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Unit 1 Engineering Drawing一、New Words:Coordinate system :The basic of all input AutoCAD is the Cartesian coordinate system, and the various method of input rely on this system.Coordinate value ： 坐标值Cartesian coordinate axes ：笛卡尔坐标轴Perpendicularly：垂直地Projection：投影Orthographic projection：正投影1.1 coordinate systemCAD = computer-aided designFixed: firmly in position ; stationaryLocate: vt. To determine the position ofPositive and negative : Illustrate : to explainDrafting : n. 制图1.2 Types of ViewsAuxiliary: 辅助视图Detail: n. 详图；局部Derived :取得；由来Scaling :enlarge scaleClarification :to make clear Planar: tow-D drawingCross-section: 横截面Datum plane: 基准面Fig. 1-3:Brush with spring：F带弹簧的电刷Handle:手柄Needle bearing：滚针轴承Retaining ring：挡圈Chuck spacer: 夹头衬片Key:销Symmetrical：对称的Configuration:：结构1.3 Multiview drawingengineering drawing is an abstract universal language used to represent a designers idea to otherHome work:Page 9: Exercise: 1. fill the blanks with a proper word according to the text.二、Technical ReadingThe following diagram shows what happens in a displacer type Stirling engine during one working cycle.A . The power piston is in its lowest and the displacer in its highest position. All the working gas is in the cold space.B . The displacer is still in its highest position. But the power piston has gone up and compressed the gas in the cold space.C . The power piston is now in its upper position and the displacer has pushed the gas through the cooler, the regenerator, and the heating pipes into the hot space.D . The hot gas is being expanded, and hest energy is being transformed into mechanical energy as the displacer and the power piston are pushed down into their lowest positions. The piston will stay there while the displacer rises and pushes the gas through the heating pipes, regenerator and cooler into the cold space_and we are back where we started.Words:Diagram： 图表Position：位置Stirling: 斯特林音译Displacer: 置换器Piston: 活塞Regenerator:蓄热器Cooler：冷却器Expand：膨胀As：随之hest energy：热能mechanical energy：机械能译文：置换器型斯特林发动机工作循环如下所示：A 置换器在最高位,动力活塞在最低位。所有的工作气体在冷空间；B 置换器不动,动力活塞上升并挤压冷空间的气体；C 动力活塞到达最高位,置换器下移,推动气体经过冷却器、蓄热器、和加热管进入热空间；D 热气膨胀,热能转变成机械能,随之动力活塞和置换器到达最低位。动力活塞不动,置换器上升推动气体经过加热管、蓄热器和冷却器进入冷空间回到起点。三、Grammar概 论一什么是翻译？机械工程英语翻译的困难主要存在于正确理解原文的含义和用确切的汉语文句准确表达原文的含义两个方面。译者除必须是有较好的英语基础,较高的汉语修养,较为丰富的机械工程专业知识外,还必须懂得翻译的理论技巧和方法。本课将介绍翻译机械工程英语著作的基本理论知识,技巧和方法,帮助同学们提高翻译水平和质量。二英汉两种语言的对比。1、一般特点翻译的习惯,语序,省略1When a=0,Eq shows that the pressure is Zero.由式14-1可知,a=0时压力为零。用when that 连接子句Eqeq=equatier 方程式、等式2It frequently happens, in the case of plane stress, that the two principal stresses 1 and 2 have the same sign.平面应力的两个主压力1和2的符号往往相同。用介词in, of和连词and连接词组,用that 引主语从句2、词汇现象。Phrase英汉两种语言在词的意义搭配和词序等词汇现象上也存在着差别。1词的意义英语词汇和汉语词汇在词义的对应有三种不同的情况。First, 英汉词义对等：如：gear teeth 齿轮轮齿 stress- strain diagram 压力应变图bolted connection 螺栓联接maximum bending moment 最大弯矩second 英汉词义部分对应,即两者在词义所概括的围上不同,如 gear 既可专指齿轮,又可泛指任何类型的传动装置。