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专题十三 主旨大意高考英语高考英语 (江苏省专用)A A组组 自主命题自主命题江苏卷题组江苏卷题组Passage 1(2016江苏,D)词数:720Not so long ago, most people didnt know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Ja-maican teenager without much of a future. However, one person wanted to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Jamaicas Olympic tri-als in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she 五年高考must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again with-out signs. But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin, becoming world champion with a time of 10.73the fourth fastest time ever.Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaicas toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Anns friends and family were caught up in the killings;one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didnt have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldnt afford shoes. Her moth-er Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had been an athlete herself as a young girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby.Maximes early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouses roundabout of poverty. One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything.It didnt take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports.But Shelly-Anns victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the worlds toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a womans as well as a mans world. As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from some-thing they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.”One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.1. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?A.He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.B.He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.C.She had big problems maintaining her performance.D.She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.2.What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?A.She would become a promising star.B.She badly needed to set higher goals.C.Her sprinting career would not last long.D.Her talent for sprinting was known to all.3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?A.Her success and lessons in her career.B.Her interest in Shelly-Anns quick profit.C.Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.D.Her early entrance into the sprinting world.4.What can we infer from Shelly-Anns statement underlined in Paragraph 5?A.She was highly rewarded for her efforts.B.She was eager to do more for her country.C.She became an athletic star in her country.D.She was the envy of the whole community.5.By mentioning Muhammad Alis words, the author intends to tell us that .A.players should be highly inspired by coachesB.great athletes need to concentrate on patienceC.hard work is necessary in ones achievementsD.motivation allows great athletes to be on the top6.What is the best title for the passage?A.The Making of a Great AthleteB.The Dream for ChampionshipC.The Key to High PerformanceD.The Power of Full Responsibility答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。题材为人物故事类。本文讲述了在北京奥运会上获得女子100米短跑金牌的牙买加运动员Shelly-Ann的奋斗故事,也给那些想取得成功的人一个启示:要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。1.B推理判断题。根据第一段中的描述可知,从她身上教练看到了一个伟大成功的开始,看到了她身上有东西可以被开发出来,尽管这些东西被其他教练忽视了。由此推断出这位教练决定训练Shelly-Ann是因为他看到了Ann身上的那股巨大潜力。故选B项。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的描述可知,她就是那种偶尔出名一次的人(one-hit),会在毫无征兆的情况下又销声匿迹了(disappear again without signs),故选C项。3.C细节理解题。根据第三段中的描述可知,她下决心不会让她的孩子在Waterhouse一直过这种贫穷的生活,故选C项。4.B 推理判断题。根据本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奥运会获得金牌后她那个充满凶杀和暴力的家乡也一下子安静了好几天。她说:我有很多能量为我的祖国去燃烧,由此推断出她说这句话的目的就是想为自己的国家做更多的贡献,故选B项。5.D推理判断题。根据拳王阿里说的话可知,冠军不是产生于体育馆,是产生于自己内心的某种东西。要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。由此推断出阿里认为做一件事的动机会让运动员达到巅峰。故选D项。6.A主旨大意题。本文主要讲的是一位教练如何发现了Shelly-Ann并把她培养成世界冠军的历程。即一个伟大运动员的形成。故选A项。高级语块高级语块1.a one-hit wonder昙花一现2.spring up跳起;跃起;迅速成长3.anything but根本不4.be caught up in被卷入,牵涉,涉及5.bear fruit结果实,有成果长难句长难句She grew up in one of Jamaicas toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers.她在牙买加治安最差的贫民区之一的Waterhouse长大,在这里她居住在一个有一个房间的公寓中,和母亲还有两个弟弟四个人睡在一张床上。本句为主从复合句。第一个逗号之前是主句部分;关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Waterhouse;sleeping.是非谓语动词短语作状语。Passage 2(2015江苏,B)词数:391In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically un-controlled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包装)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “ the produc-tion,distribution,and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the startfor instance,buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packag-ing they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television?From the governments point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsi-bility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the gov-ernment and tax-payers back to the producers.1.By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell us that .A.the weight of e-goods is rather smallB.e-waste deserves to be made good use ofC.natural minerals contain more precious metalsD.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste2. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended .A.from producers to governmentsB.from governments to producersC.from individuals to distributorsD.from distributors to governments3.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The increase in e-waste.B.The creation of e-waste. C.The seriousness of e-waste.D.The management of e-waste.答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。随着电子数码科技的进步,越来越多的电子垃圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子器件等被扔掉的越来越多。这些被扔掉的电子垃圾中含有一些像金银之类的贵重金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该如何处理这些电子垃圾呢?1.B推理判断题。根据第二段第二句中.the concentration of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals可知,瑞士的一项研究结果表明,电子垃圾中贵重金属的含量比自然界中矿石中贵重金属的含量还要高。由此推断作者旨在说明这些电子垃圾值得被充分利用,故选B项。2.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段.a primary goal of laws.is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.可知,政府要制定相关法律,对制造商提出明确的责任要求,这份责任应该是从政府开始延伸到制造商身上,故选B项。3.D主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重的电子垃圾污染问题,后面就如何处理这些垃圾提出了一些建议,也明确了该问题所涉及各方应负的责任,由此推断出本文的主题应该是D项:电子垃圾的处理。评析评析主旨大意题是阅读理解的难点,首先根据第一段确定文章主线,然后分析后面各段与第一段的关系,分别从哪个角度为第一段服务,全面地推断出主题,不能受到某个细节的影响而误选。