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word2016年12月第一套题Many men and women have long bought into the idea that there are “male and “female brains, believing that explains just about every difference between the sexes. A new study 26 that belief, questioning whether brains really can be distinguished by gender.In the study, Tel Aviv University researchers 27 for sex differences throughout the entire human brain.And what did they find? Not much. Rather than offer evidence for 28 brains as “male or“female, research shows that brains fall into a wide range , with most people falling right in the middle.Daphna Joel ,who led the study, said her research found that while there are some genderbased 29 ,many different types of brain cant always be distinguished by gender.While the “average male and“ average female brains were 30different, you couldnt tell it by looking at individual brain scans. Only a small 31of people had “all-male or “all-female characteristics.Larry Cahill, an American neuroscientist(神经科学家)，said the study is an important addition to a growing body of research questioning 32 beliefs about gender and brain function. But he cautioned against concluding from this study that all brains are the same, 33 of gender.“Theres a mountain of evidence 34 the importance of sex influences at all levels of brain function ,he told The Seattle Times.If anything, he said, the study 35that gender plays a very important role in the brain“even when we are not clear exactly how.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。AabnormalBappliedCbrieflyDcategorizingEchallengesFfigureGpercentageHprovingIregardlessJsearchedKsimilaritiesLslightlyM)suggestsN)tastesO)traditional2016年12月第二套题The ocean is heating up. Thats the conclusion of a new study that finds that Earths oceans now26heat at twice the rate they did 18 years ago. Around half of ocean heat intake since 1865 has taken place since 1997, researchers report online in Nature Climate Change. Warming waters are known to27to coral bleaching珊瑚白化 and they take up more space than cooler waters, raising sea28. While the top of the ocean is studied, its depths are more difficult to29The researchers gathered 150 years of ocean temperature data in order to get a better 30of heat absorption from surface to seabed. They gathered together temperature readings collected by everything from a 19th century 31of British naval ships to modern automated ocean probes. The extensive data sources,32with puter simulations计算机模拟, created a timeline of ocean temperature changes, including cooling from volcanic outbreaks and warming from fossil fuel33.About 35 percent of the heat taken in by the oceans during the industrial era now residents at a 34of more than 700 meters, the researchers found. They say theyre35whether the deep-sea warming canceled out warming at the seas surface.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。AabsorbBbinedCcontributeDdepthEemissionsFexcursionGexploreHfloorIheightsJindifferentKlevelsLmixedM) pictureN)unsureO)voyage2016年12月第三套题When someone mits a criminal act, we always hope the punishment will match the offense. But when it es to one of the cruelest crimes animal fighting things _26_ (rarely) work out that way. Dog fighting victims are _27_ (tortured) and killed for profit and “sport, yet their criminal abusers often receive a _28_ (minimal) sentence for causing a lifetime of pain. Roughly half of all federally-convicted animal fighters only get probation(缓刑).Some progress has been made in the prosecution(起诉) of animal fighters. But federal judges often rely heavily on the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines when they _29_ (determine) penalties, and in the case of animal fighting, those guidelines are outdated and extremely_30_ ( inadequate).The U.S. Sentencing mission, which _31_ (creates) these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. This is a step in the right _32_ (direction), but wed like to see the U.S. Sentencing mission make further guidelines.Simultaneous to this effort, were working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to _33_ (strengthen) anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal _34_ (shelters) that care for animalfighting victims. This help is _35_ (critically) important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major deterrent to intervening in cruelty cases in the first place.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。AconvenientBcreatesCcriticallyDdetermineEdirectionFhesitateGinadequateHinspiredImethodJmineralKrarelyLsheltersM)strengthenN)sufferingsO)tortured2016年6月第一套题Part Reading prehension (40 minutes)Section AThe U.S. Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education. Today it is _26_the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiative will help states and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.“All children are 27 to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family ine. It is 28 important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full 29 , U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite the excellent work and deep 30 of our nations teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high-minority schools are unfairly treated across our country. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will 31 their own creative solutions, but we must work together to 32 our focus on how to better recruit, support and 33 effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.Todays announcement is another important step forward in improving access to quality education, a 34 of President Obamas year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the 35 of working in high-need schools and how to adapt promising practices for supporting greateducatorsintheseschools.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。