而 pinion 则专指小齿轮。在不同场合下,同一汉语采用不同英语词汇。特性一词举例。 In fact, many motors do have a nearly constant torque-speed characteristic during starting. Characteristic: 特性,特征Behavior : 机器的运转状态,性能Constant : 固定的,不变的,常量。事实上,许多电动机在启动时的扭矩转运特性几乎不变。2Tolerances cover dimensional variation and sunface-roughness range and also the variation in mechanical properties resulting from heat treatment and other processing operations.公差这个概念包括尺寸偏差围和表面粗糙度围,也包括由热处理和其它处理操作所引起的机械特性的变化。 These cams perform such important function in many cases that the behavior of the entire machine is dependent upon the design of the cam motion.这些凸轮起着相当重要的作用,在许多情况下,整台机器的特性都取决于凸轮运动的设计。The thind 一个英语词所表达的意义与几个具有不同的词义的汉语词分别对应：Shaft 轴、箭、长柄、树干；Power 电源、功率、动力、乘方、国家；Cutter 刀具、锐刀、刀盘、切断机；Shaping 刨削、成形；Joint 接头、轴节、联接；此外,英词还有些尚无确定的译法,主要指新词,如aerospace一词。Aerospace 航空宇宙-航空公司-宇宙空间-航天Hydraulic motor ： 液压电机-液压马达2 词的搭配 由于思维方式和语言形成过程的不同,英汉在同一搭配上存在着较大的差别,这种差别主要表现在a.和 n / v和n的搭配上 如 build 原义建造建设构造造型而当build 与不同的n.搭配时,应有不同的译法。Build a house 盖房 Build a car 制造汽车Build a ship 造船 Build a railway 修筑铁路Build a bridge 架桥 Build a dam 筑坝Build a fire 生火Heavy 沉重的 ,重型的 ,重的,大量的。 Heavy load 重载 heavy storm 大风暴Heavy machine 重型机械 heavy crops 丰收Heavy current 强电流 heavy task 繁重的任务Heavy wire 粗浅 heavy traffic 拥挤的交通Heavy fire 强烈的炮火Unit 2 Mechanical Components一、New words :2.1 Shaftssolid shaft: 实心轴flexible shaft: 柔性轴cylindrical:圆柱形的bar:棒deliver:传递arrangement:安装、装配radii： pl . radius半径plain transmission:普通的传送装置stepped shaft:阶梯轴machine tool spindle:机床主轴crankshaft:机轴circlips:开口簧环woodruff key：半圆键2.2 shaft accessoriessquare：正方形sunken:下陷的rectangular:矩形的ratio:比例2.3 Clutches coaxial: 同轴的 positive drive:强制传动2.4 Screws fastener: 紧固件 cap screw:有头螺钉2.5 Springs load-sensitive:负载敏感元件Home work:Page 22: Exercise:1. fill the blanks with a proper word according to the text.二、Technical Reading FUTURE WATCHIN THE 1930s, the famous cartoon detective Dick Tracy used his then-fantasticwrist whatchamacallit to make telephone calls.Now European electronics giants Philips and British Telecom are developing wrist devices Dick Tracy would envy : They would combine such features as video phone, TV and radio reception, clock, electronic notebook, and a personal computer with wireless access to the internets World Wide Web.The basic technologies to make wrist communicators exist today, says Philips, though the Dutch company says it likely wont create an operational model until at least the year 2003. The components, including batteries , must be miniaturized .While an early nonworking prototype demonstrates buttons for operation, Philips says that voice-recognition technology and an interactive screen might replace tough control. Philips also envisions the wireless connection to the World Wide Web for graphics and video images.Researchers at BTLaboratories in Martlesham Heath, England ,have taken their version of the idea a step further. The lab