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：在发现武器回收中心之前，考古学家对维京人的回收利用了解多少？文中的Charles Jones即aechaeologist考古学家，文中引用了“The iron finds support the idea that metal was gathered and recycled in the area just behind where the fighting took place”，对应D选项的内容，因此D选项符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干：富尔福德村有什么特别之处？第五段提到“Vikings forces worked on the metal in 1066 after defeating English warriors at the Battle of Fulford, a village long since subsumed by the expanded city of York”，可知1066年在这里发生了战役，维京人在这里开始回收武器。因此B选项符合题意。5.细节推理题。题干：我们对福尔福德战场了解多少？文章最后一段说到“The Fulford Battlefield Society is “working in close co-operation with the archaeological establishment”，提取关键词“合作”，还提到“Archaeology has a long tradition of amateurs taking part”，与A选项的“amateur historians”对应，因此A选项符合题意。3. 单选题Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually( ).问题1选项A.generate new seedsB.new seeds generatedC.generates new seedsD.new seeds are generated【答案】A【解析】考查语法知识。本句的that用来引导定语从句修饰先行词seeds，定语从句中有三个并列的动作：fall，take root，generate；三个动作形式保持一致，因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题（ ）only one moving soul in the center of all the orbits that is the sun which drives the planets the more vigorously the closer the planet is.问题1选项A.As existsB.Although existingC.There existsD.Where existing【答案】C【解析】考查语法知识。C选项的there exist 是there be句型的变形。需认清句中关系词that 的先行词是one moving soul。因此C选项符合题意。5. 单选题He never felt that being disabled（ ）him of all moral responsibility to himself and his community.问题1选项A.releasedB.relievedC.removedD.relied【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。release“释放；允许发表”；relieve“解除；减轻；使放心”；remove“移动；开除”；rely“依靠，信赖”。句意：他从不认为，变得残疾他所有对自己和社区的道德责任。 可知“减轻”更合适，因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, ( ), is money.问题1选项A.as is it across the countryB.as it is across the countryC.as it were across the countryD.as were it across the country【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。主句是现在时，排除C和D选项。as后不需要使用倒装结构，因此B选项符合题意。7. 填空题In Microsofts latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (1) _ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (2) _, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (3) _ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (4) _ more than $ 2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (5) _ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (6) _ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (7) _ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsofts mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (8) _ bloggers soon objectednot because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (9) _ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (10) _ gifts from companies they cover.Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER【答案】1. with2. will3. of4. for5. company6. who7. affected/influenced8. other9. same10. expensive【解析】1. 考查固定搭配。句意表示微软公司最近出售的便携电脑都装载新开发的Windows Vista操作系统，表示装载时，load与with搭配。2. 考查语义。根据句意，The gifts体现了好意，也引起了争论。因此填入will，good will表示“善意”。3. 考查固定搭配。本句说到有些博客职责微软公司行贿，并列部分省略了“accusing”，表示还职责同行缺乏职业道德。表示职责时使用“accuse of”。4. 考查固定搭配。句中sell后面跟的是金额，说明卖了多少钱，此时使用固定搭配“sell for”。5. 考查语义。句中缺少的是宾语从句的主语。综合上下文，送出90台电脑给博主们的就是微软公司。此处只需填company即可。6. 考查语法知识。前半句“the company had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers”，后半句的谓语动词“wrote about”说明正是这些被送电脑的博客们写了些东西。因此这里缺的是定语从句的引导词，而这个词要在从句中充当主语指代bloggers，应填入who。7. 考查语法知识。本句说的是“其他可能会受新操作系统的技术和对象”，根据语义可知应填入“影响”。并且此处为被动语态，应填入过去分词形式，affected或influenced都可以。8. 试题分析：句中提到，有些博主不接受赠予是因为博主和传统的记者一样受到条款的制约，而不是他们不再列表式。前文提到接受赠予的额博主是在邮件列表上的，因此这些博主就用“other”修饰。9. 考查语义。这些博主与传统的记者受到的条款约束，此处应表示同样的。并且“sameas”表示“同样”的意思。因此填入same。10. 考查语义。根据上文提到电脑的售价，可知此处表示“他们不能接受他们所报道的公司的昂贵礼物”。因此填入expensive。8. 单选题Many Fine Art graduates take ( ) professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.问题1选项A.downB.upC.outD.in【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。take down “记下”；take up“开始从事”；take out“取出”；take in“欺骗；吸收”。句意：许多美术专业毕业生把自己看作艺术家来进行职业训练，本课程鼓励他们考把自己当做社会艺术工作者，为他们提供在学院之外的短期实习机会。因此B选项符合题意。9. 单选题Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow_your happiness, scientists believe.问题1选项A.throughB.crossC.beneathD.over【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。cast a permanent shadow over“给投上阴影；使减弱”。句意：出生在夏天可以给你的生活一个阳光的性格。科学家们认为，冬季的生日可能会给你的幸福蒙上永久的阴影。因此选项D符合题意。10. 单选题The award ceremony will be the _ of the inaugural Singapore International Water Week that is held from 23 to 27 June 2008问题1选项A.twilightB.insightC.highlightD.highland【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。twilight“黄昏，薄暮”；insight“洞察力”；highlight“最精彩的部分”；highland“高地”。句意：届新加坡国际水资源周于2008年6月23日至27日举行，颁奖仪式将是开幕式上的亮点。因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题Thanks in no small part to A1 Gore and his film producers, the American public is waking up to the seriousness of global warming. What is not so widely appreciated is that unless the US government acts urgently and decisively, this problem could very quickly get very much worse.For reasons both economic and political coal is poised to be the fuel of choice in the coming decades as the US weans itself off foreign oil. Coal combustion generates half the USs electricity and releases about 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year. If present trends continue, these figures will more than double by 2050, much to the detriment of the worlds climate. Without an alternative fuel, the only solution is to capture and store carbon dioxide from burning coal.Overcoming the engineering obstacles in the way of large-scale sequestration of carbon dioxide will be hard enough, but the bigger challenge is one of political will. US companies as yet have no incentive to capture carbon emissions. While moves at state and congressional levels are pushing in the right direction, the ambiguity in the administrations policy is counterproductive.It is time for the US government to put a price on carbon emissions so utilities that invest in technologies to reduce carbon emissions will see their efforts rewarded. Such a move would not only reduce the risks associated with global warming, but also go a long way to restoring Americas green credentials.1.According to the author, what adds to the seriousness of global warming?2.Which of the following is true about the obstacles for effectively capturing carbon emissions?3.What does the author suggest as a solution to