AannouncingBbeneficialCchallengesDmitmentEponentFcontestsGcriticallyHdevelopIdistributingJenhanceKentitledLpotentialM)properlyN)qualifiedO)retain2016年6月第二套Physical activity does the body good and theres growing evidence that it helps the brain too. Researchers in the Netherlands report that children who get more exercise, whether at school or on their own,_26_to have higher GPAs and better scores on standardized tests. In a_27_of 14 studies that looked at physical activity and academic _28_, investigators found that the more children moved, the better their grades were in schools,_29_in the basic subjects of math, English and reading.The data will certainly fuel the ongoing debate over whether physical education classes should be cut as schools struggle to _30_on smaller budgets. The arguments against physical education have included concerns that gym time may be taking away from study time. With standardized test scores in the U.S _31_inrecent years, some administrators believe students need to spend more time in the classroom instead of on the playground. But as these findings show, exercise and academics may not be _32_ exclusive. Physical activity can improve blood _33_to the brain, fueling memory, attention and creativity, which are _34_to learning. And exercise releases hormones that can improve _35_and relieve stress, which can also help learning. So while it may seem as if kids are just exercising their bodies when theyre running around, they may actually be exercising their brains as well.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A )attendance B)consequently C) current D)depressingE)droppingF)essential G)feasible H)flowI)moodJ)mutuallyK)particularlyL)performance M)reviewN)survive O)tend2016年6月英语四级第三套题Section ASignsbarring cell-phone use are a familiar sight to anyone who has ever sat in a hospital waiting room. But the growing_(27)popularity of electronic medical records has forced hospital-based doctors to bee dependent_(28)on puters throughout the day, and desktops，which keep doctors from besides，are fast_(29)giving way to wireless devices.As clerical loads increased, something had to give_(30), and that was always face time with patients, says Dr.Bhakti Patel, a former chief resident in the University of Chicagos internal-medicine program. In fall 2010, she helped launch_(31)a pilot project in Chicago to see if the iPad could improve working conditions and patient care. The experiment was so successful_(32)that all internal-medicine program adopted the same policy_(33)in 2011. Medical schools at Yale and Stanford now have paperless, iPad-based curriculums. Youll want an iPad just so you can wear this is the slogan for one of the new lab coats designed_(34)with large pockets to acmodate tablet puters.A study of the University of Chicago iPad project found that patients got tests and tratement_(35)faster if they were cared for by iPad-equipped residents. Manypatients also gained_(36)a better understanding of the illnesses that landed them in the hospital in the first place.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。2015年12月第一套Scholars of the information society are divided over whether social inequality decreases or increases in an information-based society. However, they generally agree with the idea that inequality in the information society is_(36)different from that of an industrial society. As informatization progress in society, the cause and structural nature of social inequality changes as well.It seems that the information society_(37)the quantity of information available to the members of a society by revolutionizing the ways of using and exchanging information. But such a view as a_(38)analysis based on the quantity of information supplied by various forms of the mass media. A different_(39)is possible when the actual amount of information_(40)by the user is taken into account. In fact, the more information_(41)throughout the entire society, the wider the gap bees between information haves and information have-nots, leading to digital divide.According to recent studies, digital divide has been caused by three major_(42): class, sex, and generation. In terms of class, digital divide exists among different types of workers and between the upper and middle classes and the lower class. With_(43)to sex, digital divide exists between men and women. The greatest gap, however, is between the Net-generation, _(44)with personal puters and the Internet, and the older generation,_(45)to an industrial society.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A ) accustomedB) acquiredC) assemblyD) attributeE) championsF) elementsG) expandsH) familiarI) flowsJ) fundamentallyK) interpretationL) passiveM) regardN) respectivelyO) superficial2015年12月第二套For many Americans, 2013 ended with an unusually bitter cold spell. Novemberand December36 early snow and bone-chilling temperatures in much of the country, part of a year when, for the first time in two37 , record-cold days will likely turn out to have outnumbered record-warm ones. But theU.S.was the exception; November was the warmest ever 38, andcurrentdata indicates that 2013 is likely to have been the fourth-hottest yearon record. Enjoy the snow now, because39are good that 2014 will be even hotterperhaps the hottest year since records have been kept. Thats because, scientists are predicting, 2014 will be an El Niuo year. El niuo, Spanish for “the child, 40when surface ocean waters in the southern Pacific bee abnormally warm. So large is the Pacific, covering 30% of the planets surface, that the41energy generated by its warming is enough to touch off a series of weather changes around the world. El Nino are 42with abnormally dry conditions in the Southeast Asia andAustralia. They can lead to extreme rain in parts of North and South America, even as southernAfrica43dry weather. Marine life may be affected too; El Nino can44the rising of the cold, nutrient-rich water that supports large fish 45, and the unusually warm ocean temperatures can destroy coral.