has been displaying a working prototype in Britain to potential equipment manufactures. The somewhat bulky communications console includes cellular telephone , video phone ,fax, computer, clock, and batteries, and encircles most of a person s forearm.Words：Cartoon：卡通Whatchamacallit = what do you call it 某它,叫不出名子的东西Detective： 侦探 Fantastic： 奇异的 British Telecom：英国电信公司Combine：组合Feature：特性Access to： 进网World Wide Web：全球信息网 Minaturize： 微型化 Dutch：荷兰 Prototype：原型机 Laboratory：实验室Graphic： 扫描 Bulky： 容量 Cellular： 蜂窝状Fax：Encircle：缠绕译文：在本世紀30年代,著名的卡通人物侦探迪克.雷西用来打的是他当时带的一块非常奇异的叫不出名字的手表。如今,欧洲电子业巨头菲利普先生和英國電信公司正在研製連迪克.特雷西也会嫉妒的手表：他们将把可视、电视、收音机、时钟、电子记事簿以及能与全球互联网络的个人电脑组合在一起。菲利普公司称,制造腕式通信器的基本技术如今已具备,但这家荷兰公司表示他们说不定得到20XX才能制造出可操作的样机,其包括电池在的零部件必须微型化,虽然早一代非实用原型机是用按钮操作来演示的,但菲利普公司认为声音识别技术和可互视的屏幕有可能 取代触摸控制。该公司还设想在扫描与可视图象方面同全球互联网络 。设在英格兰马特利香西思的英国通信公司的实验室的研究人员,已把这设想先行了一步,该实验室已向英国未来的设备制造商展示了一个可工作样机,这个容量颇大的通信控制器包括了蜂窝、可视、电脑、时钟和电池等,戴时满绕使用者的大部分前臂。三、Grammar3词序 词语的各个成分在句中的位置叫词序。 1共同点：就自然词序而言,主语、表语、宾语。许多英语可直译成汉语 如：1The rim must have sufficient rigidity. 轮缘必须有足够的刚度。 主2The tension rod shown in Fig .2-12 is typical . 图2-12 所示的拉杆是典型的。 表3These two constants represent fundamental properties of material. 这两个常数表示材料的基本性能。宾2不同点：在定语和状语的词序上差别很大。在英语句子中,若定语是一个单词,则置前。若是一个短语,则置后。在汉语中,定语一律置前。地点和时间状语正好相反。汉语：由大小,年月日汉 02.3.1.中国.英语：由小大,10/3/05英ShangHai of China.年-用基数词,日-用序数词 1999/7/23 July 23,1999 读：July twenty-third, nineteen ninety-nine.1905nineteen hundred and five 1800eighteen hundred 2005twenty hundred and fiveUnit 3 Control Devices and PLC一、New words3.1 Types of Control Devicespneumatic control:气动控制programmable logic control:可编程逻辑控制governor:调速器cost effectively:有效的,经济的Automated machine：自动机床Be subject to:易于It uses compressed air, valves, and switches to construct simple control logic.利用压缩空气、阀和开关构成简单的控制逻辑。Build:造Relays, timers, counter :继电器、定时器、计数器Moving:移动的Versatile:通用的；多功能的Strategy:策略Computation:计算量 nInterface:联系装置；接口Internally:部的Voltage:电压；伏特数 volts:伏特 milliamper=milliampere：毫安培Filter out：滤除Custom-built：定做的3.2 Relay device componentspanel:控制板circuit:电路styles:款式category:种类pole: 极；杆；极点；电极proximity：接近,邻近level switches：电位开关thumbwheel switches：拨轮开关 thumb wheel switch: 拇指旋转开关slide switches：挡位开关Home work:Page 32:Exercises:1. Answer the following questions briefly.(1) 2. Translate the following sentences into Chines. 二、Technical ReadingTHE NEW FORD CARFORDS LATEST concept car gives shape to the ideas being explored by the New Generation Vehicle Program-the effort by a U.S. consortium to develop the so-called super car. The goal is to create an 80-mpg, full-size affordable family sedan and make it available in the coming decade.The car is called Synergy 2010. Its aluminum body saves some 400 pounds over a comparable-size steel body, bringing curb weight down to about 2,200 pounds. The cars low profile and aerodynamic fences reflect the need to cut drag to about one-third that of todays sedans.Power comes from a