此题易误选C项:电子垃圾的严重性。这仅仅是文章的一个细节。高级语块高级语块1.in comparison to与比较2.naturally occurring minerals天然产生的矿物3.from ones point of view从某人的观点来看长难句长难句Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling pro-cess often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poi-sonous substances to escape into the environment.即使当这些机器被回收,有害金属被移除之后,回收的过程经常在一些贫困国家进行,并且是以几乎无法控制的方式进行,使得很多有害物质进入环境。本句为主从复合句。when引导的是时间状语从句;which引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词ways。Passage 3(2015江苏,C)词数:460Suppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volun-teer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because its important to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because Im required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important fac-tors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical ad-vice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the de-gree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by re-sponding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Con-sistent with the researchers expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once a-gain,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.1.People volunteer mainly out of .A.academic requirementsB.social expectationsC.financial rewardsD.internal needs2.What can we learn from the Florida study?A.Follow-up studies should last for one year.B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.C.Strategy training is a must in research.D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?A.Individual differences in role identity.B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C.Role identity as a volunteer.D.Practical advice from researchers.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer BehaviorsC.How to Keep Volunteers InterestD.How to Organize Volunteer Activities答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类,内容是分析影响志愿者参与志愿者活动并坚持下去的原因。1.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.和第三段第三句.shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor.to an external factor.可知,人们做志愿者主要是出于内在的动机,即内在(internal)需求,故选D项。2.B推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句.attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.可知,志愿者“必须做好心理上的准备”,故选B项。3.C推理判断题。根据第五段第一句中people view“volunteer”as an important social role以及第二句中those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work可知,这些人们把志愿者身份看做是一种重要的社会角色,并且最有可能激励志愿者继续工作的就是这种role identity。故选C项。4.A 主旨大意题。本文分析了人们参与并坚持志愿者活动的原因,所以“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”是最好的标题,故选A项。高级语块高级语块1.shift.to.把变成2.make.a must使成为必不可少的事物3.motivate sb. to do sth. 促动、激发某人做某事长难句长难句The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would pre-pare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the prob-lem they do experience”.研究人员注意到应该注意让志愿者对棘手的局面有充分准备,或者给他们提供用来处理他们确实会遇到的问题的策略的训练方法。本句为主从复合句。note后是一个that引导的宾语从句;methods后是that引导的定语从句。pre-pare.与provide.为并列谓语。Passage 4(2014江苏,C)词数:351Most damagingly,anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his be-haviour.The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way;what angers one person may amuse another.The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture,physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard duels(决斗)as an appropriate expression of anger result-ing from one persons awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain,where the electrical activity changes.Under most conditions,EEG(脑电图)measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left pre-frontal(额叶前部)areas.Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition(意向)that most of us possess most of the time.But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left pre-frontal areas arent balanced and,as a result of this,were likely to react.And our behavioural re-sponse to anger is different from our response to other emotions,whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour:we move closer to people we like.Most negative emotions,in contrast,are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are,the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour is ac-companied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称)of EEG activity.Interestingly,this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感)towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger,in contrast,the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.1.The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger .A.usually has a biological basisB.varies among peopleC.is socially and culturally shapedD.influences ones thinking and evaluation2.What changes can be found in an angry brain?A.Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B.Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C.Electrical activity corresponds to ones behaviour.D.Electrical activity agrees with ones disposition.3.Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A.Approaching the source of anger.B.Trying to control what is disliked.C.Moving away from what is disliked.D.Feeling helpless in the face of anger.4.What is the key message of the last paragraph?A.How anger differs from other emotions.B.How anger relates to other emotions.C.Behavioural responses to anger.D.Behavioural patterns of anger.答案答案语篇解读本文是说明文,题材为科普知识。愤怒是人经常会表现出来的情绪,这种情绪对我们自身会有什么影响呢?本文对此进行了分析。1.C推理判断题。根据第二段中关于“决斗”的描述:在当代文化背景下,愤怒的情绪通过肢体去表达通常被认为对社会有害而不被容忍。由此我们推断出“决斗”这种发泄愤怒的方式是一种特定文化下的产物,同时也是在某一种社会环境中出现的。由此可知“愤怒”的表达方式是在一定文化和社会背景下形成的,故选C项。2.B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句Under most conditions,EEG measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal areas.可知,大多数情况下(不愤怒的情况下),脑电图显示额叶前部左右部分的活动是平衡的,而题目问的是大脑在愤怒情况下的变化,A项不符合题意;根据第三段第四句But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced.可知,当我们愤怒的时候,脑电图就会显示我们额叶前部的左右部分不再平衡,B项符合题意;根据第三段第三句Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition that most of us possess most of the time.可知,在行为上,这种平衡也对应了我们大多数人大多数时候不偏不倚的倾向,而脑电活动与行为对应以及与人的意向一致并不是愤怒时大脑的变化,故C、D项不符合题意。3.A细节理解题。根据第四段第四句The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.“我们越愤怒就越有可能去接近让我们愤怒的目标。”可知A项符合题意;B项是指努力控制不喜欢的东西,C项是指离开不喜欢的东西,D项是指在危险面前感到无助,根据第四段第二句Most negative emotions,in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.可知,这些是(除了愤怒之外的)大多数负面情绪所表现出来的,均不符合题意。4.D主旨大意题。根据该段的前两句话中的approach behaviour和avoidance behaviour可知,最后一段描述
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