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A) additionalB)associatedC) boreD) chancesE) municatedF)decadesG) experiencesH) globallyI) logicallyJ) occursK) populationsL) relizeM) reduceN) sawO) specific2015年12月第三套Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the first year of life, if something is out of sight, its out of mind. if you cover a babys_36_toy with a piece of cloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared and stops looking for it. A 4-year-old man_37_, that a sister has more fruit juice when it is only the shapes of the glasses that differ, not the _38_ of the juice.Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little scientists, children are always testing their child-sized _39_ about how things work. When your child throws her spoon on the floor for the sixth time as you try to feed her, and you say, “Thats enough! I will not pick up your spoon again! the child will_40_ test your claim. Are you serious? Are you angry? What will happen if she throws the spoon again? She is not doing this to drive you_41_;rather, she is learning that her desires and yours can differ, and that sometimes those_42_ are important and sometimes they are not.How and why does childrens thinking change? In the 1920s, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that childrens cognitive abilities unfold_43_,like the blooming of a flower,almost independent of what else is_44_ in their lives. Although many of his specific conclusions have been_45_ or modified over the years, his ideas inspired thousands of studies by investigators all over the world.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A) advocateB) amountC) confirmedD) crazy E) definiteF) differencesG) favorite H) happening I) immediatelyJ) naturallyK) obtaining L) primarilyM) protest N) rejected O) theories2015年6月第一套PartReadingprehension(40minutes)Section AThe U.S. Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education. Today it is _36_the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiative will help states and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.“All children are 37 to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family ine. It is 38 important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full 39 , U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite the excellent work and deep 40 of our nations teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high-minority schools are unfairly treated across our country. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will 41 their own creative solutions, but we must work together to 42 our focus on how to better recruit, support and 43 effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.Todays announcement is another important step forward in improving access to quality education, a 44 of President Obamas year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the 45 of working in high-need schools and how to adapt promising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)announcingB)beneficialC)challengesD)mitmentE)ponentF)contestsG) criticallyH)developI)distributingJ)enhanceK)entitledL)potentialM)properlyN)qualifiedO)retain2015年6月第二套Its our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most mon everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting 36 can lead to obesity (肥胖症) and other diseases, researchers have now quantified just how 37 being a couch potato can be.In an analysis of data from eight large 38 published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that for every two hours per day spent channel39 , the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes(糖尿病) rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a 40 , and the odds of dying prematurely 41 13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these 42 are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But pared with othersedentary(久坐的) activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially 43 at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to 44 them.Even so, the authors admit that they didnt pare different sedentary activities to 45whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death pared with, say, reading.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)climbedB)consumeC)decadeD)determineE)effectiveF)harmfulG)outesH)passivelyI)previouslyJ)resumeK)sufferedL)surfingM)termN)terminalsO)twisting2015年6月第三套题Asateacher,youcouldbringthemunityintoyourclassroominmanyways.Theparentsandgrandparentsofyourstudentsareresourcesand(36)_fortheirchildren.Theycanbe(37)_teachersoftheirowntraditionsandhistories.Immigrantparentscouldtalkabouttheircountryof(38)_andwhytheyemigratedtotheUnitedStates.Parentscanbeinvitedtotalkabouttheirjobsoramunityproject.Parents,ofcourse,arenottheonlymunityresources.Employeesatlocalbusinessandstaffatmunityagencieshave(39)_informationtoshareinclassrooms.Fieldtripsprovideanotheropportunitytoknowthemunity.Manystudentsdonthavetheopportunityto(40)_concertsorvisitmuseumsorhistoricalsitesexceptthroughfieldtrips.Aschooldistrictshouldhave(41)_forselectingandconductingfieldtrips.Familiesmustbemade(42)_offieldtripsandgivepermissionfortheirchildrentoparticipate.Throughschoolprojects,studentscanlearntobe(43)_inmunityprojectsrangingfromplantingtreestocleaningupaparktoassistingelderlypeople.Students,(44)_olderones,mightconductresearchonamunityneedthatcouldleadtoactionbyacitycouncilorstategovernment.Someschoolsrequirestudentstoprovidemunityserviceby(45)_inanursinghome,childcarecenterorgovernmentagency.Theseprojectshelpstudentsunderstandtheirresponsibilitytothelargermunity.A)assetsB)attendC)awareD)especiallyE)excellentF)expensiveG)guidelinesH)involvedI)joiningJ)naturallyK)observeL)originM)recruitedN)up-to-dateO)volunteering2014年12月第一套题One principle of taxation, called the benefit principle, states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services. This principle tries to make public goods similar to _36_ goods. It seems reasonable that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in _37_ for movie tickets than a person who rarely goes. And _38_ a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a person who gets little benefit.The gasoline tax, for instance, is sometimes _39_ using t
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