direct-injection diesel turbo alternator, which uses a flywheel to store energy for acceleration. Electric current produced by the system powers a separate electric motor in each wheel hub, while regenerative braking recharges the flywheel during Deceleration. The flywheel-based hybrid drive concept has been under investigation for decades, even at Ford, but problems remain with building a production flywheel system. Likewise the wheel-in-hub motors, which are easy to package but present safety problems in the event of a single-motor failure. The design comes with a layered glass roof. To avoid turning the car into a hot-house, solar-powered cooling fans pull in cooler outside air and exhaust interior air. Another unusual feature is a turn-over steering column that converts to right-hand drive without modification. Many interior controls respond to a new voice-activation system that operates without initial training. The development of a prototype thats ready for the road is still several years away, Ford says.New words:Latest：最新的 shape：体现 the event of：万一 come up with ：提出Consortium ：联营企业 Affordable：负担得起的 Sedan 轿车 mpg = miles per gallonSynergy：协和 comparable-size： 类似大小的curb ：控制；约束 profile：外观；外形 aerodynamic： 气动的 fender ：护板 drag： 阻力 direct-injection ：直接喷射的diesel ：柴油引擎 turbo alternator： 气轮交流发电机regenerativebraking ：恢复式刹车 recharge： 再充电hybrid：复合式 exhaust：排出 turn-over：翻转式 steering column ：操纵杆voice-activation：话音激活 respond to 对.有反应 flywheel-based：以飞轮为基础的away ：尚由.时间译文：福特汽车公司最新设计的汽车,给新一代汽车研究计划正在探索的各种设想赋予了具体的形象。该计划是一家美国联营企业为研制所谓超级轿车而制定的,其目标在于创制一种每加仑油可行驶80英里、大小可供家庭使用的轿车,拟在未来10年里投入使用。这种汽车名叫协和2010。其铝制车身较类似的钢制车身重量减轻了400磅左右,从而使控制重量减至大约2200磅。这种车较低的外形和气动栅栏纵向防护装置可将阻力减少到现有轿车的大约1/3。动力来自一台直接喷射柴油涡轮交流发电机,它用飞轮来储备供加速用的能量。用这个系统所产生的电流带动每个轮毂上分别安装的电力发动机,在减速时恢复式刹车给飞轮再次充电。甚至在福特公司,这种以飞轮为基础的复合式驱动思想也已经研究了几十年,但是建造一个生产飞轮的系统仍然存在着问题。而且,轮毂的发动机易于组装,但万一单个发动机发生鼓掌就会出现安全问题。这种设想提出一种分层的玻璃顶棚,为了避免把汽车变成一间温室,太阳能风扇吸入车外的清凉空气,排出车的空气。另一个与众不同的特点是一个翻转式的操纵杆,无须改动即可转为右座驾驶。车许多控制装置由一种新型的话音激活系统控制,无须初步训练即可操作。福特公司说,研制这种可供上路的样车还需几年时间。三、Grammar机械工程英语的特点1述句型多 句子的谓语动词多数采用一般现在时态1The maximum stresses occur atthe inner surface 最大应力发生在表面2The same equation and assumptions hold for simple compression. 该假定和方程也同样适用于简单压缩的情况 3The total mass of the beam is pl, where p is the mass per unitlength.梁的全部质量是pl, 其中p 是单位长度的質量。2被动语态多1 This problem can also be solved using the vector method. 这个问题也可利用矢量法求解2 Herea tension load F is applied through pins at the ends of the bar. 此时,拉伸载荷F是通过杆件两端的销子施加的3.省略表达多1 use of the equation =f/a for a body,say a bolt ,in shear assumes a uniform stress distribution too.公式=f/a 应用于承受剪切应力的物体如螺栓时,同样假定应力是均布的=f/a读： equal to F divided A2 In the above equation positive stresses indicate tension and negative stresses compression 上述各个公式中,正应力表示拉应力,负应力表示压应力省略了 indicate 和状语 in the above equation 4.复杂长句多Unit 4 NC and CNC一、 New words:4.1 The history of NC and CNC developmentNC = Numerical control数字控制CNC = Computer Numerical control计算机数字控制Execute：执行Automatically：自动的In sequence：按顺序As specified:指定的Contain: 包含Propose:提出 propose to 向求婚Michigan:密西根州Recommend:提出；推荐Thru-axis curve:过轴曲线 thru = through 美式口语Award：授予；给予Contract：契约；合同Speed up:加速Production:产量,生产,产品,生产量Commission:委托Massachusetts institute of technology 麻省理工学院Massachusetts：美国马萨诸塞州Implementation:实施Perforate:打孔Mature:成熟的Powerful:强大的Microprocessors微处理机Supervision:管理；监督Punch:达孔Execution:执行4.2 The application of NC/CNCIntroduction： 引进Punches: pl.冲压机；冲床Electrical discharge machine = EDM:电火花加工机床 discharge；放电Flame cutter:火焰切割机床；线切割机床Grinder:磨床inspection :检验turret:转动架accept:接受magazine:期刊；盒；仓库swiveled;转动changer:转换器 OD = outside diameter; outside dimensionTailstock:尾座Interchange:互换Traveling column:可动柱Pallet：托板Index table:索引表Home work:Page 44:Exercises:1. Fill in the blank according to the text. 2. Answer the following questions briefly.(1) 3. Say whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. 4.Translate the following sentences into Chines. 5.Translate the following phrases into English. 二、 Technical ReadingMachines That Mimic ManMan has always used augmenters to increase the powers which nature endowed him. A simple stick, made into a lever to extend his reach and enable him to move heavy objects, may have been his first machine. Slingshots helped him kill food animals that were at greater distances. The wheel eased his movement and his burdens over the ground. But those were simple augmenters for simple tasks. Man has made his world much more complex. With the rapid development of science and technology, mans augmenters have become much more sophisticated. They are designed not only to do the work of man, but also to do it in much the same way a man would.Some simply amplify the muscular power of their human operators. The walking truck being constructed, for example, is a large device that might better be called a walking horse. A man sits inside, moving his arms and legs to make the horse move its own four legs and carry far greater loads than the operator could. Another man, wearing a movable mechanical and electrical framework, lifts 1,500 pounds six feet in six seconds.Other machines link a man to a computer and the computer to a work device. Thanks to the computer, the man does not need to guide the device through each step. The computer remembers how to direct the arms of the machine by itself through many work steps.Still other mimicking machines go where man cannot-into the ocean depths and into nuclear reactors where radiation would cause a human operator to become sick or to die.Augmenters that extend mans mental and physical skills over long distances-but still require mans remote control- are called tele-operators. Someday doctors may use such systems to operate on patients thousands of miles away.With machines and robots becoming more and more sophisticated, will they someday take over the world from man? Most scientists dont think so. Instead, they say, robots will take over more of mans heavy work, giving man more time for creative work.New words:Augmentor 作人类替身从事危险工作的替身机器人或机械手：辅助器械Endow 赋予 Stick 棍子Lever 杠杆 Reach 可即之围Task 工作 Mimic 模拟Sophisticate 复杂的 Amplify 扩大Slingshot 弹弓 Remote 远程的Take over 接管 Construct 制造；建造；构成 Framework 机构；构造 Mile 英里Tele- 远距离 Tele-operator 远程操作译文：模拟人的机器人类一直利用辅助器械来增强大自然所赋予的力量,用一根普通的棍子来扩大手臂可及之围,或者移动重物,这可能是最早的机器了。弹弓可以帮助人们猎食远处的动物。轮子使人便于在地上行走并减轻负担。但这些都是用于做简单工作的简易装置。人们让世界变得越来越复杂了。随着科技的迅猛发展,人类的辅助器械也越来越复杂,设计这些装置不仅是为了让他们做人的工作,而且要让他们和人一样的工作。 有些器械只是加强操作者肌肉的力量。例如：正在建造的步行车就是一个大型的装置,更恰当些说可称之为步行马,人坐其中,运动它的臂和腿,使马移动它的四条腿,搬运的载荷远远超过人力所及。再有,一个人穿上一种可动的机电装置,在6秒钟可将1500磅的重物提高6英尺。还有一种机器可将人、计算机和工作设备联系起来。幸亏有了计算机,人类不必亲临指导设备做每一个步骤,计算机记得如何指挥机械手做很多工作。还有一些模拟机可以到达人所不能到的地方,深入深海、进入放射线强度可使人患病甚至致死的核反应堆。被称为远程操作的装置可增强人的智能和体能,仍需要人远程控制。有朝一日,医生可以利用这种系统为数千里外的病人作手术。随着机器和机器人变的越来越复杂化,他们是否有一天会取代人类来掌管这个世界？大部分科学家认为不会。相反的,他们认为,机器人会接管更多的繁重任务,给人类更多的时间进行创造性工作。三、 Grammar翻译的标准和过程1准确 科技用语必须符合我国科技界的习惯、规和约定。译文叙述的容要准确、明白、无歧义。1On the other hand , a material which obeys Hookes Law is elastic.反之,凡是符合胡克定律的材料就是弹性材料。增词译法注释： 不定冠词a在举例中含有任何一种的意义,因此,在译句中增译凡是一词。 增译材料是为了符合汉语的习惯增译就是为了加强肯定语气2The portion of the tooth between the clearance circle and the dedendum circle is the fillet.齿廓在间隙圆和齿根圆之间的那一部分是圆角 将tooth 译为 齿廓是符合技术概念引申译法2通顺 指符合汉语的修辞规则和习惯要注意的问题：1译句中各个语法成分的排列顺序和相互关系要符合汉语的习惯2句子之间要有呼应和关联3恰当体现原句之时态,语态,情态,和语气 The constants are found by solvingthesetwo equations simultaneously将两个方程联合求解,则可求出上述两个常数 find求出引申译法 constants两个常数增词译法依据方程组求解知识,增译则可是为了前后呼应的需要,同时全句采用了变序译法 The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently made in design 在设计中,常常采用应力均布的假定In a closed cylinder a longitudinal stress will exist because of the pressure upon the ends of the vessel.由于压力作用于容器的两端,故在封闭圆筒上,将产生纵向应力。3简练1What a straight bar is subjected to a tensile load, the bar becomes longer. 直杆受拉,则伸长翻译过程分为三个阶段 ： 理解表达校核。Unit 5 Safety and Maintenance For CNC MachineNew words:5.1 safety notes for CNC machine operationsconcern:关注metal-cutting:金属切削automated:自动化的consequently:因此；必然的hazard:危险locate:找出；探出personnel:员工prevent:预防injury:伤害damage:损害clamping:夹具carousel:旋转木马；转盘conjunction: 连接collision: 冲突；抵触；碰撞hazardous: a, 有危险的,冒险的 unqualified：不合格的,不满足要求的proven：被证明的 6.2 Daily maintenancemachine tool builder:机床厂glove:手套glove compartment:工具袋syntax:句法hook:爪子insert:插入6.3 Fault diagnosis and actionchip:铁屑dull blade:钝的movable table:活动工作台block:滑块；程序段clog:障碍ambient:环境的；外界的 home work:pages 65exercise:1、 Give short answers according to the text.2、 Translate the following sentence from English into Chinese.二、Technical ReadingWAYS TO WATCH YOUR REAR END _ A system has been developed to help drivers see what is happening at the back of their vehicles.Articulated truck drivers have long had problems with blind spots when driving their vehicles. These have gradually been overcome with the introduction of wide angle and roof mir
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